Simple Summary
Aradidae is a large family in Hemiptera, which feeds on mycelium, and its phylogenetic status is not fully understood. Mitochondrial genome sequences can be used to study species identification and phylogeny, and provide valuable molecular markers for further genetic research. In this paper, we sequenced three species of the genus Yangiella for the first time, assembled three mitochondrial genomes, and compared the general characteristics of the mitochondrial genomes of the three species. It was found that the base composition and mitochondrial genome structure of the three species were highly similar. The phylogeny of Yangiella was also discussed. Based on the phylogenetic analyses results of two data matrices, the status of Yangiella was discussed and the monophyly of this genus was verified. In addition, we infer that the genus Yangiella diverged about 57 million years ago.
Abstract
The mitochondrial genomes of three species of Yangiella were sequenced, annotated, and analyzed. The genome length of the three species of the genus is 15,070–15,202 bp, with a typical gene number, including a control region, 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). It was found that the mitochondrial genome of Yangiella had AT bias. Except for the lack of a DHU arm of the trnS1 gene, the other tRNAs had a typical cloverleaf structure, and the codon usage preferences of the three species exhibited high similarity. In addition, tRNA gene rearrangements were observed among the three subfamilies of Aradidae (Mezirinae, Calisiinae, Aradinae), and it was found that codon usage preferences appeared to be less affected by base mutation and more by natural selection. The Pi and Ka/Ks values indicated that cox1 was the most conserved gene in the mitochondrial genome of Aradidae, while atp8 and nad6 were rapidly evolved genes. Substitution saturation level analysis showed that the nucleic acid sequence of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in Aradidae did not reach saturation, suggesting the rationality of the phylogenetic analysis data. Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods were used to analyze the phylogeny of 16 species of Hemiptera insects, which supported the monophyly of Aneurinae, Carventinae, and Mezirinae, as well as the monophyly of Yangiella. Based on fossils and previous studies, the differentiation time was inferred, indicating that Yangiella diverged about 57 million years ago.