Sustainability

26 pages, 2681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social and Economic Impacts of Transportation Multi-Modal and Multi-Service Hub Development

by Martín Jesus Quiroz Villanueva, Francesco Guglielmi, Francesco De Fabiis and Pierluigi Coppola

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041767 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 602

This article aims to offer a novel perspective on investments in new multi-modal and multi-service transportation hubs, examining their wider economic and social impacts. Through a systematic literature review following a “What, When, Where” approach, as well as a meta-analysis based on the [...] Read more.

This article aims to offer a novel perspective on investments in new multi-modal and multi-service transportation hubs, examining their wider economic and social impacts. Through a systematic literature review following a “What, When, Where” approach, as well as a meta-analysis based on the results of selected studies, this research synthesizes existing knowledge and identifies gaps in the field. Key findings indicate that developments of new transportation hubs receive the most attention, particularly concerning their effects on real estate and employment markets. Transit-induced gentrification is also widely discussed, with evidence suggesting it may also affect the commercial sector. Additionally, this review reveals that potential benefits can vary among stakeholders and may begin to emerge not only once projects are operational but also as early as the announcement phase. This article concludes that while investments in transport infrastructure are essential, they are not sufficient alone for sustainable urban development. Complementary policies, such as affordable housing, public safety initiatives, and the promotion of community engagement, along with continuous impact monitoring, are key planning drivers for achieving inclusive and sustainable growth. The insights obtained from this research may work as a knowledge tool for designing more sustainable and effective transportation policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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18 pages, 513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Sustainable Development of the ASEAN’s Digital Trade: The Impact Mechanism of Innovation Capability

by Lin Zhang, Thi Dam Pham, Rizheng Li and Thi Thao Do

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041766 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 562

Abstract

Digital trade, as an emerging and transformative trade model in the digital era, has significantly altered global trade methods, products, services, and regulatory frameworks. This study investigates the impact mechanism of innovation capability on the sustainability of the ASEAN’s digital trade, emphasizing how [...] Read more.

Digital trade, as an emerging and transformative trade model in the digital era, has significantly altered global trade methods, products, services, and regulatory frameworks. This study investigates the impact mechanism of innovation capability on the sustainability of the ASEAN’s digital trade, emphasizing how technological advancements contribute to sustainable economic growth and digital resilience. Utilizing panel data from nine ASEAN countries between 2007 and 2021, this research explores how innovation capability fosters digital trade development by reducing the digital divide and promoting equitable access to digital markets. Findings highlight the substantial disparities in digital trade and innovation capacity across the ASEAN, with innovation capability playing a pivotal role in driving trade practices. This study reveals that digital readiness mediates the relationship between innovation capability and digital trade, while the RCA index serves as a moderating factor enhancing digital trade competitiveness. Furthermore, this study underscores that effective governance, regulatory quality, foreign direct investment (FDI), and a balanced wage–output ratio in the digital industry positively influence digital trade, whereas corruption and inadequate discourse power hinder it. The findings provide valuable policy recommendations for ASEAN countries to develop sustainable digital trade policies, strengthen innovation ecosystems, and bridge the digital divide, thereby contributing to the broader agenda of sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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24 pages, 7209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method Based on Circular Economy to Improve the Economic Performance of Second-Life Batteries

by Roberto Álvarez Fernández and Oscar Castillo Campo

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041765 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 439

Abstract

Batteries are essential for the functionality of electric vehicles (EVs), leading to their design with enhanced performance and durability. Consequently, traction batteries are often replaced while they still retain the properties for use in less stressful demanding applications, with lower power and storage [...] Read more.

Batteries are essential for the functionality of electric vehicles (EVs), leading to their design with enhanced performance and durability. Consequently, traction batteries are often replaced while they still retain the properties for use in less stressful demanding applications, with lower power and storage requirements. This serves as a notable opportunity for circular economy. The energy management system presented is designed with lithium-ion batteries coming from EVs and repurposed for electricity storage as a smart backup solution for buildings. The system buys and stores energy from the grid during low-cost periods and utilizes the stored electricity to feed the demand, avoiding high electricity prices and smoothing out peak consumptions exceeding a predefined power limit. To illustrate the proposal, a case study is presented based on the Spanish market, analyzing the impact on the electricity savings for end consumers as well as the extended second-life estimation for a pack of batteries. The analysis of the results will help assess if the system is both economically feasible and environmentally sustainable from a circular economy point of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Charging and Grid Integration for Sustainable Electric Transportation)

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19 pages, 977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Links Between Green HRM, Greenwashing, and Sustainability: The Role of Individual and Professional Traits

by Francisco Cesário, Ana Sabino, Ana Palma-Moreira and Mafalda Pinto-Coelho

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041764 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 412

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the influence of Green Human Resources Management practices and greenwashing on the three pillars of sustainability—social, environmental, and economic. The moderating role of age and gender as individual characteristics and managerial position and sector as professional characteristics is [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the influence of Green Human Resources Management practices and greenwashing on the three pillars of sustainability—social, environmental, and economic. The moderating role of age and gender as individual characteristics and managerial position and sector as professional characteristics is also analyzed. A convenience sample of 232 respondents was used. Path analysis was employed to assess hypothesized relationships in the proposed model. Results suggest that different Green Human Resources Management practices influence social, environmental, and economic dimensions and individual and professional characteristics play a pivotal role in this relationship. Specifically, it is important to highlight the importance of green performance management and rewards and the non-significant influence of green training. Greenwashing seems to be a determinant of social and economic sustainability. The results emphasize that, for organizations to boost their employees’ perception of the three pillars of organizational sustainability, they must be aware of the specificities of their workforce and act accordingly. This work is relevant because it emphasizes the unique role of each GHRM practice as an antecedent of sustainability. It also contributes to the understanding that specific individual and professional characteristics affect the employees’ perception of sustainability. Full article

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22 pages, 1601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the National Civilized City Evaluation on Urban Resilience from the Perspective of Administrative Competition

by Yafei Jiao, Dian Song and Qiuming Meng

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041763 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 432

Abstract

Resilience refers to a city’s ability to withstand risks. Research into the impacts of Chinese urban governance models on urban resilience is limited; thus, in this study, we used a difference-in-differences approach and a spatial spillover model to examine the effects of the [...] Read more.

