Effect of Coffee and Cocoa-Based Confectionery Containing Coffee on Markers of DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation Products: Results from a Human Intervention Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Products
2.2. Participants
2.3. Study Design and Protocol
2.4. Total Antioxidant Capacity of the Diet
2.5. Analysis of Markers of DNA Damage by Comet Assay
2.5.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.5.2. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.6. Analysis of DNA Oxidation Catabolites
2.6.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.6.2. Extraction and Processing of the Samples
2.6.3. Analysis of DNA Oxidation Catabolites
2.7. Analysis of Lipid Oxidation Catabolites (Oxylipins)
2.7.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.7.2. Extraction and Processing of the Samples
2.7.3. Analysis of the Lipid Oxidation Catabolites
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Markers of DNA Damage
3.2.1. Endogenous and Oxidatively Induced DNA Damage
3.2.2. DNA Oxidation Catabolites
3.3. Lipid Peroxidation Products (Oxylipins)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All Participants (n = 21) |
---|---|
Socio-demographic and anthropometric data | |
Age (y) | 22.9 ± 0.5 |
Sex (males/females) | 10/11 |
Smoking habits (smokers/non-smokers) | 8/13 |
Body weight (kg) | 67.0 ± 2.7 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 1.7 |
Habitual coffee consumption (serving/day) | 2.3 ± 0.2 |
Dietary Total Antioxidants Capacity | |
TAC (mmol Trolox eq./day) | 8.2 ± 3.3 |
TRAP (mmol Trolox eq./day) | 11.8 ± 5.6 |
FRAP (mmol Fe2+ eq./day) | 26.1 ± 11.2 |
Markers of DNA damage | |
DNA strand breaks (% DNA in tail, PBS) | 25.4 ± 1.6 |
H2O2-induced DNA damage (% DNA in tail) | 14.4 ± 1.5 |
DNA strand breaks (% DNA in tail, EB) | 27.4 ± 2.1 |
FPG-sensitive sites (% DNA in tail) | 10.3 ± 1.2 |
8-OH-guanine (nM) | 25.3 ± 5.2 |
8-NO2-cGMP(nM) | 58.1 ± 13.9 |
8-OH-2′-deoxy-guanosine (nM) | 17.4 ± 2.3 |
cGMP (nM) | 96.3 ± 4.9 |
Markers of lipid peroxidation | |
Oxylipins from Arachidonic Acid | |
PGs | |
D-Pathway | |
2,3-dinor-11β-PGF2 (µM) | 2.50 ± 0.24 |
11-β-PGF2α (µM) | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
Tetranor PGDM (µM) | 0.40 ± 0.02 |
PGDM (µM) | 0.45 ± 0.01 |
Tetranor PGJM (µM) | 0 ± 0 |
Tetranor PGDM lactone (µM) | 0 ± 0 |
E-Pathway | |
Tetranor PGAM (µM) | 6.38 ± 2.21 |
Tetranor PGEM (µM) | 0.28 ± 0.02 |
20-OH-PGE2 (µM) | 0.27 ± 0.03 |
PGE2 (µM) | 0 ± 0 |
F-Pathway | |
Tetranor PGFM (µM) | 0.21 ± 0.04 |
PGF2α (µM) | 0.16 ± 0.03 |
20-OH-PGF2α (µM) | 3.47 ± 0.32 |
19(R)-OH-PGF2α (µM) | 0 ± 0 |
I-Pathway | |
6-keto-PGF1α (µM) | 0 ± 0 |
F2-IsoPs | |
15 series | |
2,3-dinor-15-F2t-IsoP (2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α) (µM) | 0.90 ± 0.01 |
15-epi-15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-15(R)-PGF2α) (µM) | 1.04 ± 0.05 |
15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-PGF2α) (µM) | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
9-epi-15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-PGF2β) (µM) | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
15-keto-15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-15-keto-PGF2α) (µM) | 0.96 ± 0.00 |
ent-15-epi-15-F2t-IsoP (Ent-8-iso-15S-PGF2α) (µM) | 0.61 ± 0.02 |
2,3-dinor-15-epi-15F2t (µM) | 1.51 ± 0.27 |
5 series | |
5-F2t (µM) | 5.89 ± 0.73 |
5-epi-5F2t (µM) | 1.32 ± 0.08 |
