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Article

A Machine Learning-Based Severity Prediction Tool for the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument

by
Fahmida Haque
1,2,
Mamun B. I. Reaz
1,3,*,
Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury
4,*,
Mohd Ibrahim bin Shapiai
3,
Rayaz A. Malik
5,
Mohammed Alhatou
6,7,
Syoji Kobashi
8,
Iffat Ara
4,
Sawal H. M. Ali
1,
Ahmad A. A. Bakar
1 and
Mohammad Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan
9,*
1
Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
2
Laboratory of Emotions Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
3
Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
5
Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar
6
Neuromuscular Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha 3050, Qatar
7
Department of Neurology, Al khor Hospital, Doha 3050, Qatar
8
Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 678-1297, Hyogo, Japan
9
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2023, 13(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020264
Submission received: 26 October 2022 / Revised: 21 December 2022 / Accepted: 31 December 2022 / Published: 11 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition Methods for the Automatic Detection and Evaluation of Neurological Disorders)
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Abstract

Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is a serious long-term complication of diabetes, which may lead to foot ulceration and amputation. Among the screening tools for DSPN, the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI) is frequently deployed, but it lacks a straightforward rating of severity. A DSPN severity grading system has been built and simulated for the MNSI, utilizing longitudinal data captured over 19 years from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) trial. Machine learning algorithms were used to establish the MNSI factors and patient outcomes to characterise the features with the best ability to detect DSPN severity. A nomogram based on multivariable logistic regression was designed, developed and validated. The extra tree model was applied to identify the top seven ranked MNSI features that identified DSPN, namely vibration perception (R), 10-gm filament, previous diabetic neuropathy, vibration perception (L), presence of callus, deformities and fissure. The nomogram’s area under the curve (AUC) was 0.9421 and 0.946 for the internal and external datasets, respectively. The probability of DSPN was predicted from the nomogram and a DSPN severity grading system for MNSI was created using the probability score. An independent dataset was used to validate the model’s performance. The patients were divided into four different severity levels, i.e., absent, mild, moderate, and severe, with cut-off values of 10.50, 12.70 and 15.00 for a DSPN probability of less than 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. We provide an easy-to-use, straightforward and reproducible approach to determine prognosis in patients with DSPN.
Keywords: DSPN; severity grading; nomogram; MNSI; machine learning DSPN; severity grading; nomogram; MNSI; machine learning

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MDPI and ACS Style

Haque, F.; Reaz, M.B.I.; Chowdhury, M.E.H.; Shapiai, M.I.b.; Malik, R.A.; Alhatou, M.; Kobashi, S.; Ara, I.; Ali, S.H.M.; Bakar, A.A.A.; et al. A Machine Learning-Based Severity Prediction Tool for the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020264

AMA Style

Haque F, Reaz MBI, Chowdhury MEH, Shapiai MIb, Malik RA, Alhatou M, Kobashi S, Ara I, Ali SHM, Bakar AAA, et al. A Machine Learning-Based Severity Prediction Tool for the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(2):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020264

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haque, Fahmida, Mamun B. I. Reaz, Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury, Mohd Ibrahim bin Shapiai, Rayaz A. Malik, Mohammed Alhatou, Syoji Kobashi, Iffat Ara, Sawal H. M. Ali, Ahmad A. A. Bakar, and et al. 2023. "A Machine Learning-Based Severity Prediction Tool for the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument" Diagnostics 13, no. 2: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020264

APA Style

Haque, F., Reaz, M. B. I., Chowdhury, M. E. H., Shapiai, M. I. b., Malik, R. A., Alhatou, M., Kobashi, S., Ara, I., Ali, S. H. M., Bakar, A. A. A., & Bhuiyan, M. A. S. (2023). A Machine Learning-Based Severity Prediction Tool for the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. Diagnostics, 13(2), 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020264

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