Resilience refers to a city’s ability to withstand risks. Research into the impacts of Chinese urban governance models on urban resilience is limited; thus, in this study, we used a difference-in-differences approach and a spatial spillover model to examine the effects of the national civilized city evaluation on urban resilience based on data from 263 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2019. Data analysis results indicate that the national civilized city evaluation not only enhances urban resilience but also promotes the urban resilience levels of neighboring cities. Furthermore, a city’s digital economy can strengthen the effects of the national civilized city evaluation on its urban resilience. Our conclusions suggest that the government should refine the national civilized city evaluation system, coordinate digital economic development, optimize the spatial layouts of cities, and better utilize the urban governance efficacy of the evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Smart City: Planning for Resilience)

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24 pages, 5588 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Study on the Evolutionary Game of the Four-Party Agricultural Product Supply Chain Based on Collaborative Governance and Sustainability

by Wenbin Cao and Xiaoyu Tao

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041762 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 397

Abstract

To address the pressing challenges of quality and sustainability in agricultural product supply chains, this paper proposes a multi-stakeholder collaborative governance framework. Adopting the perspective of collaborative governance and sustainability, the paper develops an evolutionary game model of the Chinese agricultural product supply [...] Read more.

To address the pressing challenges of quality and sustainability in agricultural product supply chains, this paper proposes a multi-stakeholder collaborative governance framework. Adopting the perspective of collaborative governance and sustainability, the paper develops an evolutionary game model of the Chinese agricultural product supply chain. This model involves four key stakeholders: agricultural enterprises, the government, NGOs, and consumers. It integrates sustainability principles to ensure that the decisions of each stakeholder contribute to the quality and safety of agricultural products while also promoting long-term environmental and social well-being. The simulation results demonstrate the critical importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration in strengthening governance and promoting sustainability. Based on these findings, the government is advised to implement technology-driven oversight mechanisms, such as AI-based inspections and blockchain traceability. Additionally, a tiered penalty system should be established, escalating penalties for repeat offenders. Regulatory cost-sharing mechanisms can also help ensure continuous enforcement without imposing excessive financial burdens on any single party. NGOs play a vital role in exposing corporate violations and can be more effective through targeted financial support and crowdsourced monitoring platforms. Consumers, as active participants in governance, should be incentivized with reward-based reporting systems and verified compliance feedback, which influence enterprise reputation. Public–private sustainability partnerships and real-time transparency platforms can further facilitate active participation from all stakeholders. By implementing these measures, the regulatory framework can evolve from traditional enforcement to a dynamic, data-driven governance model, fostering long-term sustainability and risk reduction in agricultural production. Full article

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21 pages, 3426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Analysis of Agriculture from the Perspective of Tradeoff/Synergy: A Case Study of Sichuan Province in Western China

by Qiang Liao, Chunyan Chen, Zhengyu Lin, Yuanli Liu, Jie Cao, Zhouling Shao and Yaowen Kou

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041761 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 434

Abstract

Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of agricultural functions, analyzing their tradeoff and synergies, carrying out multifunctional zoning, and determining the combination and expansion direction of agricultural functions in combination with regional development strategies are conducive to guiding the adjustment of agricultural structure and [...] Read more.

Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of agricultural functions, analyzing their tradeoff and synergies, carrying out multifunctional zoning, and determining the combination and expansion direction of agricultural functions in combination with regional development strategies are conducive to guiding the adjustment of agricultural structure and promoting the sustainable development of regional agriculture. In this context, based on the county scale and statistical data, this paper uses the agricultural function evaluation index system to measure and analyze the agricultural function index of Sichuan Province and its mutual relations. Spatial overlay analysis is used to analyze the agricultural function index for agricultural leading function zoning. Cluster analysis is used to evaluate the agricultural function results to explore the agricultural multifunctional zoning scheme of Sichuan Province. The results show that the spatial and temporal distribution of agricultural product supply, agricultural leisure, ecological services, employment and social security services are heterogeneous, and the agricultural multifunction index of Sichuan Province shows a spatial distribution pattern of high in the east and low in the west. The synergistic effect between the supply function of agricultural products and the function of employment and life security is the strongest. From 2010 to 2020, the relationships between the ecological service function and the supply function of agricultural products, the agricultural leisure function, employment, and the social security function change from irrelevant or there being a tradeoff effect to there being a significant synergistic effect. The leading areas of the ecological service function are mainly distributed in western and northern Sichuan. The leading areas of the agricultural product supply function are mainly distributed in eastern and southern Sichuan. Agricultural multifunctional zoning in Sichuan Province is divided into the agricultural leisure function, the agricultural product supply cooperative functional area, the weak cooperative functional area, the strong cooperative functional area, and the agricultural leisure priority functional area. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of agricultural functions and the changes in tradeoffs and synergies in Sichuan Province have a significant impact on the development of agricultural functions. The research results can provide s theoretical reference for agricultural multifunctional zoning in the study area and provide guidance and suggestions for the sustainable development of agricultural economy and society in Sichuan Province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Management and Sustainable Agricultural Production: 2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 6786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formal Feature Identification of Vernacular Architecture Based on Deep Learning—A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China

by Pingyi Han, Shenjian Hu and Rui Xu

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041760 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 423

Abstract

As an important sustainable architecture, vernacular architecture plays a significant role in influencing both regional architecture and contemporary architecture. Vernacular architecture is the traditional and natural way of building that involves necessary changes and continuous adjustments. The formal characteristics of vernacular architecture are [...] Read more.