E2-IsoPs | |
15 series | |
15-keto-15-E2t-IsoP (8-iso-15keto-PGE2) (µM) | 1.03 ± 0.11 |
Oxylipins from Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid | |
PGs | |
PGE1 (µM) | 0.54 ± 0.03 |
PGD2 (µM) | 2.02 ± 0.01 |
PGF1α (µM) | 0.48 ± 0.04 |
IsoPs | |
15-F1t-IsoP (8-iso-PGF1α) (µM) | 0.003 ± 0.000 |
15-E1t-IsoP (8-iso-PGE1) (µM) | 4.84 ± 0.68 |
Variable | 1C | 3C | PC | p-Value # | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | ||
DNA strand breaks (% DNA in tail, PBS) | 17.2 ± 1.2 | 15.5 ± 1.0 | 0.331 | 19.8 ± 1.6 | 18.3 ± 0.9 | 0.017 | 20.3 ± 1.3 | 19.6 ± 0.8 | 0.005 | 0.349 |
H2O2-induced DNA damage (% DNA in tail) | 12.4 ± 0.8 | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 0.155 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 11.2 ± 1.3 | 0.410 | 11.9 ± 1.3 | 12.7 ± 1.4 | 0.678 | 0.938 |
DNA strand breaks (% DNA in tail, EB) | 20.5 ± 1.6 | 17.0 ± 1.0 | 0.076 | 20.8 ± 1.0 | 17.7 ± 1.0 | 0.147 | 21.2 ± 1.9 | 17.7 ± 1.0 | 0.106 | 0.988 |
FPG-sensitive sites (% DNA in tail) | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.178 | 7.2 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 1.1 | 0.858 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 0.622 | 0.423 |
Variable | 1C | 3C | PC | p-Value # | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | ||
8-OH-guanine (nM) | 19.0 ± 5.5 | 8.7 ± 3.7 | 0.130 | 16.2 ± 4.2 | 9.2 ± 2.7 | 0.168 | 10.7 ± 2.6 | 12.7 ± 3.5 | 0.642 | 0.692 |
8-NO2-cGMP(nM) | 55.2 ± 16.9 | 22.4 ± 13.3 | 0.136 | 37.3 ± 14.2 | 56.4 ± 21.7 | 0.467 | 47.1 ± 21.9 | 48.2 ± 18.6 | 0.971 | 0.413 |
8-OH-2′-deoxy-guanosine (nM) | 12.3 ± 2.6 | 11.0 ± 2.6 | 0.715 | 11.1 ± 2.6 | 13.2 ± 2.6 | 0.559 | 14.4 ± 2.5 | 12.2 ± 2.6 | 0.545 | 0.812 |
cGMP (nM) | 101.6 ± 8.0 | 131.7 ± 35.6 | 0.415 | 94.9 ± 6.6 | 114.2 ± 8.6 | 0.082 | 132.2 ± 35.5 | 107.0 ± 5.6 | 0.487 | 0.583 |
Series | 1C | 3C | PC | p-Value # | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | ||
E2-IsoPs 15-series | 0.84 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.07 | 0.546 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.78 ± 0.08 | 0.959 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 0.116 | 0.395 |
F2-IsoPs 15 series | 4.48 ± 0.32 | 4.93 ± 0.38 | 0.374 | 4.56 ± 0.32 | 4.75 ± 0.22 | 0.613 | 4.63 ± 0.27 | 4.73 ± 0.27 | 0.796 | 0.865 |
F2-IsoPs 5 series | 8.35 ± 0.66 | 10.64 ± 1.26 | 0.116 | 7.64 ± 0.78 | 10.37 ± 0.86 | 0.023 | 8.28 ± 0.79 | 9.68 ± 0.78 | 0.215 | 0.767 |
PGs D-Pathway | 4.77 ± 0.22 | 4.59 ± 0.16 | 0.507 | 4.86 ± 0.21 | 4.54 ± 0.12 | 0.190 | 4.62 ± 0.17 | 4.61 ± 0.20 | 0.987 | 0.946 |
PGs E-Pathway | 5.36 ± 2.04 | 5.13 ± 2.44 | 0.943 | 3.90 ± 1.54 | 7.53 ± 2.82 | 0.266 | 8.78 ± 2.85 | 7.01 ± 3.86 | 0.716 | 0.780 |
PGs F-Pathway | 1.26 ± 0.34 | 0.67 ± 0.19 | 0.142 | 1.67 ± 0.37 | 0.76 ± 0.18 | 0.034 | 1.94 ± 0.43 | 0.52 ± 0.15 | 0.003 | 0.669 |
PGs I-Pathway | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | - |
IsoPs from DGLA | 3.37 ± 0.59 | 3.10 ± 0.46 | 0.715 | 3.12 ± 0.47 | 3.14 ± 0.53 | 0.978 | 3.53 ± 0.67 | 2.40 ± 0.20 | 0.116 | 0.395 |
PGs from DGLA | 2.90 ± 0.15 | 3.08 ± 0.04 | 0.248 | 2.88 ± 0.15 | 3.09 ± 0.05 | 0.182 | 3.08 ± 0.04 | 3.08 ± 0.04 | 0.921 | 0.812 |
Variable | 1C | 3C | PC | p-Value # | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | Pre | Post | p-Value * | ||
Oxylipins from Arachidonic Acid | ||||||||||
PGs | ||||||||||
D-Pathway | ||||||||||
