Audiology Research

12 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

The A.BA.CO. Project and Efforts to Optimize Access to the Sounds of Learning

by Eva Orzan, Valeria Gambacorta and Giampietro Ricci

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040092 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 123

Background/Objectives: Despite its significant impact on learning, classroom acoustics and students’ hearing difficulties are often overlooked compared with more visible issues like lighting. Hearing loss—frequently underestimated and invisible—affects both students and teachers, potentially leading to fatigue, reduced participation, and academic challenges. The [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite its significant impact on learning, classroom acoustics and students’ hearing difficulties are often overlooked compared with more visible issues like lighting. Hearing loss—frequently underestimated and invisible—affects both students and teachers, potentially leading to fatigue, reduced participation, and academic challenges. The A.BA.CO. project in Italy was developed to address these issues by promoting improved classroom design, technological solutions, and better auditory communication accessibility in schools. Objective: This article presents the A.BA.CO. project, offering context and an overview of the preliminary analyses conducted by its multidisciplinary team. The goal is to share insights and propose organizational frameworks, technical solutions, and best practices concerning the hearing, communication, and auditory learning challenges experienced by students with hearing impairments. Results: The A.BA.CO. team’s analyses identified key barriers to inclusion for students with (or without) hearing impairments, such as poor classroom acoustics, excessive noise, and suboptimal seating arrangements. The project underscores the importance of improved acoustic environments and the integration of assistive technologies, including speech-to-text systems. The findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to design accessible and inclusive educational settings for all learners. Conclusions: Embedding educational audiology within school systems—alongside enhancements in classroom acoustics and the use of assistive technologies and other technological solutions—is essential to ensure that all students, regardless of hearing ability, have equitable access to learning and full participation in educational life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breaking Down Listening Barriers for Students with Hearing Difficulties)

19 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Occupational Noise Exposure, Aging, and Gender and Hearing Loss: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

by Yixiao Wang, Peng Mei, Yunfei Zhao, Jie Lu, Hongbing Zhang, Zhi Zhang, Yuan Zhao, Baoli Zhu and Boshen Wang

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040091 - 23 Jul 2025

Viewed by 239

Abstract

Background: Hearing loss is increasingly prevalent and poses a significant public health concern. While both aging and occupational noise exposure are recognized contributors, their interactive effects and gender-specific patterns remain underexplored. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 135,251 employees in Jiangsu Province, [...] Read more.

Background: Hearing loss is increasingly prevalent and poses a significant public health concern. While both aging and occupational noise exposure are recognized contributors, their interactive effects and gender-specific patterns remain underexplored. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 135,251 employees in Jiangsu Province, China. Demographic information, noise exposure metrics, and hearing thresholds were obtained through field measurements, questionnaires, and audiometric testing. Multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline modeling, and interaction analyses were conducted. Machine learning models were employed to assess feature importance. Results: A nonlinear relationship between age and high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) was identified, with a critical inflection point at 37.8 years. Noise exposure significantly amplified HFHL risk, particularly in older adults (OR = 2.564; 95% CI: 2.456–2.677, p < 0.001), with consistent findings across genders. Men exhibited greater susceptibility at high frequencies, even after adjusting for age and co-exposures. Aging and noise exposure have a joint association with hearing loss (OR = 2.564; 95% CI: 2.456–2.677, p < 0.001) and an interactive association (additive interaction: RERI = 2.075, AP = 0.502, SI = 2.967; multiplicative interaction: OR = 1.265; 95% CI: 1.176–1.36, p < 0.001). And machine learning also confirmed age, gender, and noise exposure as key predictors. Conclusions: Aging and occupational noise exert synergistic effects on auditory decline, with distinct gender disparities. These findings highlight the need for integrated, demographically tailored occupational health strategies. Machine learning approaches further validate key risk factors and support targeted screening for hearing loss prevention. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Round Window Niche and Membrane Dimensions: A Systematic Review

by Mathieu Marx, Pauline Nieto, Olivier Sagot, Guillaume de Bonnecaze and Yohan Gallois