As an important sustainable architecture, vernacular architecture plays a significant role in influencing both regional architecture and contemporary architecture. Vernacular architecture is the traditional and natural way of building that involves necessary changes and continuous adjustments. The formal characteristics of vernacular architecture are accumulated in the process of sustainable development. However, most of the research methods on vernacular architecture and its formal features are mainly based on qualitative analysis. It is therefore necessary to complement this with scientific and quantitative means. Based on the object detection technique, this paper proposes a quantitative model that can effectively recognize and detect the formal features of architecture. First, the Chinese traditional architecture image dataset (CTAID) is constructed, and the model is trained. Each image has the formal features of “deep eave”, “zheng wen”, “gable” and “long window” marked by experts. Then, to accurately identify the formal features of vernacular architecture in Jiangsu Province, the Jiangsu traditional vernacular architecture image dataset (JTVAID) is created as the object dataset. This dataset contains images of vernacular architecture from three different regions: northern, central, and southern Jiangsu. After that, the object dataset is used to predict the architectural characteristics of different regions in Jiangsu Province. Combined with the test results, it can be seen that there are differences in the architectural characteristics of the northern, middle, and southern Jiangsu. Among them, the “deep eave”, “zheng wen”, “gable”, and “long window” features of the vernacular architecture in southern Jiangsu are very outstanding. Compared with middle Jiangsu, northern Jiangsu has obvious features of “zheng wen” and “gable”, with recognition rates of 45.8% and 27.5%, respectively. The features of “deep eave” and “long windows” are more prominent in middle Jiangsu, with recognition rates of 50.9% and 73.5%, respectively. In addition, architectural images of contemporary vernacular architecture practice projects in the Jiangsu region are selected and they are inputted into the AOD R-CNN model proposed in this paper. The results obtained can effectively identify the feature style of Jiangsu vernacular architecture. The deep-learning-based approach proposed in this study can be used to identify vernacular architecture form features. It can also be used as an effective method for assessing territorial features in the sustainable development of vernacular architecture. Full article

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16 pages, 2597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electricity Demand Characteristics in the Energy Transition Pathway Under the Carbon Neutrality Goal for China

by Chenmin He, Kejun Jiang, Pianpian Xiang, Yujie Jiao and Mingzhu Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041759 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 368

Abstract

The energy transition towards achieving carbon neutrality is marked by the decarbonization of the power system and a high degree of electrification in end-use sectors. The decarbonization of the power system primarily relies on large-scale renewable energy, nuclear power, and fossil fuel-based power [...] Read more.

The energy transition towards achieving carbon neutrality is marked by the decarbonization of the power system and a high degree of electrification in end-use sectors. The decarbonization of the power system primarily relies on large-scale renewable energy, nuclear power, and fossil fuel-based power with carbon capture technologies. This structure of power supply introduces significant uncertainty in electricity supply. Due to the technological progress in end-use sectors and spatial reallocation of industries in China, the load curve and power supply curve is very different today. However, most studies’ analyses of future electricity systems are based on today’s load curve, which could be misleading when seeking to understand future electricity systems. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly analyze changes in end-use load curves to better align electricity demand with supply. This paper analyzes the characteristics of electricity demand load under China’s future energy transition and economic transformation pathways using the Integrated Energy and Environment Policy Assessment model of China (IPAC). It examines the electricity and energy usage characteristics of various sectors in six typical regions, provides 24-h load curves for two representative days, and evaluates the effectiveness of demand-side response in selected provinces in 2050. The study reveals that, with the transition of the energy system and the industrial relocation during economic transformation, the load curves in China’s major regions by 2050 will differ notably from those of today, with distinct characteristics emerging across different regions. With the costs of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power declining in the future, the resulting electricity price will also differ significantly from today. Daytime electricity prices will be notably lower than those during the evening peak, as the decrease in solar PV and wind power output leads to a significant increase in electricity costs. This pricing structure is expected to drive a strong demand-side response. Demand-side response can significantly improve the alignment between load curves and power supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbon Transition Policies and Challenges for Renewable Energy Development)

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21 pages, 7868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement of New Quality Productivity Development Level and Factor Identification of Obstacle Factors Based on the Analysis of Provincial Panel Data in China

by Shunfang Miao and Yanyong Hu

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1758; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041758 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 444

Abstract

New quality productivity (NQP) is an important engine that promotes China’s economy in order to achieve high-quality development in the new era. The study of the measurement of the development level of NQP is conducive to accelerating its formation and development. Based on [...] Read more.

New quality productivity (NQP) is an important engine that promotes China’s economy in order to achieve high-quality development in the new era. The study of the measurement of the development level of NQP is conducive to accelerating its formation and development. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2022 and the connotation of NQP, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the development level of NQP in Chinese provinces in four dimensions: new industry, new kinetic energy, new model, and new factor. This paper uses the entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) for quantitative measurement. It also uses the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and kernel density estimation methods to analyze the regional differences and dynamic evolution trend of the development of NQP in China and makes a scientific diagnosis of the obstacles affecting the development of NQP. The results show that there are significant regional differences in the development of NQP in China, which are mainly driven by regional differences, resulting in a huge gap between the eastern and non-eastern regions. This study shows that the overall gap in the development level of NQP in China is gradually increasing, and there is a “Matthew effect” in which the quality of laborers is the key factor restricting the rapid development of NQP in China. This study expands the research perspective of NQP evaluation, provides valuable suggestions and guidance for government decision-making and policy-making, and is conducive to promoting the rapid development of NQP in China. Full article

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24 pages, 773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Finance Dynamics in G7 Economies: Investigating the Contributions of Natural Resources, Trade, Education, and Economic Growth

by Chong Xiao and Riya Tabish

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041757 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 414

Abstract

Despite the growing emphasis on sustainable development, the role of green finance in the context of G7 economies remains largely unexplored. The increasing emphasis on green financial transformation motivates this study to analyze the influence of natural resources (NARSs), population (POPS), education (EDCT), [...] Read more.

Despite the growing emphasis on sustainable development, the role of green finance in the context of G7 economies remains largely unexplored. The increasing emphasis on green financial transformation motivates this study to analyze the influence of natural resources (NARSs), population (POPS), education (EDCT), trade (TRD), and economic growth (ECNG) on green finance (GRF) in G7. Using panel data from 1996 to 2021, this study employs the Pooled Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) methodology to investigate both the long-run and short-run relationships among these variables. To address the issue of possible heterogeneity, this study uses Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL). Before applying the PMG-ARDL methodology, this study conducted a series of pretests to ensure data reliability and address potential endogeneity issues. These included tests for cross-sectional dependence, slope homogeneity, variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis, Cross-sectionally Augmented Im-Pesaran-Shin (CIPS) unit root testing, and the Westerlund cointegration test. The PMG-ARDL outcomes show a positive relationship between NARS, ECNG, POPS, TRD, EDCT, and GRF. Specifically, a 1% increase in NARS, ECNG, POPS, TRD, and EDCT leads to a corresponding increase in GRF by 0.050%, 1.98%, 1.81%, 0.62%, and 0.20%, respectively. This study provides valuable policy recommendations for G7 countries, emphasizing the need for targeted strategies to enhance green finance through the sustainable management of natural resources, economic growth, education, and trade. Full article

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16 pages, 5363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leaching of a Cs- and Sr-Rich Waste Stream Immobilized in Alkali-Activated Matrices

by Lander Frederickx, Emile Mukiza and Quoc Tri Phung

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1756; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041756 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 264

Abstract

In the context of the disposal of spent radioactive fuel, heat-emitting radionuclides such as Cs and Sr are of utmost concern, as they have a major influence on the distance at which disposal galleries should be spaced apart and, thus, the cost of [...] Read more.

