Threats of Internet-of-Thing on Environmental Sustainability by E-Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Problem Statements
1.2. Objective
2. Literature Review
2.1. E-Waste
2.2. Contributing Factors
2.3. The Internet-of-Things
2.4. IoT Architecture
2.5. Five-Layer Architecture
2.5.1. Cloud-Based Architecture
2.5.2. IoT Hardware
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Data Analysis
4. Discussion and Summary
5. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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An Increasing Trend in the World’s Population and Urbanization | [20] |
Rising global GDP per capita leads to increased spending on electronics | [4] |
Growing dependencies on digital systems by government, private, and individuals | [22] |
Digitalization of civilization for political, economic, and social dominations | [23] |
Digital migration for remote work and increasing adoption of digital platforms | [24] |
The popularity of non-fungible tokens is driven by cryptocurrency | [8] |
Planned hardware/software design obsolescence | [25] |
Institutionalization of advanced technologies as a benchmark for literacy | [25] |
Rapid technological changes in network technologies-from 3G to 4 and 5G | [26] |
Infrastructure to enable technological changes | [27] |
Growing disposal of appliances to replace the new ones (e.g., Artificial Intelligence) | [27] |
Accelerated raw material discovery and developments | [28] |
Growing awareness of environmentally friendly products | [2] |
Spatial, political, socio-cultural, and economic | [3] |
Low volume of recycling for discarded electronic products | [18] |
Individual | Number of | Fixed | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
World | Mobile | Internet | Connected | Broadband | E-Waste | |
Variables | Internet | Subscriptions | Subscriptions | Devices | Subscriptions | Metric Tons |
World Internet users | 1 | |||||
Mobile Subscriptions | 0.975 | 1 | ||||
Individual Internet Subscriptions | 0.839 | 0.873 | 1 | |||
Number of Connected Devices | 0.959 | 0.885 | 0.737 | 1 | ||
Fixed Broadband Subscription | 0.993 | 0.974 | 0.836 | 0.966 | 1 | |
E-waste-Metric Tons | 0.960 | 0.948 | 0.784 | 0.910 | 0.954 | 1 |
Regression Statistics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple R | 0.96629 | |||||
R Square | 0.93772 | |||||
Adjusted R Square | 0.92098 | |||||
Standard Error | 4.45863 | |||||
Observations | 32 | |||||
ANOVA | df | SS | MS | F | Significance F | |
Regression | 5 | 7281.95 | 1456.39 | 73.26 | ||
Residual | 26 | 516.86 | 19.87 | |||
Total | 31 | 7798.81 | ||||
Coefficients | Standard Error | t Stat | p-Value | Lower 95% | Upper 95% | |
Intercept | 15.95 | 1.43 | 11.09 | 2.31 | 13.01 | 18.91 |
Internet users | 0.31 | 0.76 | −0.41 | 0.04 | −1.89 | 1.25 |
Mobile Subscriptions | 1.24 | 7.76 | 1.6 | 0.01 | −3.52 | 2.84 |
Internet Subscriptions | 1.09 | 1.18 | −0.92 | 0.03 | −3.53 | 1.34 |
Connected Devices | 2.88 | 2.13 | 1.34 | 0.18 | −1.15 | 7.29 |
Fixed Broadband Subscriptions | 0.1 | 0.07 | −1.36 | 0.02 | −0.25 | 0.05 |
Ewaste- Million Tone | Internet Server/ Million People | Global IP Traffic | # Of Transistors In Microphone | Floating Point Carried/Second | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ewaste-Million tone | 1 | ||||
Internet server/Million People | 0.570 | 1 | |||
Global IP Traffic | 0.845 | 0.793 | 1 | ||
# Of Transistors in Microphone | 0.707 | 0.954 | 0.928 | 1 | |
Floating point Carried/second | 0.975 | 0.522 | 0.522 | 0.672 | 1 |
Regression Statistics | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple R | 0.979 | ||||||
R Square | 0.958 | ||||||
Adjusted R Square | 0.952 | ||||||
Standard Error | 3.379 | ||||||
Observations | 32 | ||||||
ANOVA | df | SS | MS | F | Significance F | ||
Regression | 4 | 6988.54 | 1747.14 | 153.05 | 0.00 | ||
Residual | 27 | 308.22 | 11.42 | ||||
Total | 31 | 7296.77 | |||||
Variables | Coefficients | Standard Error | t Stat | p-value | Lower 95% | Upper 95% | Lower 95.0% |
Intercept | 35.259 | 5.467 | −6.450 | 6.526 | −46.476 | −24.042 | −46.476 |
Internet Server/Million People | 0.623 | 0.001 | 1.019 | 0.317 | −0.001 | 0.002 | −0.001 |
Global IP Traffic | 0.000 | 0.0000397 | 0.999 | 0.327 | −0.0000418 | 0.0001 | −0.0000418 |
# of transistors in Microp. | 0.000 | 0.0000549 | −0.835 | 0.411 | 0.000 | 0.0000668 | −0.0002 |
Floating point Carried/second | 0.005 | 0.0005 | 10.766 | 2.84 × 10−11 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
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Modarress Fathi, B.; Ansari, A.; Ansari, A. Threats of Internet-of-Thing on Environmental Sustainability by E-Waste. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610161
Modarress Fathi B, Ansari A, Ansari A. Threats of Internet-of-Thing on Environmental Sustainability by E-Waste. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610161
Chicago/Turabian StyleModarress Fathi, Batoul, Alexander Ansari, and Al Ansari. 2022. "Threats of Internet-of-Thing on Environmental Sustainability by E-Waste" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610161