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040090 - 23 Jul 2025

Viewed by 177

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To review the dimensions of the round window region (round window niche, bony structures surrounding the niche, and the membrane itself). Methods: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched by two independent reviewers. Anatomical and radiological studies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To review the dimensions of the round window region (round window niche, bony structures surrounding the niche, and the membrane itself). Methods: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched by two independent reviewers. Anatomical and radiological studies on the round window region were screened. Studies reporting at least one dimension for the round window (RW) niche and/or the RW membrane were included. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria (13 anatomical and 3 radiological studies) for a total number of 808 temporal bones with at least one dimension reported. The structures measured varied across the different studies with 12 reporting RW membrane dimensions (area and/or at least one distance), 8 detailing RW niche dimensions (height, width or depth) and 6 which measured at least one element of the RW bony overhangs (posterior or anterior pillar, RW tegmen). Surface area of the RW membrane varied between 0.32 mm² and 2.89 mm², with a minimum dimension (minimum diameter or height or width) comprising between 0.51 mm and 2.1 mm. When the bony overhangs surrounding the membrane were not considered, the minimum diameter was between 1.65 mm and 1.97 mm. Conclusions: The dimensions of the RW region are intrinsically variable, but the heterogeneity of the measurements reported also contributes to these variations. Posterior pillar, RW tegmen, anterior pillar, and their relative development probably account for a large part of this variability. The future RW membrane devices should be ≤1 mm in their maximum dimension, whether or not individually tailored, to fit most of the RW membranes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lip-Reading: Advances and Unresolved Questions in a Key Communication Skill

by Martina Battista, Francesca Collesei, Eva Orzan, Marta Fantoni and Davide Bottari

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040089 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Lip-reading, i.e., the ability to recognize speech using only visual cues, plays a fundamental role in audio-visual speech processing, intelligibility, and comprehension. This capacity is integral to language development and functioning; it emerges in early development, and it slowly evolves. By linking psycholinguistics, [...] Read more.

Lip-reading, i.e., the ability to recognize speech using only visual cues, plays a fundamental role in audio-visual speech processing, intelligibility, and comprehension. This capacity is integral to language development and functioning; it emerges in early development, and it slowly evolves. By linking psycholinguistics, psychophysics, and neurophysiology, the present narrative review explores the development and significance of lip-reading across different stages of life, highlighting its role in human communication in both typical and atypical development, e.g., in the presence of hearing or language impairments. We examined how relying on lip-reading becomes crucial when communication occurs in noisy environments and, on the contrary, the impacts that visual barriers can have on speech perception. Finally, this review highlights individual differences and the role of cultural and social contexts for a better understanding of the visual counterpart of speech. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breaking Down Listening Barriers for Students with Hearing Difficulties)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Lung Function, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Hearing Impairment: Evidence for Causal Effects and Clinical Implications

by Lanlai Yuan, Feipeng Cui, Ge Yin, Mengwen Shi, Nadida Aximu, Yaohua Tian and Yu Sun

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040088 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 275

Abstract

Objectives: Observational studies have shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment. However, causality remains unclear, including with respect to lung function. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lung function and COPD [...] Read more.

Objectives: Observational studies have shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment. However, causality remains unclear, including with respect to lung function. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lung function and COPD with hearing impairment in the UK Biobank and confirm potential causalities using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were performed using logistic regression models in a subsample of the UK Biobank. Two-sample MR analyses were performed on summary statistics for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), COPD, and sensorineural hearing loss. Results: FEV1 and FVC were negatively associated with hearing impairment, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.80 (0.77, 0.84) and 0.80 (0.76, 0.83), respectively. COPD was positively associated with hearing impairment, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.10 (1.02, 1.18). In the MR analyses, a negative association was found between FVC and sensorineural hearing loss, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.91 (0.83, 0.99). For FVE1 and COPD, no significant associations were found. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that FVC was causally associated with hearing impairment, suggesting a potential protective effect of FVC on hearing impairment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Embedded Mixed-Methods Study with a Dominant Quantitative Strand: The Knowledge of Jordanian Mothers About Risk Factors for Childhood Hearing Loss

by Shawkat Altamimi, Mohamed Tawalbeh, Omar Shawkat Al Tamimi, Tariq N. Al-Shatanawi, Saba’ Azzam Jarrar, Eftekhar Khalid Al Zoubi, Aya Shawkat Altamimi and Ensaf Almomani

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040087 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 258

Abstract

Background: Childhood hearing loss is a public health problem of critical importance associated with speech development, academic achievement, and quality of life. Parents’ awareness and knowledge about risk factors contribute to early detection and timely intervention. Objective: This study aims to [...] Read more.