In the context of the disposal of spent radioactive fuel, heat-emitting radionuclides such as Cs and Sr are of utmost concern, as they have a major influence on the distance at which disposal galleries should be spaced apart and, thus, the cost of a disposal facility. Therefore, certain scenarios investigate the partitioning and transmutation of spent fuel to optimize the disposability of both Cs- and Sr-rich waste streams and the remaining fractions. In this study, the Cs- and Sr-rich waste stream, a nitrate-based solution, was immobilized in metakaolin and blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated matrices. These matrices were chosen for immobilization because they are known to offer advantages in terms of durability and/or heat resistance compared with traditional cementitious materials. The goal of this study is to develop an optimal recipe for the retention of Cs and Sr. For this purpose, recipes were developed following a design-of-experiments approach by varying the water-to-binder ratio, precursor, and waste loading while respecting matrix constraints. Leaching tests in deionized water showed that the metakaolin-based matrix was superior for the combined retention of both Cs and Sr. The optimal recipe was further tested under accelerated leaching conditions in an ammonium nitrate solution, which revealed that the leaching of Cs and Sr remained within reasonable limits. These results confirm that alkali-activated materials can be effectively used for the immobilization and long-term retention of heat-emitting radionuclides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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24 pages, 8012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Vegetation Layouts on Thermal Comfort in Urban Main Streets: A Case Study of Youth Street in Shenyang

by Lei Fan, Meiyue Zhao, Jiayi Huo, Yixuan Sha and Yan Zhou

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041755 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 402

Abstract

Urban streets are critical public spaces that significantly influence the thermal comfort of city dwellers. However, the issue of summer thermal discomfort in severely cold regions has been largely overlooked. This study focuses on Youth Street in Shenyang, a city in a severely [...] Read more.

Urban streets are critical public spaces that significantly influence the thermal comfort of city dwellers. However, the issue of summer thermal discomfort in severely cold regions has been largely overlooked. This study focuses on Youth Street in Shenyang, a city in a severely cold region, to explore the impact of various street spaces and vegetation layouts on the thermal environment and comfort using ENVI-met modeling and correlation analysis. The study varied the aspect ratio (AR) of the street, street tree species, and plant spacing across 60 scenarios and simulated thermal comfort over a 10-h period on a typical summer day. Results show that air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) and sky view factor (SVF) are positively correlated with physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). Street trees effectively reduce Ta, increase RH and lower wind speed (WS), but plant spacing has minimal impact on WS. Higher AR values lead to greater improvements in pedestrian thermal comfort. Specifically, the highest heat mitigation rate (HMR) is observed at low AR (9.87% at AR = 0.5 and 9.94% at AR = 1.0), while it is lower at high AR (8.16% at AR = 2.0). Conversely, larger plant spacing of street trees diminishes the effectiveness of thermal comfort improvements. The improvement effect of plant spacing is more pronounced in street spaces with smaller AR. In these spaces, closer plant spacing significantly enhances thermal comfort by providing more shade and reducing Ta and Tmrt. However, in street spaces with higher AR, overly dense plant configurations can reduce WS and limit the cooling effect of ventilation, thereby diminishing overall heat mitigation ability. Conclusions suggest that urban planners should consider both street space and vegetation layouts to optimize thermal comfort. For urban main streets in severely cold regions, an AR of 1:1 with deciduous broadleaf trees and hedges planted at 6 m spacing is recommended. In high-AR streets, dense plant configurations should be avoided. This study provides valuable insights for improving the thermal comfort and sustainable design of urban street spaces, supporting new construction and development in similar climate environments. Full article

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22 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automation and Its Influence on Sustainable Development: Economic, Social, and Environmental Dimensions

by Ahlam I. Almusharraf

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1754; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041754 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 679

Abstract

This study investigates the complex duality of automation and its impact on sustainable development, encompassing the factors of economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Innovations in artificial intelligence, robotics, and machine learning are driving automation and transforming industries through improved production, operational [...] Read more.

This study investigates the complex duality of automation and its impact on sustainable development, encompassing the factors of economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Innovations in artificial intelligence, robotics, and machine learning are driving automation and transforming industries through improved production, operational efficiency, and resource optimization. However, the rapid integration of automation has created a paradox. While it offers opportunities for resource optimization and technological advancement, it exacerbates challenges such as income inequality, environmental degradation, and social displacement. These issues underline the need for balanced and inclusive approaches to automation’s implementation. Automation contributes substantively to GDP growth because it raises labor productivity, yet it has arguably enhanced income inequality by eliminating low-skilled jobs. Automation improves energy efficiency and aids in renewable energy integration but increases overall energy effectiveness, leading to concerns regarding ecological sustainability. This study applied a quantitative methodology using longitudinal data from 2000 to 2023 and regression models to examine sustainability metrics influenced by automation. The findings highlight the potential of automation to reform effective forms of manufacturing, encourage environmental innovation, and identify the need for systemic governmental policies. Specifically, the results indicate that automation has contributed to a 25% increase in labor productivity across sectors, a 15% reduction in energy intensity per unit of GDP, and a 12% rise in the Gini index, signaling growing income inequality. These quantitative outcomes emphasize both the opportunities and challenges posed by automation. By integrating technological advancements with sustainability goals, automation can act as a transformative instrument to promote ecological conservation, equitable economic development, and social justice. The paper concludes with recommendations for governments and industry leaders to incorporate automation into sustainable development objectives, ensuring the equitable distribution of its advantages, while alleviating socio-environmental hazards. Full article

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19 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does China Explore the Synergetic Development of Automotive Industry and Semiconductor Industry with the Opportunity for Industrial Transformation?

by Wang Zhang, Fuquan Zhao and Zongwei Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041753 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

Amidst the unfolding technological revolution and industrial transformation, the synergistic development between China’s automotive and semiconductor industries has emerged as a salient trend. To explore the potential difficulties and pathways of the synergistic development of the two industries, this study conducted cross-sectional surveys [...] Read more.

