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Sustainability
Volume 15
Issue 21
10.3390/su152115447
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Article

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China

by
Ming Gao
1,2,3,
Xiangquan Li
1,3,
Jiazhong Qian
2,
Zhenxing Wang
1,3,*,
Xinwei Hou
1,3,
Chunlei Gui
1,3,
Zhanxue Bai
1,3,
Changchang Fu
1,3,*,
Jinqiu Li
1,3 and
Xuefeng Zuo
1,3
1
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
3
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(21), 15447; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115447
Submission received: 19 September 2023 / Revised: 23 October 2023 / Accepted: 27 October 2023 / Published: 30 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Groundwater Management Adapted to the Global Challenges)
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Abstract

Heilongdong Spring Basin (HSB) is located in a semi-arid region in northern China. In the past few decades, it has been influenced by anthropogenic activities. Currently, there is a lack of information about the impact on the hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality of different aquifers. To address this concern, the present study used conventional hydrochemical diagrams, stable isotope analysis and multivariate statistical techniques to analyze hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of shallow and deep groundwater in the study area. The results showed that all groundwater samples were weakly alkaline. The shallow groundwater (SGW) was mainly composed of SO4-Ca and SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg water types with high TDS values. However, the predominant water types of deep groundwater (DGW) were HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg types with relatively low TDS. The large majority of shallow groundwater had poor water quality, which was influenced by natural factors and anthropogenic activities, characterized by high concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−. In contrast, the overall water quality of deep groundwater was good, mainly controlled by the natural background. Nonetheless, a few karst groundwater samples of DGW in runoff areas exhibited close hydraulic connections with SGW samples and presented contamination to a certain degree. Our research results provide a scientific basis for the utilization and protection of groundwater in different aquifers in northern China.
Keywords: groundwater quality; hydrochemical characteristics; controlling factors; natural processes; anthropogenic activities groundwater quality; hydrochemical characteristics; controlling factors; natural processes; anthropogenic activities

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gao, M.; Li, X.; Qian, J.; Wang, Z.; Hou, X.; Gui, C.; Bai, Z.; Fu, C.; Li, J.; Zuo, X. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115447

AMA Style

Gao M, Li X, Qian J, Wang Z, Hou X, Gui C, Bai Z, Fu C, Li J, Zuo X. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(21):15447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115447

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gao, Ming, Xiangquan Li, Jiazhong Qian, Zhenxing Wang, Xinwei Hou, Chunlei Gui, Zhanxue Bai, Changchang Fu, Jinqiu Li, and Xuefeng Zuo. 2023. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China" Sustainability 15, no. 21: 15447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115447

APA Style

Gao, M., Li, X., Qian, J., Wang, Z., Hou, X., Gui, C., Bai, Z., Fu, C., Li, J., & Zuo, X. (2023). Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China. Sustainability, 15(21), 15447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115447

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