2,3-dinor-11β-PGF2 | 1.70 ± 0.23 | 1.59 ± 0.13 | 0.668 | 1.84 ± 0.22 | 1.57 ± 0.10 | 0.275 | 1.65 ± 0.15 | 1.65 ± 0.18 | 0.977 | 0.898 |
11-β-PGF2α | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.067 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.172 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.067 | 0.885 |
Tetranor PGDM | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 0.662 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 0.728 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 0.049 | 0.233 |
PGDM | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.718 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.843 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.756 | 0.692 |
Tetranor PGJM | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | - |
Tetranor PGDM lactone | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | - |
E-Pathway | ||||||||||
Tetranor PGAM | 4.72 ± 2.06 | 4.77 ± 2.44 | 0.988 | 2.35 ± 0.84 | 7.17 ± 2.82 | 0.110 | 9.46 ± 3.03 | 6.65 ± 3.86 | 0.570 | 0.779 |
Tetranor PGEM | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.879 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.806 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.857 | 0.704 |
20-OH-PGE2 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ±0.01 | 0.332 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.106 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.743 |
PGE2 | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | - |
F-Pathway | ||||||||||
Tetranor PGFM | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.436 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.186 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.046 | 0.276 |
PGF2α | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.693 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.920 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.226 | 0.530 |
20-OH-PGF2α | 1.35 ± 0.36 | 0.51 ± 0.18 | 0.045 | 1.32 ± 0.34 | 0.57 ± 0.17 | 0.057 | 1.75 ± 0.41 | 0.38 ± 0.14 | 0.003 | 0.744 |
19(R)-OH-PGF2α | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | - |
I-Pathway | ||||||||||
6-keto-PGF1α | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | nd | nd | - | - |
F2-IsoPs | ||||||||||
15 series | ||||||||||
2,3-dinor-15-F2t-IsoP (2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α) | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.412 | 0.84 ± 0.04 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.572 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.863 | 0.990 |
15-epi-15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-15(R)-PGF2α) | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.60 ± 0.13 | 0.028 | 1.25 ± 0.02 | 1.60 ± 0.08 | 0.020 | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 1.54 ± 0.08 | 0.028 | 0.855 |
15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-PGF2α) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.089 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.072 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.023 | 0.833 |
9-epi-15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-PGF2β) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.090 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.076 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.582 | 0.393 |