Background: Childhood hearing loss is a public health problem of critical importance associated with speech development, academic achievement, and quality of life. Parents’ awareness and knowledge about risk factors contribute to early detection and timely intervention. Objective: This study aims to examine Jordanian mothers’ knowledge of childhood hearing loss risk factors and investigate the impact of education level and socioeconomic status (SES) on the accuracy and comprehensiveness of this knowledge with the moderating effect of health literacy. Material and Methods: The approach employed an embedded mixed-methods design with a dominant quantitative strand supported by qualitative data, utilizing quantitative surveys (n = 250), analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in SmartPLS, and qualitative interviews (n = 10), analyzed thematically to expand upon the quantitative findings by exploring barriers to awareness and healthcare-seeking behaviors. Results: The accuracy and comprehensiveness of knowledge of hearing loss risk factors were also positively influenced by maternal knowledge of hearing loss risk factors. Maternal knowledge was significantly associated with both education level and socioeconomic status (SES). Furthermore, maternal knowledge and accuracy were significantly moderated by health literacy, such that mothers with higher health literacy exhibited a stronger relationship between knowledge and accuracy. Qualitative findings revealed that individuals encountered barriers to accessing reliable information and comprehending medical advice and faced financial difficulties due to limited options for healthcare services. Conclusions: These results underscore the need for maternal education programs that address specific issues, provide simplified healthcare communication, and enhance access to pediatric audiology services. Future research should explore longitudinal assessments and intervention-based strategies to enhance mothers’ awareness and detect early childhood hearing loss. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vestibular Dysfunction and the Leftward Deviation in the New Line Bisection Task Using Three-Dimensionally Transformed Rectangles

by Teru Kamogashira, Shinnosuke Asakura, Hideaki Funayama, Kenji Ito, Noriaki Sunaga, Nao Shikanai, Fumihiko Itagaki, Toshitaka Kataoka, Shizuka Shoji, Megumi Koizumi and Shinichi Ishimoto

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040086 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The line bisection task (LBT) is a well-known test in which a horizontal line is presented in front of the subject and the subject is asked to draw a mark vertically bisecting the line. We developed the new LBT using three-dimensionally [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The line bisection task (LBT) is a well-known test in which a horizontal line is presented in front of the subject and the subject is asked to draw a mark vertically bisecting the line. We developed the new LBT using three-dimensionally transformed rectangles to enhance the sense of depth and evaluated the influence of vestibular dysfunction on the deviation. Methods: One hundred participants were recruited from patients referred to the vertigo outpatient clinic. The average deviation in the LBT was the leftward deviation in the figures viewed from the right side and the rightward deviation in the figures viewed from the left side, indicating that the figures were perceived three-dimensionally, with the division point deviating to the far side. Results: In multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) analyses, the significant leftward deviation was observed in the group with vestibular dysfunction in caloric testing, and the significant rightward deviation dependent on increasing age was also observed. In univariate analyses, the significant leftward deviation in the figure viewed from the left side (135 degrees) was observed in the group with vestibular dysfunction in caloric testing, and the significant leftward deviation was also observed in figures viewed from the center, left or right side (0, 15 and 165 degrees) in the group with vestibular dysfunction in vHIT evaluation. Conclusions: Vestibular dysfunction can alter the deviation in the new LBT, suggesting the potential of the new LBT as an assessment of vestibular dysfunction. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Auditory Localization Capabilities in Young Patients with Single-Side Deafness

by Alessandro Aruffo, Giovanni Nicoli, Marta Fantoni, Raffaella Marchi, Edoardo Carini and Eva Orzan

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040085 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 225

