Rural Development Potential in the Bioeconomy in Developed Countries: The Case of Biogas Production in Denmark
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Previous Quantitative Studies
3. The Danish Case
3.1. The Danish Biogas Sector
3.2. The Demand for Biogas
4. Methodology
4.1. Starting Point in a Hypothetical, Average Biogas Plant: The Model Biogas Plant
4.2. Estimation of the Employment Effects
5. Results
5.1. The Total Employment Potential of Biogas Production in Denmark
5.2. Assessing the Employment Impact in the Danish Rural Development Context
6. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Industries | Direct Impact at Biogas Plants | Input for Plants, Direct and Indirect Impacts | Induced Impact via Consumption |
---|---|---|---|
Manufacture of wood and wood products | 2 | 2 | |
Manufacture of concrete and bricks | 3 | 3 | |
Manufacture of fabricated metal products | 4 | 6 | |
Manufacture of engines, windmills and pumps | 1 | 1 | |
Construction of new buildings | 85 | ||
Professional repair and maintenance of buildings | 32 | 1 | 4 |
Sale of motor vehicles | 2 | ||
Repair and maintenance of motor vehicles etc. | 1 | 2 | |
Wholesale | 5 | 10 | |
Retail sale | 1 | 20 | |
Transport by suburban trains, buses and taxi operation, etc. | 2 | ||
Freight transport by road and via pipeline | 1 | 2 | |
Support activities for transportation | 1 | ||
Postal and courier activities | 1 | ||
Hotels and similar accommodation | 1 | ||
Restaurants | 8 | ||
Monetary intermediation | 1 | 3 | |
Buying and selling of real estate | 9 | ||
Renting of non-residential buildings | 1 | ||
Renting of residential buildings | 2 | ||
Legal activities | 2 | 1 | |
Accounting and bookkeeping activities | 1 | 1 | |
Business consultancy activities | 1 | 2 | |
Architectural and engineering activities | 8 | 9 | |
Other technical business services | 1 | 1 | |
Employment activities | 1 | 1 | |
Services to buildings, cleaning and landscape activities | 1 | 3 | |
Other business service activities | 1 | ||
Medical and dental practice activities | 2 | ||
Social work activities without accommodation | 4 | ||
Activities of membership organizations | 1 | ||
Other personal service activities | 2 | ||
Other industries with impact less than 1.0 person-year | 8 | 26 | |
Total | 128 | 41 | 125 |
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Animal Species | Dry Matter, 1000 Tons per Year |
---|---|
Cattle | 1883 |
Pigs | 1007 |
Poultry | 197 |
Fur-bearing animals | 69 |
Horses | 47 |
Sheep | 16 |
Goats | 4 |
Deer | 8 |
Total | 3233 |
Type | Input | Proportion, pct. | Dry Matter Content, pct. |
---|---|---|---|
Cattle | Raw, untreated manure | 36 | 7.5 |
Pig | Raw, untreated manure | 42 | 4.9 |
Cattle | Fiber fraction of separated manure | 5 | 30 |
Pig | Fiber fraction of separated manure | 7 | 30 |
Corn | Corn silage | 10 | 33 |
Total | 100 | 11.3 |
Annual Costs | |
---|---|
Cost category | 1000 Euros |
Electricity | 2759 |
Maintenance | |
Pumps | 247 |
Macerator | 49 |
Stir equipment | 247 |
Struvite cleaning | 98 |
Removal of sand | 123 |
Gas refinement | 385 |
Other material inputs | 96 |
Water etc. | 96 |
Analysis | 96 |
El and control | 578 |
Other maintenance | 578 |
Total maintenance | 2593 |
Own transport | |
Wages | 3652 |
Fuel | 2457 |
Other current expenses | 1772 |
Total transport | 7881 |
Transport re-investment | 1088 |
Operational costs | |
Wages management | 2311 |
Insurance | 771 |
Board | 385 |
Office | 385 |
Revision | 193 |
Manure administration | 193 |
Other office costs | 193 |
Total operational costs | 4431 |
Total direct wage and employment | |
Wages | 6734 |
Employed, number of persons | 168 |
Industry | Location Quotient |
---|---|
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing | 1.90 |
Mining and quarrying | 1.99 |
Manufacture of food products, beverages, and tobacco | 1.73 |