Amidst the unfolding technological revolution and industrial transformation, the synergistic development between China’s automotive and semiconductor industries has emerged as a salient trend. To explore the potential difficulties and pathways of the synergistic development of the two industries, this study conducted cross-sectional surveys across three phases, specifically in March 2021, March 2022, and March 2024. The first phase of the survey identified that the two industries could mutually promote each other in both technical and market aspects and pinpointed three major challenges: computational capacity bottlenecks, supply chain risks, and unclear industrial cooperation models. The second phase of the survey discussed three opportunities to address the three challenges, respectively: intelligent vehicle infrastructure cooperative system, supply chain localization, and the reconstruction of the technology stack. The third phase of the survey summarized the development experience over the past three years, validated the aforementioned opportunities, and suggested the government promote the digitalization of vehicles and mobility, automotive companies use more domestic chips, and two industries build the ecological cooperation model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developing Sustainable Global Value Chain (GVC) in an Era of Digital Transformation and Crises)

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22 pages, 2228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Resource Networks and Resident Health: Empirical Analysis from China

by Tingting Wang, Minyuan Gao, Jian Wang and Yingchao Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041752 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 240

Abstract

This study examines the health resource networks across China’s 31 provinces and cities (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) between 2012 and 2021. We construct an evaluation system for health resources using the entropy weight method and analyze the structural evolution of the [...] Read more.

This study examines the health resource networks across China’s 31 provinces and cities (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) between 2012 and 2021. We construct an evaluation system for health resources using the entropy weight method and analyze the structural evolution of the health resource network through a complex network perspective. Furthermore, a spatial econometric model is employed to investigate the impact of health resource network positions on resident health. Our findings show that communication between nodes in the health resource network increased initially and then decreased, with core communication regions shifting from Central China to East China. The network position of health resources has a significant positive impact on residents’ health and exhibits spatial spillover effects. The impact of network positions is more significant in core regions compared to peripheral areas. This study highlights the importance of optimizing health resource distribution and improving health outcomes by focusing on network positions within China’s health system. These findings contribute to policy development for enhancing public health at both local and regional levels and offer valuable insights for countries facing similar health system challenges. Full article

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19 pages, 6878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Endowment of Geothermal Resources and Its Impact on Regional Industrial Structure: A Case Study of Qinghai Province (China)

by Zhen Zhao, Guangxiong Qin, Baizhong Yan and Chuanlong Han

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041751 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 259

Abstract

Geothermal resources are considered a clean energy source, and their development plays a key role in achieving sustainable development. This energy contributes to environmental protection, energy security, and economic growth, while also helping to alleviate energy poverty. Qinghai Province, rich in geothermal resources, [...] Read more.

Geothermal resources are considered a clean energy source, and their development plays a key role in achieving sustainable development. This energy contributes to environmental protection, energy security, and economic growth, while also helping to alleviate energy poverty. Qinghai Province, rich in geothermal resources, holds significant potential for development. First, this study evaluated the geothermal resources in the uplifted mountainous regions of Qinghai Province using the volumetric method and analyzed their spatial distribution. Next, the degree of geothermal resource endowment was measured, and the relationship between geothermal resources and industrial structure was analyzed. Finally, the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model and impulse response function were applied to assess the impact and duration of geothermal resources on changes in the industrial structure from 2000 to 2020. Geothermal resources in Qinghai Province exhibit significant regional variation, with the northern and western regions being particularly rich in geothermal resources, peaking at 3.58 × 10¹⁷ J in Banma County. Geothermal resources in Qinghai are predominantly utilized for power generation, averaging 42.20% of energy consumption. The interplay between geothermal resource use and industrial structure is intensifying, notably in secondary and tertiary sectors. Initially restrictive, the influence of industrial structure on geothermal resource use is projected to become facilitative as clean energy technologies advance. This study revealed the relationship between geothermal resources and the local industrial structure in Qinghai Province, providing a scientific basis for the sustainable and efficient development and utilization of these resources. It contributed to the long-term sustainability of geothermal resource exploitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Decision-Making Processes for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs))

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22 pages, 6424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crime and Urban Facilities: Spatial Differences and Planning Responses in Changsha

by Fanmin Liu, Xianchao Zhao and Mengjie Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041750 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

With rapid urbanization, the spatial layout and functional characteristics of urban facilities have a strong correlation with the spatial distribution of criminal activities. Using Changsha City as a case study, this research analyzes 2023 urban crime data, Point of Interest (POI) data, and [...] Read more.

With rapid urbanization, the spatial layout and functional characteristics of urban facilities have a strong correlation with the spatial distribution of criminal activities. Using Changsha City as a case study, this research analyzes 2023 urban crime data, Point of Interest (POI) data, and socioeconomic data. The Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model and clustering analysis are applied to examine how different types of urban facilities influence the spatial heterogeneity of crimes and propose tailored urban planning recommendations and crime prevention strategies. The findings reveal the following: (1) The spatial distribution of crimes in Changsha’s central urban area demonstrates significant spatial heterogeneity. Property crimes dominate in frequency and spatial distribution, primarily clustering around commercial hubs and transport nodes, while violent crimes are more common in scenic areas and open spaces with high pedestrian flow. (2) The impact of built facilities on crime exhibits spatial variability. Facilities such as Financial Services Facilities (FSF) and Shopping facilities (SHF) significantly contribute to property crime in core urban areas, while Scientific, educational, and cultural facilities (SEC) suppress crime in university towns. Scenic spots and facilities (SPF) are associated with violent crimes near scenic site entrances and transport hubs. (3) Facility resource allocation and preventive strategies should be optimized based on dominant factors in different areas to enhance security management efficiency through precise and differentiated planning, fostering sustainable urban safety systems. This study provides insights into the spatial patterns of crime distribution and its dominant factors from the perspective of urban facilities, offering a scientific basis for improving urban crime management and facility planning. Full article

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23 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Carbon Economic Scheduling of Integrated Energy System Considering Flexible Supply–Demand Response and Diversified Utilization of Hydrogen

by Chengcheng Ma and Zhijian Hu

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041749 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 213

Abstract

With the large-scale deployment of renewable energy, the issue of wind power consumption has become increasingly prominent, leading to serious wind energy abandonment. In order to promote energy sustainability, this paper proposes a low-carbon economic scheduling model of an integrated energy system (IES) [...] Read more.