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Unilateral hearing loss (UHL), particularly single-sided deafness (SSD), disrupts spatial hearing in children, leading to academic and social challenges. This study aimed to (1) compare azimuthal sound-localization accuracy and compensatory strategies between children with single-sided deafness (SSD) and their normal-hearing (NH) peers [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Unilateral hearing loss (UHL), particularly single-sided deafness (SSD), disrupts spatial hearing in children, leading to academic and social challenges. This study aimed to (1) compare azimuthal sound-localization accuracy and compensatory strategies between children with single-sided deafness (SSD) and their normal-hearing (NH) peers within a virtual reality environment, and (2) investigate sound-localization performance across various azimuths by contrasting left-SSD (L-SSD) and right-SSD (R-SSD) groups. Methods: A cohort of 44 participants (20 NH, 24 SSD) performed sound localization tasks in a 3D virtual environment. Unsigned azimuth error (UAE), unsigned elevation error (UEE), and head movement distance were analyzed across six azimuthal angles (−75° to 75°) at 0°elevation. Non-parametric statistics (Mann–Whitney U tests, Holm–Bonferroni correction) compared performance between NH and SSD groups and within SSD subgroups (L-SSD vs. R-SSD). Results: The SSD group exhibited significantly higher UAE (mean: 22.4° vs. 3.69°, p < 0.0001), UEE (mean: 5.95° vs. 3.77°, p < 0.0001) and head movement distance (mean: 0.35° vs. 0.12°, p < 0.0001) compared with NH peers, indicating persistent localization deficits and compensatory effort. Within the SSD group, elevation performance was superior to azimuthal accuracy (mean UEE: 3.77° vs. mean UAE: 22.4°). Participants with R-SSD exhibited greater azimuthal errors at rightward angles (45°and 75°) and at −15°, as well as increased elevation errors at 75°. Hemifield-specific advantages were strongest at extreme lateral angles (75°). Conclusions: Children with SSD rely on insufficient compensatory head movements to resolve monaural spatial ambiguity in order to localize sounds. Localization deficits and the effort associated with localization task call for action in addressing these issues in dynamic environments such as the classroom. L-SSD subjects outperformed R-SSD peers, highlighting hemispheric specialization in spatial hearing and the need to study its neural basis to develop targeted rehabilitation and classroom support. The hemifield advantages described in this study call for further data collection and research on the topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breaking Down Listening Barriers for Students with Hearing Difficulties)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Properties of the European Evaluation of Vertigo Scale (EEV) for a Spanish-Speaking Population: A Validation Study

by María Alharilla Montilla-Ibáñez, Rafael Lomas-Vega, María del Carmen López-Ruiz, Ángeles Díaz-Fernández, Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera, Ana Belén Peinado-Rubia, Esteban Obrero-Gaitán and Ana Sedeño-Vidal

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040084 - 8 Jul 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the European Evaluation of Vertigo (EEV) and analyse its test–retest reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MDC), concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. Methods: A cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the European Evaluation of Vertigo (EEV) and analyse its test–retest reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MDC), concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. Methods: A cross-sectional validation study was designed. Subjects were recruited from the Otolaryngology Service of the University Hospital of Jaen. Psychometric properties of the EEV were analysed, including the concurrent validity, the SEM, and the MDC. Discriminant validity was calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The EEV test–retest reliability was nearly perfect (Kappa index = 0.97). The SEM and the MDC were set at 0.56 and 1.10, respectively. Regarding the discriminant validity, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.831 (95% CI; 0.743–0.899) for the BPPV prediction, the AUC = 0.731 (95% CI; 0.633–0.815) for the disability prediction from the ABC-16 score, and the AUC = 0.846 (95% CI; 0.760–0.911) for the disability prediction from the ABC-6 score. Furthermore, a cut-off point greater than 12 was a good predictor of disability and the fall risk measured with the ABC scale, whereas a value of 11 points was a good predictor for discriminating BPPV patients. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the EEV is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the clinical symptoms of vestibular syndrome. This instrument demonstrated a nearly perfect test-retest reliability, a low measurement error, and good accuracy in discriminating between patients with vestibular disorders and those with BPPV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Insight into Vestibular Exploration)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Danish Version of Inventory of Hyperacusis Symptoms

by Susanne Steen Nemholt, Camilla Helge, Polly Scutt, David M. Baguley and Jesper Hvass Schmidt