15-keto-15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-15-keto-PGF2α) | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 1.04 ± 0.09 | 0.184 | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.95 ± 0.00 | 0.319 | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.95 ± 0.00 | 0.888 | 0.339 |
ent-15-epi-15-F2t-IsoP (ent-8-iso-15S-PGF2α) | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.12 | 0.205 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.052 | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.639 | 0.388 |
2,3-dinor-15-epi-15-F2t | 0.69 ± 0.22 | 0.51 ± 0.15 | 0.492 | 0.83 ± 0.23 | 0.50 ± 0.11 | 0.201 | 0.58 ± 0.16 | 0.58 ± 0.19 | 0.981 | 0.907 |
5 series | ||||||||||
5-F2t-IsoP | 6.51 ± 0.54 | 8.95 ± 1.16 | 0.065 | 6.45 ± 0.72 | 8.73 ± 0.80 | 0.040 | 6.73 ± 0.67 | 8.08 ± 0.74 | 0.184 | 0.776 |
5-epi-5F2t-IsoP | 1.43 ± 0.08 | 1.69 ± 0.10 | 0.052 | 1.40 ± 0.11 | 1.64 ± 0.06 | 0.069 | 1.48 ± 0.04 | 1.60 ± 0.04 | 0.057 | 0.650 |
E2-IsoPs | ||||||||||
15 series | ||||||||||
15-keto-15-E2t-IsoP (8-iso-15-keto-PGE2) | 0.81 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.07 | 0.714 | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.78 ± 0.08 | 0.380 | 0.90 ± 0.11 | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.395 |
Oxylipins from Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid | ||||||||||
PGs | ||||||||||
PGE1 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 0.100 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.106 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 0.142 | 0.496 |
PGD2 | 1.95 ± 0.10 | 2.08 ± 0.01 | 0.197 | 1.95 ± 0.10 | 2.08 ± 0.01 | 0.229 | 2.05 ± 0.01 | 2.06 ± 0.01 | 0.530 | 0.490 |
PGF1α | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.967 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.337 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.394 | 0.482 |
IsoPs | ||||||||||
15-F1t-IsoP (8-iso-PGF1α) | 0.003 ± 0.000 | 0.003 ± 0.000 | 0.590 | 0.003 ± 0.000 | 0.003 ± 0.000 | 0.158 | 0.003 ± 0.000 | 0.003 ± 0.000 | 0.491 | 0.382 |
15-E1t-IsoP (8-iso-PGE1) | 3.41 ± 0.59 | 3.10 ± 0.46 | 0.672 | 2.70 ± 0.38 | 3.14 ± 0.53 | 0.509 | 3.92 ± 0.7 | 2.40 ± 0.20 | 0.045 | 0.395 |
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Martini, D.; Domínguez-Perles, R.; Rosi, A.; Tassotti, M.; Angelino, D.; Medina, S.; Ricci, C.; Guy, A.; Oger, C.; Gigliotti, L.; et al. Effect of Coffee and Cocoa-Based Confectionery Containing Coffee on Markers of DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation Products: Results from a Human Intervention Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072399
Martini D, Domínguez-Perles R, Rosi A, Tassotti M, Angelino D, Medina S, Ricci C, Guy A, Oger C, Gigliotti L, et al. Effect of Coffee and Cocoa-Based Confectionery Containing Coffee on Markers of DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation Products: Results from a Human Intervention Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(7):2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072399
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartini, Daniela, Raúl Domínguez-Perles, Alice Rosi, Michele Tassotti, Donato Angelino, Sonia Medina, Cristian Ricci, Alexandre Guy, Camille Oger, Letizia Gigliotti, and et al. 2021. "Effect of Coffee and Cocoa-Based Confectionery Containing Coffee on Markers of DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation Products: Results from a Human Intervention Study" Nutrients 13, no. 7: 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072399