Textiles and leather products | 2.13 |
Wood and paper products and printing | 1.75 |
Oil refinery etc. | 1.55 |
Manufacture of chemicals | 1.03 |
Pharmaceuticals | 0.04 |
Manufacture of plastic, glass, and concrete | 1.61 |
Basic metals and fabricated metal products | 1.87 |
Manufacture of electronic components | 0.48 |
Electrical equipment | 2.23 |
Manufacture of machinery | 1.87 |
Transport equipment | 1.64 |
Manufacture of furniture and other manufacturing | 1.69 |
Electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply | 1.27 |
Water supply, sewerage, and waste management | 1.08 |
Construction | 1.05 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 1.07 |
Transportation | 1.13 |
Accommodation and food service activities | 0.91 |
Publishing, television, and radio broadcasting | 0.36 |
Telecommunications | 0.49 |
IT and information service activities | 0.40 |
Financial and insurance | 0.59 |
Real estate activities | 0.95 |
Consultancy etc. | 0.65 |
Scientific research and development | 0.39 |
Advertising and other business services | 0.69 |
Travel agent, cleaning, and other operational services | 0.92 |
Public administration, defence, and compulsory social security | 0.91 |
Education | 0.86 |
Human health activities | 0.86 |
Employment | Income, Gross Value Added | Tax Revenue from Indirect and Local Income Taxes | |
---|---|---|---|
Jobs | Million Euros | Million Euros | |
Direct impact at biogas plants | 168 | 6.8 | 1.7 |
Input for plants, direct and indirect impacts | 94 | 7.2 | 2.4 |
Induced impact via consumption | 80 | 6.8 | 2.2 |
Total | 342 | 20.8 | 6.3 |
Industry | Direct Impact at Biogas Plants | Input for Plants, Direct and Indirect Impacts | Induced Impact via Consumption |
---|---|---|---|
Manufacture of fabricated metal products | 1 | 2 | |
Manufacture of other machinery | 3 | ||
Manufacture of motor vehicles and related parts | 1 | 1 | |
Production and distribution of electricity | 7 | ||
Manufacture and distribution of gas | 168 | ||
Civil engineering | 1 | ||
Professional repair and maintenance of buildings | 10 | 3 | |
Sale of motor vehicles | 3 | 5 | |
Repair and maintenance of motor vehicles etc. | 40 | 1 | |
Wholesale | 6 | 9 | |
Retail sale | 13 | ||
Transport by suburban trains, buses and taxi operation, etc. | 1 | ||
Freight transport by road and via pipeline | 1 | ||
Support activities for transportation | 1 | ||
Postal and courier activities | 1 | ||
Restaurants | 5 | ||
Monetary intermediation | 1 | 2 | |
Insurance and pension funding | 4 | ||
Renting of non-residential buildings | 1 | 1 | |
Renting of residential buildings | |||
Accounting and bookkeeping activities | 4 | ||
Business consultancy activities | 2 | 1 | |
Services to buildings, cleaning and landscape activities | 1 | ||
Medical and dental practice activities | 1 | ||
Social work activities without accommodation | 2 | ||
Other personal service activities | 1 | ||
Other industries with impact less than 1.0 job | 10 | 28 | |
Total | 168 | 94 | 80 |
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Sørensen, J.F.L.; Jørgensen, H.P. Rural Development Potential in the Bioeconomy in Developed Countries: The Case of Biogas Production in Denmark. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11077. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711077
Sørensen JFL, Jørgensen HP. Rural Development Potential in the Bioeconomy in Developed Countries: The Case of Biogas Production in Denmark. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):11077. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711077
Chicago/Turabian StyleSørensen, Jens Fyhn Lykke, and Henning Peter Jørgensen. 2022. "Rural Development Potential in the Bioeconomy in Developed Countries: The Case of Biogas Production in Denmark" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 11077. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711077