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040083 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 301

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to (i) cross-culturally adapt the Inventory of Hyperacusis (IHS) into Danish and (ii) assess its usability, validity, and reliability in Danish adults with hyperacusis. Methods: The translation followed established guidelines for adapting hearing-related questionnaires. A two-phase design [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to (i) cross-culturally adapt the Inventory of Hyperacusis (IHS) into Danish and (ii) assess its usability, validity, and reliability in Danish adults with hyperacusis. Methods: The translation followed established guidelines for adapting hearing-related questionnaires. A two-phase design ensured linguistic and cultural adaptation and evaluated test–retest reliability and construct validity. The IHS, consisting of 25 items, was translated and tested in seven participants through cognitive debriefing. In phase two, temporal consistency was assessed in 32 patients. Results: Thirty-two participants (twenty-eight female; mean age 49.8 years) completed the study over 2–4 weeks (mean 22 days). Eight used hearing aids, and twenty-four reported tinnitus. The Danish IHS showed good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.95) and acceptable test–retest reliability, except for the General Loudness factor. While no systematic score changes occurred, significant variability in score changes were noted. Conclusions: The Danish IHS appears to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing hyperacusis. Further research is needed, but the IHS-DK shows potential as an effective clinical and research tool for evaluating hyperacusis impact and treatment outcomes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sedation Methods in Paediatric Auditory Electrophysiologic Testing: A Narrative Review

by Violeta Necula, Maria Eugenia Domuta, Raluca Olariu, Madalina Gabriela Georgescu, Ioan Florin Marchis, Mirela Cristina Stamate, Cristina Maria Blebea, Maximilian George Dindelegan, Alma Aurelia Maniu and Sever Septimiu Pop

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040082 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 270

Abstract

Implementing neonatal hearing screening has significantly reduced the age at which hearing impairments are detected in children. Nevertheless, objective electrophysiological assessments, such as auditory brainstem response (ABR) or auditory steady-state response (ASSR) testing, are often necessary for children older than six months. These [...] Read more.

Implementing neonatal hearing screening has significantly reduced the age at which hearing impairments are detected in children. Nevertheless, objective electrophysiological assessments, such as auditory brainstem response (ABR) or auditory steady-state response (ASSR) testing, are often necessary for children older than six months. These evaluations should be conducted while the child is asleep to obtain accurate and interpretable results, as movement and muscle activity can introduce artifacts that compromise the quality of the recordings. In this narrative review, we evaluate sedation strategies in paediatric procedures, focusing on the efficacy, safety, and practicality of agents/routes for inducing sleep during ABR/ASSR testing. Sedation choices should prioritise patient safety, clinical context, and result reliability and be tailored to the individual’s age, health status, and procedural needs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Phonetic and Phonological Development of Children with Cochlear Implants and Its Relationship with Early Literacy

by Marinella Majorano, Michela Santangelo, Irene Redondi, Chiara Barachetti, Letizia Guerzoni and Domenico Cuda

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040081 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 512

Abstract

Background/Objectives: During the transition to primary school, children with cochlear implants (CIs) may show language and early literacy fragilities. This study has three aims. First, it compares the phonetic and phonological skills of preschoolers with CIs and those with normal hearing (NH); [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: During the transition to primary school, children with cochlear implants (CIs) may show language and early literacy fragilities. This study has three aims. First, it compares the phonetic and phonological skills of preschoolers with CIs and those with normal hearing (NH); second, it investigates the correlation between phonetic/phonological and emergent literacy skills in the two groups; third, it explores the relationship between phonetic/phonological skills and age at implantation in preschoolers with CIs. Methods: Sixteen children with CIs (Mage = 61 months; SD = 6.50) and twenty children with NH (Mage = 64 months; SD = 4.30) participated in the study. Phonetic and phonological skills (phonetic inventories and phonological processes) and early literacy skills (phonological awareness and print knowledge) were assessed. Group differences and relationships between the variables of interest were considered in the two groups. Results: A qualitative analysis of phonetic and phonological development showed differences between the two groups. There were also significant differences in early literacy skills (e.g., in syllable segmentation). Significant correlations emerged in both groups between phonetic/phonological skills and early literacy, although in different variables. Significant correlations were also found between age at implantation and the phonetic inventory in children with CIs. Conclusions: Preschoolers with CIs display more delays in the phonetic and phonological production skills and more emergent literacy fragilities than NH peers. However, print knowledge did not differ significantly between the groups. Early implantation supports the phonetic skills associated with subsequent literacy learning. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Technologies and Auditory Rehabilitation Beyond Hearing Aids: An Exploratory Systematic Review