With the large-scale deployment of renewable energy, the issue of wind power consumption has become increasingly prominent, leading to serious wind energy abandonment. In order to promote energy sustainability, this paper proposes a low-carbon economic scheduling model of an integrated energy system (IES) that combines the flexible supply–demand response with the diversified utilization of hydrogen energy. A mixed-integer linear programming model is developed and solved using the commercial solver GUROBI to obtain the scheduling scheme that minimizes total costs. First, decoupling analysis is performed for combined heat and power (CHP) units, and the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is introduced to enable dynamic output adjustments. On the demand side, a flexible demand response mechanism is introduced, which allows various types of loads to transfer within the scheduling cycle or substitute for each other within the same period. Additionally, combining the clean characteristics of hydrogen, this paper introduces hydrogen-doped CHP and other utilization strategies and develops a diversified utilization structure of hydrogen. A small IES is used for case analysis to verify the effectiveness of the above strategies. The results show that the proposed strategy can entirely consume wind power, reduce total cost by 21.32%, and decrease carbon emissions by 44.83%, thereby promoting low-carbon economic operation and sustainable energy development of the system. Full article

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15 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biochar-Induced Microbial Shifts: Advancing Soil Sustainability

by Meesha Sharma, Rishabh Kaushik, Maharaj K. Pandit and Yi-Hsuan Lee

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041748 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 340

Abstract

Biochar utilisation as a soil enhancer has gathered considerable interest owing to its notable capacity to boost soil productivity, enhance carbon sequestration, and improve agricultural sustainability. Nonetheless, how biochar affects the soil microbiome, a key to soil health and ecological functioning, remains a [...] Read more.

Biochar utilisation as a soil enhancer has gathered considerable interest owing to its notable capacity to boost soil productivity, enhance carbon sequestration, and improve agricultural sustainability. Nonetheless, how biochar affects the soil microbiome, a key to soil health and ecological functioning, remains a contested subject. Given the critical role microbial communities play in maintaining soil health and functioning, variations in soil microbiota may have a substantial impact on soil fertility and stability. Despite a wealth of studies on the effects of biochar on soil microbial communities, the results demonstrate that the reaction of the microbiome to biochar varies greatly depending on the edaphic and biochar properties and other factors such as the experimental conditions and agricultural practices. Notably, different components of the soil microbiome may respond to soil/biochar properties in a unique way, which makes generalising the impacts of biochar on the soil microbiome a difficult task. In this review, we comprehensively examine the factors governing the impacts of biochar on the soil microbiome, especially in terms of its repercussions on microbial diversity, community structure, and functional dynamics, and the potential ramifications for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. Full article

22 pages, 2874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Priority-Driven Resource Allocation with Reuse for Platooning in 5G Vehicular Network

by Tae-Woo Kim, Sanghoon Lee, Dong-Hyung Lee and Kyung-Joon Park

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041747 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

Recently, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has emerged as a critical technology for enhancing the safety and traffic management of autonomous vehicles. Developing a resource allocation algorithm that enables autonomous vehicles to perceive and react to their surroundings in real time through fast and reliable [...] Read more.

Recently, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has emerged as a critical technology for enhancing the safety and traffic management of autonomous vehicles. Developing a resource allocation algorithm that enables autonomous vehicles to perceive and react to their surroundings in real time through fast and reliable communication is of paramount importance. This paper proposes a novel resource allocation algorithm that minimizes the degradation of communication performance for non-platoon vehicles while ensuring low-latency, high-reliability communication within vehicle platoons. The proposed algorithm prioritizes platoon vehicles and enhances resource efficiency by simultaneously applying interference-based and distance-based resource reuse techniques. Performance evaluations conducted using the Simu5G simulator demonstrate that the proposed algorithm consistently maintains the average resource allocation rate and delay for both platoon and non-platoon vehicles, even as the number of platoons increases. Specifically, in a congested environment with 60 general vehicles and five platoons, the proposed algorithm achieves an average resource allocation rate of over 90%, significantly outperforming existing algorithms such as Max-C/I, which achieves only 58%, and the priority-based algorithm with 54%, ensuring reliable communication for all vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Mobility: Road Safety and Traffic Engineering)

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22 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Low-Carbon Spatial Spillover Effect Development of the Digital Economy Enabled by New Quality Productivity

by Li Peng and Paul Anthony Mariadas

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041746 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 359

Abstract

China has commenced a high-quality development phase, necessitating significant promotion of the digital economy (DE), which includes green advancement as its foundation. Transitioning from a DE into high-quality development requires advancing the concept of new quality productivity (NQP), which unequivocally delineates the direction [...] Read more.

China has commenced a high-quality development phase, necessitating significant promotion of the digital economy (DE), which includes green advancement as its foundation. Transitioning from a DE into high-quality development requires advancing the concept of new quality productivity (NQP), which unequivocally delineates the direction of Chinese socio-economic progress. Therefore, this study developed a new quality productivity indicator model encompassing three components aligning with NQP: (i) scientific and technological, (ii) green, and (iii) digital productivity. The analysis investigated the crucial role of the NQP in achieving the “double carbon” goal within the DE by utilizing panel data from 30 Chinese provinces between 2012 and 2022. Consequently, the DE substantially reduced carbon emissions (CEs) and exhibited a notable spatial spillover effect. The impact coefficient of the DE on CEs is −0.0583, which is significant at the 1% level. The direct effect and indirect effect analysis revealed that the inhibition effect of the DE on regional CEs was −0.0725 and −0.0964, respectively (significant at the 1% level). The heterogeneity outcomes denoted lower carbon emissions in non-resource-based regions due to the DE. Nevertheless, this process did not exhibit the same impact on resource-based regions. Furthermore, the NQP functioned as the intermediary factor in the correlation between DE development and CEs. This outcome then led to three critical recommendations: (i) the complete release of the digital dividend, (ii) enhanced government attention toward low-carbon environmental protection, and (iii) the establishment of a green technology innovation platform to achieve higher rates of NQP development. Full article

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22 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessReview

Production Costs and Growth Performance of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Intensive Production Systems: A Review

by Martha Elena Rodríguez-Hernández, Gustavo Martínez-Castellanos, María Cristina López-Méndez, David Reyes-Gonzalez and Humberto Raymundo González-Moreno

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041745 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 577

Abstract

The aquaculture sector is experiencing remarkable growth, and its economic success depends mainly on an efficient production strategy and cost management, which are essential to guarantee the profitability and sustainability in this sector. The main objective of this study was to analyze the [...] Read more.

The aquaculture sector is experiencing remarkable growth, and its economic success depends mainly on an efficient production strategy and cost management, which are essential to guarantee the profitability and sustainability in this sector. The main objective of this study was to analyze the production costs and growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus in the most successful intensive production systems: Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS), Aquaponic System (AS), and Biofloc Technology (BFT). Data collection involved extensive searches in various academic and scientific databases, resulting in the selection of 52 published articles from 2008 to 2024, following a rigorous analysis of inclusion criteria. Results showed that the rentability of the aquaculture production systems for Tilapia production is underexplored in the scientific community, with less than 20% of articles reporting economic variables, while around 80% of them reported growing variables and water quality without considering economic variables. Costs associated with production and economic indicators must also be viewed as important indicators for aquaculture producers as a reference for the investment in RAS, AS, and BFT technologies. The research in the aquaculture field has seen a resurgence in studies on production, design, water quality, and the recent integration of technologies to increase production. Full article

19 pages, 16076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Pro-Ecological Packaging in Shaping Purchase Intentions and Brand Image in the Food Sector: An Experimental Study

by Dagna Siuda and Magdalena Grębosz-Krawczyk

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041744 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 474

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to assess the influence of claims suggesting the eco-friendly nature of products present on food product packaging, consumers’ purchase intentions, and brand image. To achieve this, an experimental study was conducted in which participants were presented [...] Read more.

The main objective of this paper is to assess the influence of claims suggesting the eco-friendly nature of products present on food product packaging, consumers’ purchase intentions, and brand image. To achieve this, an experimental study was conducted in which participants were presented with packaging prototypes to explore their purchase preferences and attitudes toward the brand. The study involved two types of food products—apple juice and a box of chocolates. Some packaging prototypes featured pro-environmental attributes, while others did not. The results confirm the positive impact of pro-environmental packaging elements on consumers’ purchase intentions and brand perception. “Eco-friendly” brands were perceived as high-quality and more appealing. In both product categories, the majority of respondents preferred brands incorporating pro-environmental elements on packaging. These findings highlight the potential benefits for brand owners of integrating sustainability-focused content into packaging, which can serve as a competitive advantage in the food market. Full article

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18 pages, 7871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Ecological Security Network in Mountainous Transitional Geospace Using Circuit Theory and Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis: A Case Study of Taihang Mountain Area

by Ruicong Zhang, Maogui Hu, Anjie Sheng, Wei Deng, Shaoyao Zhang and Jintong Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041743 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 326

Abstract

Since entering the process of industrialization, human activities have interfered with the original ecological environment, and the expansion of cities has also impacted the ecological service function. In order to maintain the balance of the ecosystem and the stability of ecological security, it [...] Read more.

Since entering the process of industrialization, human activities have interfered with the original ecological environment, and the expansion of cities has also impacted the ecological service function. In order to maintain the balance of the ecosystem and the stability of ecological security, it is very important to establish an ecological security network (ESN), particularly in transitional geospace. To address this, we proposed a framework for mountainous transitional geospace by morphological spatial pattern analysis and circuit theory. Taihang Mountain area is applied as a case, establishing a suitable evaluation system for the mountainous transitional geospace. Using circuit theory to quantitively construct the ESN, it was found that there are 34 ecological sources in the Taihang Mountain area. The corridors primarily run north–south in the east and west but display a mesh-like layout in the central and southern parts. These elements integrated an ESN of “four zones and three lines”. Key ecological pinch point areas are primarily in plains or plateaus, and ecological barrier restoration areas are mainly in basins and mountainous areas. The study provides recommendations for protection and restoration work in the Taihang Mountain area, which hold both theoretical and practical significance for ecological planning. Full article

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23 pages, 5838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Dynamics of PM_2.5 Concentration Levels in China: A Comprehensive Study of Spatio-Temporal Patterns, Driving Factors, and Implications for Environmental Sustainability

by Yuanlu Miao, Chunmei Geng, Yuanyuan Ji, Shengli Wang, Lijuan Wang and Wen Yang

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041742 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 408

Abstract

Over the past decade, China’s air quality has improved significantly. To further mitigate the concentration levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), this study analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution of PM_2.5 concentrations from 2012 to 2022. Furthermore, the study integrated the generalized [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, China’s air quality has improved significantly. To further mitigate the concentration levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), this study analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution of PM_2.5 concentrations from 2012 to 2022. Furthermore, the study integrated the generalized additive model (GAM) and GeoDetector to investigate the main driving factors and explored the complex response relationships between these factors and PM_2.5 concentrations. The results showed the following: (1) The annual average concentration of PM_2.5 in China peaked in 2013. The annual reductions of PM_2.5 in each city ranged from 1.48 to 7.33 μg/m³. In each year, the PM_2.5 concentrations were always consistently higher in north and east China and lowest in northeast and southwest China. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the North China Plain, the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain, and the Sichuan Basin exhibited the highest PM_2.5 concentration levels and showed high aggregation characteristics. (3) The GeoDetector analysis identified the concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, and CO and the meteorological conditions as important factors influencing the spatial differentiation of PM_2.5. The results of the GAM showed that the meteorological factors, such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and precipitation, generally had specific inflection points in their effects on the PM_2.5 concentration levels. The relationship of PM_2.5 with the gross domestic product and population density followed an inverted U shape. The PM_2.5 concentrations under the land use types of cropland, barren, impervious, and water were higher than others. The concentration of PM_2.5 decreased significantly under all land use types. Our work can be used as a strong basis for providing insights crucial for developing long-term pollution control strategies and promoting environmental sustainability. Full article

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18 pages, 6149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Traffic Operation Characteristics of Cold-Climate Cities Based on Multi-Source Data Fusion: A Case Study of Harbin

by Ting Wan and Jibo Gao

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041741 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

This study introduces an innovative approach based on multi-source data fusion to address the challenges of traffic operation management in cold-climate cities. Taking Harbin City as the research object, GPS trajectory data and checkpoint data were integrated to systematically analyze the seasonal fluctuation [...] Read more.

This study introduces an innovative approach based on multi-source data fusion to address the challenges of traffic operation management in cold-climate cities. Taking Harbin City as the research object, GPS trajectory data and checkpoint data were integrated to systematically analyze the seasonal fluctuation patterns and spatial distribution characteristics of traffic operations from the dimensions of time and space. The study shows that low temperatures and snow in winter significantly reduce traffic efficiency, with prominent traffic pressure during morning and evening peak hours. On weekdays, there is a clear “double peak” characteristic, while on non-working days, traffic flow is relatively stable. Moreover, compared to southern cities with a more pronounced “long-tail effect”, the long period of traffic congestion recovery significantly increases the resilience requirements of the traffic system in cold-climate cities. In terms of space, the concentrated commuting demand in the core circle leads to much higher traffic pressure than in the peripheral areas, creating a marked traffic gradient. Frequently congested road sections are mostly concentrated on commuting arteries and functional nodes, while peripheral areas have higher operational efficiency due to a balanced work–residence distribution. The study reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of traffic operations in cold-climate cities, offering data support for precise management. By verifying the application value of multi-source data fusion under extreme climate conditions, this study provides important references for intelligent transportation management and sustainable development in cold-climate cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Transportation and Urban Traffic—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 16223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Insulating Materials for High-Voltage Equipment: Dielectric Properties of Green Synthesis-Based Nanofluids from Vegetable Oils

by Abubakar Siddique, Muhammad Usama Shahid, Waseem Aslam, Shahid Atiq, Mohammad R. Altimania, Hafiz Mudassir Munir, Ievgen Zaitsev and Vladislav Kuchanskyy

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041740 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 655

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technologically advanced dielectric fluid by utilizing the beneficial properties of natural ester-based vegetable oils, offering a promising alternative for transformer insulation and cooling applications. The novelty of this research lies in the formulation [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technologically advanced dielectric fluid by utilizing the beneficial properties of natural ester-based vegetable oils, offering a promising alternative for transformer insulation and cooling applications. The novelty of this research lies in the formulation of a nanofluid that combines three distinct vegetable oils—castor, flaxseed, and blackseed—creating a unique base fluid. SiO₂ nanoparticles were incorporated into the fluid to leverage their multiple advantageous characteristics. Extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the superior properties of the proposed nanofluid, focusing on key dielectric properties, such as relative permittivity (ε_r) and the dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ). Comparative analyses with conventional mineral oil, which was used as a benchmark, demonstrated the significant advantages of the vegetable oil-based nanofluid. The novel formulation outperformed all other tested samples, highlighting its exceptional performance. Additionally, three preparation methods were examined, with the green synthesis technique producing the nanofluid with better dielectric properties. Through a detailed presentation of empirical data and compelling arguments, this study confirms the potential of natural ester-based vegetable oil nanofluids as a highly promising alternative, driven by their intrinsic properties and the environmentally friendly synthesis method employed. Full article

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13 pages, 2474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Business Case for a Regional AI-Based Marketplace for Renewable Energies

by Jonas Holzinger, Anna Nagl, Karlheinz Bozem, Carsten Lecon, Andreas Ensinger, Jannik Roessler and Christina Neufeld

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041739 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

The global energy sector is rapidly changing due to decentralization, renewable energy integration, and digitalization, challenging traditional energy business models. This paper explores a startup concept for an AI-assisted regional marketplace for renewable energy, specifically suited for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Driven [...] Read more.

The global energy sector is rapidly changing due to decentralization, renewable energy integration, and digitalization, challenging traditional energy business models. This paper explores a startup concept for an AI-assisted regional marketplace for renewable energy, specifically suited for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Driven by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and Internet of Things (IoT) technology, this marketplace enables efficient energy trading through real-time supply–demand matching with dynamic pricing. Decentralized energy systems, such as solar and wind power, offer benefits like enhanced energy security but also present challenges in balancing supply and demand due to volatility. This research develops and validates an AI-based pricing model to optimize regional energy consumption and incentivize efficient usage to support grid stability. Through a SWOT analysis, this study highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of such a platform. Findings indicate that, with scalability, the AI-driven marketplace could significantly support the energy transition by increasing renewable energy use and therefore reducing carbon emissions. This paper presents a viable, scalable solution for SMEs aiming to participate in a resilient, sustainable, and localized energy market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 12th European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems)

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33 pages, 4309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Evaluation of China’s Carbon Peaking Policies Based on PMC Index Model: Evidence from the First Batch of National Carbon Peak Pilot Provinces and Regions

by Guangchen Wang and Lanqi Ju

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041738 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 275

Abstract

The carbon peaking policy in China has been established within the context of global climate change, one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century. This study constructs a quantitative policy evaluation system based on the Policy Model Consistency Index (PMC-Index) [...] Read more.

The carbon peaking policy in China has been established within the context of global climate change, one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century. This study constructs a quantitative policy evaluation system based on the Policy Model Consistency Index (PMC-Index) model to assess the effectiveness of carbon peaking policies in the provinces selected for China’s first batch of carbon peaking pilot projects. This assessment is crucial for improving policy quality and effectiveness, as well as for providing direction for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality governance. The results show that the 15 carbon peaking action plan policies are generally rated as “good” and “acceptable” with an average score of 6.59. Seven core focus areas were identified within the policy texts, including green development, renewable energy use, technological innovation, key industry promotion, corporate management improvements, ecological protection, and achieving carbon neutrality. The study also identified a PMC surface map, visually illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of the policy texts. While the design of China’s carbon peaking policies is reasonable, there is still room for improvement, especially in integrating economic development with carbon reduction targets, enhancing policy timeliness, expanding policy coverage, increasing public participation, and strengthening market-based policy tools. This study proposes optimization paths for each policy from a specific perspective and provides clear directions for optimizing and improving the overall carbon peaking policy from a general perspective. Full article

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