by María Camila Pinzón-Díaz, Oswal Martínez-Moreno, Natalia Marcela Castellanos-Gómez, Viviana Cardona-Posada, Frank Florez-Montes, Johnatan Vallejo-Cardona and Luis Carlos Correa-Ortiz

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040080 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Background: Traditionally, auditory rehabilitation in people with hearing loss has sought training in auditory skills to achieve an understanding of sound messages for communication. Assistive or supportive technology is limited to hearing aids that transmit sound through the air or bone to be [...] Read more.

Background: Traditionally, auditory rehabilitation in people with hearing loss has sought training in auditory skills to achieve an understanding of sound messages for communication. Assistive or supportive technology is limited to hearing aids that transmit sound through the air or bone to be used by the individual, and only in recent times have technologies for rehabilitation, of high cost and difficult access, begun to be used, employed by audiology professionals. Objective: The objective of this study was to compile the evidence reported in the literature on the use of technology in auditory rehabilitation for the improvement of hearing skills in people with hearing loss, beyond hearing aids and cochlear implants. Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted between 2018 and 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, using as search terms Technology AND “Auditory Rehabilitation” validated in DeCS and MeSH thesauri; the PICO method was used to propose the research question, and the PRISMA strategy was used for the inclusion or exclusion of the articles to be reviewed. Results: In the first search, 141 documents were obtained. Subsequently, inclusion criteria, such as development with vibrotactile stimulation, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), among others, and exclusion criteria, such as those related to cochlear implants and air conduction hearing aids, were applied, and finally, articles related to natural language processing, and other systematic reviews were excluded so that the database was reduced to 14 documents. To this set, due to their relevance, two papers were added, for a total of sixteen analyzed. Conclusions: There are solutions ranging from the use of smartphones for telehealth to solutions with multiple technologies, such as the development of virtual environments with vibrotactile feedback. Hearing-impaired people and even professionals in this area of healthcare have a high level of acceptance of the use of technology in rehabilitation. Finally, this article highlights the crucial role of technology in auditory rehabilitation, with solutions that improve hearing skills and the positive acceptance of these tools by patients and audiology professionals. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cochlear Implants and the Aided Audiogram: A Retrospective Study Comparing Performance Across Device Manufacturers

by Nicole Hope Capach, Noam Zigdon, Taylor A. Payne, Jonathan D. Neukam, Yeonjoo Choi, Hong Ju Park, William H. Shapiro and Mario A. Svirsky

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040079 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 432

Abstract

Background/Objectives: We investigated: (1) differences in CI-aided thresholds and speech perception scores among cochlear implant manufacturers and (2) the relationship between CI-aided thresholds and speech perception. Methods: We analyzed exploratory data from NYU and a confirmatory data set of 120 CI-aided [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: We investigated: (1) differences in CI-aided thresholds and speech perception scores among cochlear implant manufacturers and (2) the relationship between CI-aided thresholds and speech perception. Methods: We analyzed exploratory data from NYU and a confirmatory data set of 120 CI-aided audiograms from the ASAN clinic. CI-aided soundfield evaluations were compared between manufacturers (Cochlear, Advanced Bionics, MED-EL) using 5- and 6-pure-tone average thresholds; percentage of patients with average thresholds above 35 dB HL; speech perception scores; and correlations between thresholds and speech perception. Results: Compared to Cochlear users, MED-EL and Advanced Bionics users had significantly higher (poorer) pure-tone averages (26.7 dB HL for Cochlear vs. 30.0 dB HL for AB and 34.6 dB HL for MED-EL at NYU; 29.0 dB HL for Cochlear vs. 36.5 dB HL for MED-EL at ASAN), and higher incidence of 5- or 6-PTAs above 35 dB HL (1.6% vs. 23.4%/47.1% at NYU; 11.2% vs. 60.0% at ASAN). Word and sentence scores were significantly higher for the Cochlear group when compared to the MED-EL group. Speech scores were higher for manufacturers that recommend the use of behaviorally-measured T-levels (Cochlear) rather than estimated T-levels (AB and MED-EL). Significant negative correlations existed between CI-aided thresholds and speech scores. Conclusions: Significant differences in CI-aided thresholds and speech perception were observed between manufacturers, potentially related to brand-specific T-level programming approaches. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual Noise-Tolerance Profiles and Neural Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Insights into Predicting Speech-in-Noise Performance and Noise-Reduction Outcomes

by Subong Kim, Susan Arzac, Natalie Dokic, Jenn Donnelly, Nicole Genser, Kristen Nortwich and Alexis Rooney

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040078 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Individuals with similar hearing sensitivity exhibit varying levels of tolerance to background noise, a trait tied to unique individual characteristics that affect their responsiveness to noise reduction (NR) processing in hearing aids. The present study aimed to capture such individual characteristics [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Individuals with similar hearing sensitivity exhibit varying levels of tolerance to background noise, a trait tied to unique individual characteristics that affect their responsiveness to noise reduction (NR) processing in hearing aids. The present study aimed to capture such individual characteristics by employing electrophysiological measures and subjective noise-tolerance profiles, and both were analyzed in relation to speech-in-noise performance and NR outcomes. Methods: From a sample of 42 participants with normal hearing, the neural signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)—a cortical index comparing the amplitude ratio between auditory evoked responses to target speech onset versus noise onset—was calculated, and individual noise-tolerance profiles were also derived using k-means cluster analysis to classify participants into distinct subgroups. Results: The neural SNR showed significant correlations with speech-in-noise performance and NR outcomes with varying strength. In contrast, noise-tolerance subgroups did not show meaningful group-level differences in either speech-in-noise or NR outcomes. The neural SNR and noise-tolerance profiles were found to be statistically independent. Conclusions: While the neural SNR reliably predicted perceptual performance in background noise and NR outcomes, our noise-tolerance profiles lacked sufficient sensitivity. Still, subjective ratings of individual noise tolerance are clinically accessible, and thus, integrating both physiology and subjective measures in the same cohort is a valuable strategy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Audiovisual Perception of Sentence Stress in Cochlear Implant Recipients

by Hartmut Meister, Moritz Wächtler, Pascale Sandmann, Ruth Lang-Roth and Khaled H. A. Abdel-Latif

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040077 - 24 Jun 2025

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sentence stress as part of linguistic prosody plays an important role for verbal communication. It emphasizes particularly important words in a phrase and is reflected by acoustic cues such as the voice fundamental frequency. However, visual cues, especially facial movements, are also [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sentence stress as part of linguistic prosody plays an important role for verbal communication. It emphasizes particularly important words in a phrase and is reflected by acoustic cues such as the voice fundamental frequency. However, visual cues, especially facial movements, are also important for sentence stress perception. Since cochlear implant (CI) recipients are limited in their use of acoustic prosody cues, the question arises as to what extent they are able to exploit visual features. Methods: Virtual characters were used to provide highly realistic but controllable stimuli for investigating sentence stress in groups of experienced CI recipients and typical-hearing (TH) peers. In addition to the proportion of correctly identified stressed words, task load was assessed via reaction times (RTs) and task-evoked pupil dilation (TEPD), and visual attention was estimated via eye tracking. Experiment 1 considered congruent combinations of auditory and visual cues, while Experiment 2 presented incongruent stimuli. Results: In Experiment 1, CI users and TH participants performed similarly in the congruent audiovisual condition, while the former were better at using visual cues. RTs were generally faster in the AV condition, whereas TEPD revealed a more detailed picture, with TH subjects showing greater pupil dilation in the visual condition. The incongruent stimuli in Experiment 2 showed that modality use varied individually among CI recipients, while TH participants relied primarily on auditory cues. Conclusions: Visual cues are generally useful for perceiving sentence stress. As a group, CI users are better at using facial cues than their TH peers. However, CI users show individual differences in the reliability of the various cues. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep Assessment in Patients with Inner Ear Functional Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating Sleep Quality Through Polygraphy Recordings

by Dorota Kuryga and Artur Niedzielski

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040076 - 24 Jun 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The vestibulo-respiratory reflex regulates the tension of the respiratory muscles, which prevents apneas and awakenings during sleep. This study aimed to determine whether functional deficits in the inner ear disturb sleep quality. Methods: We compared sleep parameters in patients with their [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The vestibulo-respiratory reflex regulates the tension of the respiratory muscles, which prevents apneas and awakenings during sleep. This study aimed to determine whether functional deficits in the inner ear disturb sleep quality. Methods: We compared sleep parameters in patients with their first episode of acute inner ear deficit (Group A: sudden idiopathic vertigo attack, sudden sensorineural hearing loss), chronic functional inner ear impairment (Group B: chronic peripheral vertigo, permanent hearing loss), and in healthy individuals (Group C). Polygraphy recordings were performed twice, in Group A at the onset of acute otoneurological symptoms and the second time after their withdrawal with an interval of 1 to 13 days, in Group B after 1 to 6 days, and in Group C after 1 to 8 days. Results: In Group A during the symptomatic night, overall and central apnea-hypopnea indices were significantly higher and snoring time was longer. Group A also had higher central apnea-hypopnea index on the first night compared to healthy individuals. In chronic disorders, sleep recordings showed lower autonomic arousal index than in controls or symptomatic nights in Group A. Conclusions: These findings highlight the severity of sleep apnea indicators in Group A. Our results suggest that acute dysfunction of the inner ear substantially impacts central neuronal signaling responsible for regulating normal sleep-related breathing and leads to a deterioration in sleep quality in contrast to individuals with chronic inner ear impairments. It can also be assumed that people with chronic vertigo or hearing loss experience less interrupted sleep than healthy individuals. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 748 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Kolliker’s Organ and Its Functional Role in the Development of Corti’s Organ and Auditory Systems

by Valeria Caragli, Valerio M. Di Pasquale Fiasca, Elisabetta Genovese and Alessandro Martini

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040075 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 308

Abstract

Background: Kölliker’s organ (KO), a transient structure in the cochlea, plays a critical role in the auditory maturation of mammals, particularly during embryonic and early postnatal development. This organ is essential for the proper differentiation and function of cochlear cells, acting as [...] Read more.

Background: Kölliker’s organ (KO), a transient structure in the cochlea, plays a critical role in the auditory maturation of mammals, particularly during embryonic and early postnatal development. This organ is essential for the proper differentiation and function of cochlear cells, acting as a pivotal source of signalling molecules that influence hair cell development and synaptic connectivity. Methods: This study systematically analyses the literature according to the PRISMA statement in order to evaluate the function roles of KO during cochlea development, reporting the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways involved. Results: From our study, it emerged that KO supporting cells release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through connexin hemichannels, initiating a cascade of intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺) signalling in adjacent inner hair cells (IHCs). This signalling promotes the release of glutamate, facilitating synaptic excitation of afferent nerve fibres and enhancing auditory neuron maturation prior to the onset of hearing. Additionally, the spontaneous electrical activity generated within KO supports the establishment of essential neural connections in the auditory pathway. The dynamic interplay between ATP release, Ca²⁺ signalling, and morphological changes in KO is crucial for cochlear compartmentalisation and fluid regulation, contributing to the formation of endolymph and perilymph. Furthermore, KO supports cellular plasticity and may provide a reservoir of precursor cells capable of trans-differentiating into hair cells under specific conditions. Conclusions: Dysregulation of KO function or delayed degeneration of its supporting cells has been implicated in auditory disorders, underscoring the importance of this organ in normal cochlear development and auditory function. Despite its identification over a century ago, further investigation is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying KO’s contributions to auditory maturation, particularly in human physiology. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Audiol. Res., Volume 15, Issue 4 (August 2025) – 18 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI