International Journal of Plant Biology

13 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rhizobium sp. as a Growth Inducer of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Determining the Qualitative Chemical Composition of Its Ethyl Acetate Extract Using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

by Giselle Hernández, Yoania Ríos, Trina H. García, Yusset Louis, Iraida Spengler and Yarelis Ortiz

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010037 - 20 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the most important legumes for human consumption due to its contents of proteins, antioxidants, minerals, and bioactive compounds. In the last decade, there has been a growing research interest in increasing yields while reducing or replacing the [...] Read more.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the most important legumes for human consumption due to its contents of proteins, antioxidants, minerals, and bioactive compounds. In the last decade, there has been a growing research interest in increasing yields while reducing or replacing the use of chemical fertilizers. This has led to a focus on plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizers in sustainable agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to determine the growth-promoting activity of a culture broth of the Gram-negative soil bacteria Rhizobium sp. (F7), which is conserved in the Collection of Beneficial Bacteria at the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture (INIFAT), and to identify the main secondary metabolites present in the ethyl acetate crude extract using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The growth-promoting activity of the culture broth on Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds was evaluated. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate from the culture broth, and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify secondary metabolites. The results indicated that the culture broth of Rhizobium sp. exhibited an in vitro growth-stimulating effect. Furthermore, ten secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate extract (p-coumaric acid, indole-3-lactic acid, naringenin, and siderophores B and C, among others). These findings highlight the bioactive metabolites produced by Rhizobium sp., a bacterial strain of the INIFAT collection, which have a positive effect as growth promoters in plants. They reveal the potential of Rhizobium sp. as a promising candidate for inclusion in agricultural management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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17 pages, 5179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salinity-Induced VOC Modulation and Physiological Adaptations in Adenosma indiana

by Jinnawat Manasathien, Woraporn Laojinda and Piyanut Khanema

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010036 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Saline environments shape plant metabolism, driving ecological and biochemical adaptations. This study investigated the impact of salinity on Adenosma indiana (Indian scent-wort), a medicinal herb known for its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, to elucidate its adaptive strategies. During [...] Read more.

Saline environments shape plant metabolism, driving ecological and biochemical adaptations. This study investigated the impact of salinity on Adenosma indiana (Indian scent-wort), a medicinal herb known for its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, to elucidate its adaptive strategies. During the flowering stage, samples were collected from four saline microhabitats in Kalasin Province, Thailand. We analyzed soil properties, plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, compatible solutes (anthocyanins, proline, total sugars), and elemental concentrations (K, Na, Ca, Mg) across different tissues. Results showed that A. indiana maintained stable growth while enhancing chlorophyll and β-carotene levels under increasing salinity. GC-MS identified 47 VOCs, including 3-cyclopenten-1-one (first reported in this species) and β-bisabolene, both strongly linked to soil salinity. In low-salinity soils, leaves accumulated high sodium, inducing osmoprotectants (proline, total sugars) and VOCs (D-limonene, α-pinene, terpinolene, 1-octen-3-ol) in peltate glandular trichomes. Conversely, in high-salinity soils, lower leaf sodium levels were associated with increased β-bisabolene and β-caryophyllene production, suggesting distinct biochemical pathways. These findings reveal salinity-driven VOC modulation in A. indiana, highlighting its adaptive potential for medicinal applications in saline environments and its role as a source of salt-tolerant bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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25 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Response of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato) to Phytophthora infestans and Aspergillus niger

by Tavershima Moses Anakaa, Odunayo Joseph Olawuyi and Segun Gbolagade Jonathan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010035 - 14 Mar 2025

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Abstract

There is limited information on the genetic response of tomato cultivars to pathogens. This study investigated the genetic mechanism of tomato that confers tolerance against Phytophthora infestans (Ph) and Aspergills niger (Asp) infection using different tomato accessions. Also, the [...] Read more.

There is limited information on the genetic response of tomato cultivars to pathogens. This study investigated the genetic mechanism of tomato that confers tolerance against Phytophthora infestans (Ph) and Aspergills niger (Asp) infection using different tomato accessions. Also, the study examined the effect of Ph and Asp infection on the morphology and the chromosome number of the infected tomatoes. Thirty tomato seed accessions were grown in a screen house, using a complete randomized design in triplicate, and evaluated for tolerance to both pathogens using a disease severity rating scale of 1 (highly tolerant) to 6 (highly susceptible), while chromosome assessment was performed using Carnoy’s protocol. Morphological data of 28 characteristics were collected using an IPGRI descriptor, while variance components, genetic advance (GA), and heritability were estimated for treated tomatoes and controls using the R statistical program. Accession NHT0254b, which was highly tolerant to Ph (1.00 ± 0.00) and Asp (1.33 ± 0.58), was diploid (2n = 2x = 24). The Ph-treated NHT0343a was moderately susceptible (3.67 ± 2.31), with 2n = 2x = 23, while NGB00711 was moderately susceptible (4.33 ± 1.16) with 2n = 2x = 22 after Asp treatment, indicating aneuploidy. In Ph treatment, cumulative fruit weight (CFW) had the highest environmental variance (1509.57), while number of seeds (NS) showed the highest genotypic variance (8.22). In Asp treatment, NS exhibited the highest genetic advance (2.97), while CFW had the highest phenotypic variance (754.91). Heritability estimates showed that fruit length (63.0%), the size of core (65.0%), and number of chambers (60.0%) were tolerant to Ph, while only fruit length (56.0%) was tolerant to Asp in terms of yield characteristics. Thus, tolerant accessions and traits are recommended for selection and genetic improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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18 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Salinity Stress in Pea Plants with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

by Ekaterina Yotsova, Martin Stefanov, Georgi Rashkov, Anelia Dobrikova and Emilia Apostolova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010034 - 8 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Changes in the environment have a significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, which in turn influences plant growth and yield. Consequently, there is a greater focus on methods to enhance photosynthetic efficiency with the goal of raising plant productivity. In this study, the effects [...] Read more.

Changes in the environment have a significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, which in turn influences plant growth and yield. Consequently, there is a greater focus on methods to enhance photosynthetic efficiency with the goal of raising plant productivity. In this study, the effects of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) on pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) subjected to moderate salt stress by the addition of 100 mM NaCl to the nutrient solution were investigated. Two concentrations of NPs (50 mg/L and 100 mg/L) were applied through foliar spray on pea leaves. Data showed that NPs prevent salt-induced membrane damage, growth inhibition, and the increase in hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. An analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence curves revealed that TiO₂ NPs decreased the effects of NaCl on the reduction in the open photosystem II centers (corresponding with qp) and their efficiency (Φexc), as well as the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex (Fv/Fo). The co-treatment with TiO₂ NPs and NaCl also improved the photochemical energy conversion of photosystem II (Φ_PSII), alleviated the interaction of Q_A⁻ with plastoquinone, and enhanced electron transport activity and the rate of photosynthesis, compared to the plants treated with NaCl only. Additionally, NPs application under salt stress stimulated cyclic electron transport around photosystem I, thus protecting its photochemical activity. These protective effects of NPs were more pronounced at a concentration of 100 mg/L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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17 pages, 2948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimization of In Vitro Culture Establishment and Shoot Proliferation of “GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium): A Novel Cherry Rootstock

by Ikra Manzoor, Khalid Mushtaq Bhat, Mohammad Amin Mir, Narendran M. Nair, Aashiq Hussain Pandit, Ume Kulsum, Shoeb Quadri, Smithal Deshmukh and Taras Pasternak

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010033 - 7 Mar 2025

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Abstract

“GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium) is a novel cherry clonal rootstock with the ability to bear fruit early and resist replant situations, and it has a high tolerance to the menaces of Prunus dwarf virus (PDV) and Prunus necrotic [...] Read more.

“GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium) is a novel cherry clonal rootstock with the ability to bear fruit early and resist replant situations, and it has a high tolerance to the menaces of Prunus dwarf virus (PDV) and Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV). In this study, two kinds of explants were taken, i.e., shoot tip (E1) (10 mm) and nodal segment (E2) (15 mm) explants. Five different sterilant regimes using sodium hypochlorite, mercuric chloride, and ethyl alcohol were employed to assess surface sterilization. Two types of media, namely Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and twelve and six plant growth regulator combinations with benzyl amino purine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were used, respectively, for the establishment and proliferation steps. The results show that maximum culture asepsis (75.33%) was obtained with shoot tips (E1) using 0.05% HgCl₂ for 5 min + 70% ethanol for 10 s (S4), and maximum explant survival (80.33%) was observed in 0.1% HgCl₂ for 5 min (S1) for shoot tips (E1). The maximum establishment rate (83.33%) was found in shoot tips (E1) in MS medium with BAP + IBA (1 + 0.01 mg/L) during the establishment step, with a maximum proliferation rate of 92.00% obtained in MS and BAP (0.75 mg/L). Inferior establishment results (26.66%) were obtained in nodal segments (E2) using WPM and BAP + IBA (1.50 + 0.01 mg/L), with a low proliferation rate (68.66%) in WPM and BAP + IBA (0.25 + 0.01 mg/L). Nonetheless, our research is the first in vitro study on “GiSelA 17” rootstock that focuses on generating the best quality planting material for commercial cherry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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22 pages, 2702 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Importance of the Glomus Genus as a Potential Candidate for Sustainable Agriculture Under Arid Environments: A Review

by Redouane Ouhaddou, Mohamed Anli, Raja Ben-Laouane, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Marouane Baslam and Abdelilah Meddich

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010032 - 3 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1056

Abstract

Drought and salinity are major factors that hinder crop cultivation and significantly impair agricultural productivity, particularly in (semi)arid regions. These two abiotic constraints cause deterioration in soil structure and reduced fertility and hamper plant growth by limiting access to mineral elements and water, [...] Read more.

Drought and salinity are major factors that hinder crop cultivation and significantly impair agricultural productivity, particularly in (semi)arid regions. These two abiotic constraints cause deterioration in soil structure and reduced fertility and hamper plant growth by limiting access to mineral elements and water, thereby threatening global food security. What’s more, the excessive, long-term use of chemical fertilizers to boost crop productivity can disrupt the balance of agricultural ecosystems, particularly soil health. Faced with these challenges, the sustainable exploitation of natural resources, in particular rhizospheric microorganisms, is an environmentally friendly solution. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an important role as biofertilizers due to their symbiotic relationship with the roots of nearly 80% of plants. They promote not only the growth of host plants but also their resistance to abiotic stresses. Among these fungi, the Glomus genus stands out for its predominance in plants’ rhizosphere thanks to its richness in high-performance species and ecological adaptability. This review highlights the importance of species within this genus in soils, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems subject to (semi-)arid climates. Molecular mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to drought and salt stress in symbiosis with species of the Glomus genus are also explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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11 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

¹³C Isotope Discrimination Variation in Guar [Cyamopsis tetragronoloba (L.) Taub.] Under Water-Deficit Conditions

by Aurora Manley, Waltram Ravelombola, Curtis Adams, Rajan Shrestha, Philip Hinson and Calvin Trostle

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010031 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 811

Abstract

Guar is a legume cultivated for its high seed galactomannan content. India is the major guar producer globally and the U.S. has the largest guar market worldwide. Guar is drought-tolerant and suitable as a summer rotational crop in dryland farming systems. Studies have [...] Read more.

Guar is a legume cultivated for its high seed galactomannan content. India is the major guar producer globally and the U.S. has the largest guar market worldwide. Guar is drought-tolerant and suitable as a summer rotational crop in dryland farming systems. Studies have shown correlations between carbon δ13 isotope (C13) discrimination and water-use efficiency in other crops. The objective of this study was to assess the variation in carbon δ13 isotope discrimination among 30 guar accessions. Accessions were grown under greenhouse conditions in 3.79 L pots, including drought-stressed and well-watered treatments. For each accession, beginning at the V5–V8 growth stage, one pot was continuously irrigated, whereas irrigation was withheld from the other until wilting symptoms appeared after 50 days. Each treatment pair (well-watered/drought-stressed) was organized in a completely randomized design with three replications. Aboveground fresh and dry biomass data were collected, and the dry leaves were used for C13 isotope analysis. The results showed an increase in leaf C13 under drought stress. There were no differences among genotypes in C13 for well-watered plants (p = 0.63), but drought-stressed plants differed (p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were identified between C13 under drought stress and the fresh (r = 0.70) and dry biomass (r = 0.68) of drought-stressed plants. These results demonstrate that C13 has potential as a criterion to identify drought-tolerant guar lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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16 pages, 3111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Apple Rootstock on Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) Host Choice and Larval Performance

by Suzanne E. Blatt

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010030 - 28 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Hoplocampa testudinea, the European Apple Sawfly, is an important pest in apple throughout Canada. Losses can be up to 80% in some areas. Adults of H. testudinea are active during the bloom period and larvae are contained with the developing fruitlet, creating [...] Read more.

Hoplocampa testudinea, the European Apple Sawfly, is an important pest in apple throughout Canada. Losses can be up to 80% in some areas. Adults of H. testudinea are active during the bloom period and larvae are contained with the developing fruitlet, creating a challenging management situation. Chemical treatments applied either pre- or post-bloom may not reduce the population sufficiently to prevent damage in the current year. H. testudinea has been shown to exhibit a preference for some apple cultivars over others in Europe and North America, offering a potential host-based option to reduce impact from this pest. In this study, we explored whether rootstock would impact H. testudinea development as demonstrated in cultivar. A selection of rootstocks from within ‘Honeycrisp’ and Modi^® plantings located at the Kentville Research and Development Centre were selected and the following variables were studied: percentage of clusters with eggs and number of eggs oviposited during bloom, development of the larvae within the fruitlets, titratable acid firmness and soluble solids evaluated at two times during fruitlet development, and damage observed at harvest. Results showed that female H. testudinea did not oviposit significantly more on certain rootstocks over others, even though the percentage of apples showing damage at harvest was significant across rootstock for ‘Honeycrisp’. Percentage of fruitlets showing secondary damage and dropping from the tree was significant across rootstock with a ‘Honeycrisp’ scion in 2021. Secondary damage in this planting correlated with change in acidity. These results suggest that rootstock does not strongly affect H. testudinea performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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24 pages, 2994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variety-Specific Lettuce Responses to Oxygen-Enriched Water and LED Light in a Controlled Greenhouse: A Multivariate Analysis Across Two Cycles

by Oana Alina Nitu, Elena Ştefania Ivan, Augustina Sandina Tronac and Adnan Arshad

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010029 - 27 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Investigating the impact of oxygen-enriched water combined with LED light on lettuce growth for two consecutive cycles is essential for advancing greenhouse cultivation in Mediterranean climates, where summer heat poses significant challenges. This study investigates the combined impact of oxygen-enriched water (O₂ [...] Read more.

Investigating the impact of oxygen-enriched water combined with LED light on lettuce growth for two consecutive cycles is essential for advancing greenhouse cultivation in Mediterranean climates, where summer heat poses significant challenges. This study investigates the combined impact of oxygen-enriched water (O₂EW) and LED lighting on physiological, biochemical, and growth responses of two lettuce cultivars across two cultivation cycles in a controlled environment. The two lettuce types, Lactuca sativa var. ‘Lollo Bionda’ (Lugano) and Lactuca sativa var. ‘Lollo Rosso’ (Carmesi), were cultivated employing the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) method within a regulated greenhouse setting. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) evaluated lettuce growth in an NFT system under three treatments: natural water (NW), oxygen-enriched water (O₂EW), and O₂EW with LED light (380–840 nm) (LED + O₂EW). The plants were exposed to natural oxygen levels (NW) of 6.2–7.4 mg L⁻¹ in the first and 7.4–8.1 mg L⁻¹ in the second period. Under O₂EW, levels reached 8.0–8.6 mg L⁻¹ and 8.7–9.2 mg L⁻¹, respectively, while LED + O₂EW concentrations were 8.4–8.5 mg L⁻¹ in the first and 8.8–8.4 mg L⁻¹ in the second period. The PPFD for ‘Lugano’ ranged from 426 to 486 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in the first cycle and 437–511 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in the second, averaging 448.66 and 460.65 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. For ‘Carmesi’, it ranged from 421 to 468 and 441 to 492.3 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, with averages of 438.66 and 457.1 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05) in IBM SPSS Statistics (version 29.0.2.0). The applied treatments significantly influenced the plants’ physiological parameters, including the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and antioxidant activity. These treatments also significantly (p < 0.05) affected plant growth metrics such as the height, diameter, mass, number of leaves, root length, root mass, as well as biochemical components like chlorophyll, nitrate, and glucose content. The applied treatments significantly enhanced plant growth, biochemical components, and physiological parameters. Via comparative analysis, we concluded that the overall physiological performance of the plants in the second cycle was approximately 21.18% higher compared to the first cycle when combining all attributes. ‘Lugano’ showed stronger growth in height, mass, and root traits, while ‘Carmesi’ excelled in antioxidant activity, especially under LED + O₂EW treatment. Oxygen treatments boosted photosynthesis and transpiration in both varieties, with ‘Carmesi’ showing higher rates and ‘Lugano’ demonstrating greater growth, especially in the second cycle. In conclusion, O₂EW and LED treatments significantly enhance lettuce growth and resilience, particularly under warmer conditions, highlighting their potential to support sustainable year-round greenhouse cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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17 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering Arabidopsis Aquaporin Networks: Comparative Analysis of the STRING and BioGRID Interactomes

by Alvaro Lopez-Zaplana

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010028 - 26 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that mediate the transport of water, as well as various ions and molecules. In plants, they play a critical role in numerous processes, including stress adaptation, nutrition, cellular communication, and transpiration. Therefore, understanding the function and interactions of these [...] Read more.

Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that mediate the transport of water, as well as various ions and molecules. In plants, they play a critical role in numerous processes, including stress adaptation, nutrition, cellular communication, and transpiration. Therefore, understanding the function and interactions of these proteins with others—known as interactomes—is of significant agronomic and biological interest. This study aims to analyse the interactome of all aquaporins in Arabidopsis thaliana L. using two distinct databases, STRING and BioGRID. After analysing both interactomes, a wide range of interactions were identified between each aquaporin and a diverse array of proteins, including nutrient transporters for ammonium, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, copper, and sugars; proteins related to responses to abiotic stresses; proteins mediating vesicle membrane fusion, such as synaptobrevins and syntaxins; ubiquitinases; kinases; and other transmembrane proteins. These extensive connections further underscore the critical importance of aquaporins in numerous biological processes, positioning them as central modulators and integration points for cellular and systemic responses in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Communication)

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23 pages, 4082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus Strains from Grapevine Rhizosphere Against Allorhizobium vitis, Causal Agent of Crown Gall Disease in Moroccan Vineyards

by Hiba Yahyaoui, Nadia El Allaoui, Amine Batbat, Aziz Aziz, Faical Aoujil, Majida Hafidi and Khaoula Habbadi

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010027 - 26 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Beneficial bacteria are recognised for their antimicrobial compounds, making them valuable for disease control in agriculture. Bacillus species stand out for their stability, versatility, and selectivity as biocontrol agents. This study aimed to identify potential antagonists within the rhizosphere microorganisms by isolating bacterial [...] Read more.

Beneficial bacteria are recognised for their antimicrobial compounds, making them valuable for disease control in agriculture. Bacillus species stand out for their stability, versatility, and selectivity as biocontrol agents. This study aimed to identify potential antagonists within the rhizosphere microorganisms by isolating bacterial strains from grapevine roots and rhizosphere soil in Moroccan vineyards. The antimicrobial activities of these isolates against Allorhizobium vitis, the causative agent of grapevine crown gall, were evaluated in vitro using a disc diffusion assay, followed by in planta assessments under preventive and simulated inoculation conditions. Screening led to the isolation of 123 strains, with six showing strong antagonistic properties, achieving inhibition percentages up to 39.6%. 16S rRNA sequencing led to identifying five Bacillus species: B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, B. halotolerans, B. subtilis, and B. anthracis. These strains were further characterised by their biochemical traits and plant growth-promoting abilities. Compatibility assays identified optimal combinations for microbial consortia, demonstrating pathogen inhibition up to 37.4%. In planta bioassays confirmed the effectiveness of the isolates and consortia, reducing tumour size. These findings highlight the potential of these Bacillus strains as biocontrol agents and underscore the value of microbial consortia as a sustainable approach to managing grapevine crown gall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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17 pages, 3200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Adaptive Responses of Juglans neotropica Diels Progenies Based on Dasometric Traits

by Raúl Armando Ramos-Veintimilla, Fernando Romero-Cañizares, Mariela González-Narváez, Roy Vera-Velez and Mario García-Mora

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010026 - 24 Feb 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Juglans neotropica Diels, native to the Andes, is highly valued for its quality wood, medicinal uses, edible fruits, and natural dyes. However, its population has been greatly reduced due to overexploitation, becoming threatened and resulting in genetic stochasticity. Therefore, a prompt [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Juglans neotropica Diels, native to the Andes, is highly valued for its quality wood, medicinal uses, edible fruits, and natural dyes. However, its population has been greatly reduced due to overexploitation, becoming threatened and resulting in genetic stochasticity. Therefore, a prompt ex situ and in situ conservation effort is needed for its conservation and restoration. (2) Methods: A total of 439 trees of J. neotropica Diels were sampled from selected individuals across the northern and central regions of Ecuador. These trees were planted in a randomized complete block design to assess their growth and genetic variability. (3) Results: Annual average tree growth varied significantly among progenies. Based on their dasometric traits, two distinct groups were identified as superior and surveillance. Five trees demonstrated promising traits (TJ182, ChL2314, ChL142, TJ1310, and BSM14), suggesting potential for inclusion in forest genetic improvement programs. (4) Conclusions: Fifteen percent of individuals from the five studied provenances exhibited desirable dasometric characteristics and high-quality wood. In addition, several individuals within the progenies exhibit resistance to biotic agents, indicating a genetic potential for disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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17 pages, 2751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morpho-Physiological and Molecular Responses to Seedling-Stage Drought Stress in Different Cowpea Cultivars

by Inocent Paulin Ritte, Marceline Egnin, Gregory Christopher Bernard, Desmond Mortley, Osagie Idehen, Michelle Pamelas Okoma and Conrad Bonsi

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010025 - 21 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Drought poses a significant challenge to cowpea growth and productivity, necessitating the development of drought-tolerant cultivars through detailed morpho-physiological and molecular analyses. This study evaluated drought stress responses in cowpea cultivars using polypropylene plastic boxes under greenhouse conditions. RT-qPCR was conducted to assess [...] Read more.

Drought poses a significant challenge to cowpea growth and productivity, necessitating the development of drought-tolerant cultivars through detailed morpho-physiological and molecular analyses. This study evaluated drought stress responses in cowpea cultivars using polypropylene plastic boxes under greenhouse conditions. RT-qPCR was conducted to assess the relative expression of five photosynthetic and abiotic stress-related genes in a subset of seven contrasting cultivars at 7-, 14-, and 28-days post-treatment initiation (DPTI) and 24 h post-rewatering. Drought-stressed plants showed progressive wilting and a declining chlorophyll content, with plant greenness scores ranging from 2.2 (TVu11987) to 4.7 (TVu2428). California Blackeye (72.2%) and TVu11987 (69.4%) had the highest recovery rates, indicating greater drought tolerance, while TVu2428 had the lowest (2.8%). Gene expression analyses revealed significant drought-induced variation across cultivars and time points. Transcript levels were notably higher in drought-tolerant cultivars, particularly at 14 DPTI and 24 h post-rewatering, aligning with the morpho-physiological screening results. However, gene expression declined as the drought severity increased. These results suggest that California Blackeye, TVu11987, Lobia-I-Sefade, K929, and Aloomba were more drought tolerant compared to Mississippi Silver and TVu2428. Future research using transcriptomic profiling could unravel the complex molecular mechanisms of drought responses in cowpeas, providing valuable insights for breeding genotypes with improved resiliency to drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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16 pages, 3582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Variability in Growth and Leaf Functional Traits of Mitragyna speciosa in Thailand

by Suthaporn Chongdi, Suwimon Uthairatsamee, Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay, Tushar Andriyas and Nisa Leksungnoen

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010024 - 20 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) is a tropical evergreen species native to Southeast Asia, widely recognized for its medicinal properties. Recent legal changes in Thailand permitting its cultivation and commercial use have increased interest in understanding the optimal conditions for its growth, [...] Read more.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) is a tropical evergreen species native to Southeast Asia, widely recognized for its medicinal properties. Recent legal changes in Thailand permitting its cultivation and commercial use have increased interest in understanding the optimal conditions for its growth, particularly in regions beyond its native southern habitat. This study examined the leaf functional traits associated with kratom’s growth in the southern (native habitat), central, and northeastern regions of Thailand. Species adaptation was determined by analyzing variations in leaf functional traits across different environments. The results showed that the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf thickness, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and stomatal density (SD) did not exhibit any significant regional variations. However, the leaf pH, performance index (PI), and quantum yield (Fv/Fm) differed significantly across regions. The northeastern region had higher leaf pH and lower photosynthetic efficiency compared to the southern and central regions. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination indicated that environmental factors such as elevation, light intensity, temperature, and soil water content significantly influenced leaf trait variability in the northeastern region. These findings demonstrate kratom’s ability to grow under diverse environmental conditions, potentially indicative of cultivation beyond its native range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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13 pages, 19790 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Fungal Community Dynamics in Cyperus rotundus: Implications for Rhizophora mangle in a Mangrove Ecosystem

by Diego Portalanza, Arianna Acosta-Mejillones, Johnny Alcívar, Teddy Colorado, Jeancarlo Guaita, Lesly Montero, Liliana Villao-Uzho and Efren Santos-Ordóñez

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010023 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 429

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems are globally significant for their biodiversity and ecosystem services but face persistent threats from invasive species and anthropogenic disturbances. This study investigates the interactions between Cyperus rotundus, a widespread invasive weed, and fungal communities in the mangrove-adjacent wetlands of Isla [...] Read more.

Mangrove ecosystems are globally significant for their biodiversity and ecosystem services but face persistent threats from invasive species and anthropogenic disturbances. This study investigates the interactions between Cyperus rotundus, a widespread invasive weed, and fungal communities in the mangrove-adjacent wetlands of Isla Santay, Ecuador. Using metagenomic sequencing of the ITS region, we analyzed fungal diversity in samples from an anthropogenically pressured area and a non-impacted site. Results revealed significant differences in microbial assemblages: the rhizosphere sample from the disturbed area exhibited lower fungal richness and was dominated by Magnaporthaceae (9%) and Aureobasidium melanogenum (5%), both associated with stress-tolerant traits. In contrast, the rhizosphere sample from the non-impacted site showed higher species diversity, with Cladosporium dominicanum (62%) and Talaromyces (11%) as dominant endophytic taxa. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and co-occurrence networks highlighted distinct fungal partitioning between the two sample tissues, indicating that C. rotundus mediates microbial composition in response to environmental gradients. These findings underscore the role of microbial communities in the plant’s invasive success and suggest that leveraging beneficial fungi could enhance ecosystem resilience and support wetland restoration. By integrating molecular approaches with ecological insights, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of microbial dynamics in coastal wetlands and informs targeted management strategies to preserve mangrove habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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21 pages, 4386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Target Selection, Homokaryotic Isolation, and Screening Methods for Gene Editing in the Destructive Global Pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi

by Aayushree Kharel, Mark Ziemann, Jim Rookes and David M. Cahill

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010022 - 12 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major plant pathogen that affects economically important crops and natural ecosystems, posing a threat to global biodiversity. While gene editing has emerged as a powerful tool for functional genomics in various Phytophthora species, its application in P. cinnamomi remains [...] Read more.

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major plant pathogen that affects economically important crops and natural ecosystems, posing a threat to global biodiversity. While gene editing has emerged as a powerful tool for functional genomics in various Phytophthora species, its application in P. cinnamomi remains underexplored. To address this gap, our study investigated the challenges of implementing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in P. cinnamomi, with the insights gained applicable to other gene editing platforms. We designed guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting β-cinnamomin, a highly basic elicitin expressed by the pathogen during early infection stages, known for its role in sterol recruitment. Using an “all-in-one” plasmid containing the gRNA, Cas9, and an antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker, we transformed P. cinnamomi protoplasts via PEG/CaCl₂-mediated methods. The successful integration of the nptII gene, which confers geneticin (G418) resistance, was confirmed in heterokaryotic regenerants. To isolate pure mutants and eliminate wild-type dominance, we derived homokaryotic colonies from nptII-positive transformants. Mutation screening was performed using mismatch detection assays, T7 endonuclease 1 (T7E1), and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), followed by Sanger sequencing. Despite the integration of the nptII gene, the β-cinnamomin sequence in the transformants remained identical to the wild-type sequence, indicating challenges in detecting and achieving targeted gene disruption. This study identifies critical steps for optimising mutagenesis in P. cinnamomi, highlighting the importance of thorough preliminary screening, effective separation of heterokaryotic populations, and the isolation of homokaryotic colonies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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28 pages, 9460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol of Verticillium Wilt of Olive Using Rhizophagus irregularis: Insights into Oxidative Stress and Phenolic Pathways

by Hanane Boutaj, Abdelilah Meddich, Said Wahbi, Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi, Allal Douira, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf and Cherkaoui El Modafar

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010021 - 8 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by Verticillium dahliae (Vd), represents a significant threat to olive cultivation, particularly to the Moroccan cultivar “Picholine Marocaine”, by reducing yield, tree survival, and overall productivity. Current chemical and cultural control strategies provide limited efficacy, highlighting the [...] Read more.

Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by Verticillium dahliae (Vd), represents a significant threat to olive cultivation, particularly to the Moroccan cultivar “Picholine Marocaine”, by reducing yield, tree survival, and overall productivity. Current chemical and cultural control strategies provide limited efficacy, highlighting the need for alternative approaches such as biological control. This study investigated the potential of Rhizophagus irregularis (RI) as a biological agent to mitigate VWO over a 10-month period following V. dahliae inoculation. Disease severity, incidence, and defoliation rate as well as oxidant stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the phenolic pathway were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Our results showed that R. irregularis significantly reduced (p < 0.05) disease severity and incidence by about 31% and 26%, respectively, and decreased defoliation rates by 35% in RI-infected plants (RIV). The presence of R. irregularis triggered enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and polyphenoloxidase), increased lignin deposition, elevated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, and increased total phenol content in olive tissues. These biochemical and structural changes reduced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and physiological damage, resulting in delayed disease progression. Enhanced accumulation of lignin and total phenolic compounds, particularly in aboveground tissues, was observed. This likely reinforced cell walls and enhanced resistance to pathogen infection. This study demonstrates that R. irregularis offers a promising biocontrol agent for combating soil-borne diseases in olives and other susceptible crops by mitigating VWO, boosting antioxidant defenses, and modulating the phenolic pathway with tissue-specific responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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14 pages, 3474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Consortium Enhances Growth and Protects Boufeggous Gharas Date Palm Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Infection in Figuig Oasis (Morocco)

by Elmostafa Gagou, Halima Bouchentouf, Khadija Chakroune, Mahmoud Abbas, Touria Lamkami, Mondher El Jaziri and Abdelkader Hakkou

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010020 - 6 Feb 2025

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Abstract

An indigenous consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from the Figuig oasis in southern Morocco, comprising Rhizophagus sp., Funneliformis sp., Acaulospora sp., Sclerocystis sp., and Scutellospora sp., was evaluated for its effects on the growth and sensitivity of Phoenix dactylifera L. variety (cv. [...] Read more.

An indigenous consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from the Figuig oasis in southern Morocco, comprising Rhizophagus sp., Funneliformis sp., Acaulospora sp., Sclerocystis sp., and Scutellospora sp., was evaluated for its effects on the growth and sensitivity of Phoenix dactylifera L. variety (cv. Boufeggous Gharas) to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis (Foa), the causal agent of Bayoud disease. Despite its high fruit quality and local appreciation, the Boufeggous Gharas variety is highly susceptible to Foa and is currently at risk of extinction, underscoring the urgent need for its sustainable management. The results demonstrated that Boufeggous Gharas seedlings inoculated with a consortium of indigenous AMF showed significantly improved shoot and root length, leaf number, and biomass as compared to non-mycorrhized seedlings. In contrast, Foa-infected seedlings showed significantly reduced growth, with a 46.6% decrease in shoot height and a 50.4% reduction in root length compared to non-infected seedlings. Interestingly, AMF inoculation mitigated this sensitivity to Foa, significantly restoring growth parameters. Seedlings treated with AMF + Foa showed a 51% increase in shoot height and a 61% improvement in root length, along with over 100% gains in shoot and root biomass compared to seedlings infected solely with Foa. This study provides the first evidence of integrating AMF into sustainable date palm cultivation practices to mitigate the impacts of biotic stresses, thereby promoting the preservation and valorization of vulnerable date palm varieties. The protective effects of AMF are attributed to improved nutrient uptake, enhanced root architecture, and systemic resistance induced by AMF colonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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10 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Adhesiveness of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Seeds Is Conditioned by Their Shape

by Andrey A. Sinjushin, Ana Uhlarik and Irina L. Stepanova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010019 - 4 Feb 2025

Viewed by 538

Abstract

The seeds of some chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) accessions are prone to sticking in twos or threes in a pod in the course of their maturation. Such seeds are usually easy to detach although their coats often become damaged due to forcible [...] Read more.

The seeds of some chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) accessions are prone to sticking in twos or threes in a pod in the course of their maturation. Such seeds are usually easy to detach although their coats often become damaged due to forcible separation. Sticking is observed both in fields and glasshouses, with frequency potentially increasing in dry hot climates. Our morphometric survey of non-desi seeds (kabuli and intermediate types) suggests that it is seed shape, rather than size or color, that determines seed adhesiveness, with rounder seeds being the most prone to sticking. A similar phenomenon is known in pea (Pisum sativum L.) where it is conditioned by a single rare mutation affecting seed coat features. Unlike pea, numerous chickpea lines and cultivars of different origin have intrinsic susceptibility to seed adhesion, although to a variable extent depending on environment and seed shape, so this feature is multifactorial rather than solely genetic in C. arietinum. Although stuck seeds are mostly detached during mechanical harvesting, the accompanying seed coat lesions may be potentially undesired for seed storage and germination characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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22 pages, 10493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissecting the Affinity of Neighboring Malvaceae Genera; Brachychiton and Sterculia Through Morphological, Anatomical, and Molecular Approaches

by Fatma A. Hamada, Doaa M. Elkholy, Rim Hamdy, Mohamed Zamzam, Ahmed M. El-Taher, Hammad Ahmad Jan and Nagwan H. Atia

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010018 - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 907

Abstract

Morphological, anatomical, and molecular information facilitates the identification and inference of the relatedness of plant species. In this study, the macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics of nine species from the Brachychiton and Sterculia genera belonging to the Malvaceae family were examined by light [...] Read more.

Morphological, anatomical, and molecular information facilitates the identification and inference of the relatedness of plant species. In this study, the macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics of nine species from the Brachychiton and Sterculia genera belonging to the Malvaceae family were examined by light and a scanning electron microscope. The study recorded 66 macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics, thus revealing important variations between the studied species in leaf morphology and anatomy. This included variations in leaf complexity, leaf arrangement (phyllotaxy), epidermal cell walls, and their sculpture, as well as in the types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The studied species were mostly conserved in shedding patterns, being evergreen only in one out of nine studied species. Similarly, eight species were petiolate. Conversely, leaf arrangement and leaf complexity characteristics were highly divergent among the studied species, though only one species, Sterculia foetida, had compound leaves. The differences in the studied features and the chloroplast genes MaturaseK (MatK) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcl) were exploited to deduce the relationship between the studied species. While the morphological and anatomical features demonstrated a close relationship between the studied intrageneric species, the DNA barcoding analysis proved very efficient in distinguishing the two neighboring genera. Collectively, the different clustering analyses suggest a close relatedness between Brachychiton acerifolius and B. australis, while only DNA-based clustering demonstrates cladistic monophyly of the Sterculia species. This study, therefore, provides a detailed description of various morphological and anatomical features important for the systematic studies within the Malvaceae family and highlights the value of incorporating morphological, anatomical, and molecular approaches for inferring the evolutionary relationship between closely related plant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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16 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Composition of Endophytic Fungal Communities Associated with Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Fruits in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon

by Pablo Israel Alvarez-Romero, Daniel Arturo Román-Robalino, Eduardo Patricio Salazar-Castañeda, Sandra Elizabeth Suárez-Cedillo, Leonardo Anibal Hinojosa-Sánchez, Ana Francisca Tibúrcia Amorim Ferreira e Ferreira and Miguel Angel Guallpa-Calva

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010017 - 29 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1323

Abstract

The study of microorganisms associated with tropical plant species, particularly fungi, has garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in biological control and the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. This research aimed to identify and characterize the endophytic fungal communities associated with [...] Read more.

The study of microorganisms associated with tropical plant species, particularly fungi, has garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in biological control and the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. This research aimed to identify and characterize the endophytic fungal communities associated with cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits across three municipalities in the Orellana province, located within the Ecuadorian Amazon. Fungi were isolated directly from cocoa fruits and analyzed through comprehensive cultural, morphological, and molecular analyses. The diversity of fungal taxa was evaluated using metrics of relative abundance and species richness. A total of 464 fungal isolates were obtained, representing 56 distinct morphotypes and 14 genera within the phylum Ascomycota. The most abundant genera included Penicillium sp. (27.8%), Epicoccum sp. (20.5%), Lasiodiplodia sp. (10.1%), Trichoderma sp. (9.91%), and Fusarium sp. (9.70%). Notably, in the municipality of La Joya de los Sachas, a higher number of endophytic fungi was observed, encompassing 14 genera. This study provides critical insights into the diversity and distribution of fungal communities associated with cocoa fruits in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon. These findings have important implications for the management of cocoa diseases and the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. Future investigations should explore the functional roles of these fungi, particularly their potential as biocontrol agents or sources of novel pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, examining the effects of environmental variables and agricultural practices on cocoa fruit mycobiota may contribute to a deeper understanding of the ecological dynamics within this system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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19 pages, 2722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomass and Nutritional Status of Melon Hybrids Induced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Application Under Varying Irrigation Stress

by Juliana M. M. de Melo, Lígia B. Marinho, Fernanda N. Vargens, Iug Lopes, Adriana M. Y. Melo, Lindete M. V. Martins, Lucas M. Vellame, Magnus Dall Igna Deon, Danielle Karla Alves dos Santos and Miguel J. M. Guimarães

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010016 - 21 Jan 2025

Viewed by 740

Abstract

Water scarcity is a major challenge in northeastern Brazil, where efficient water management strategies are essential for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of melon hybrids in terms of biomass production and nutritional status under varying irrigation levels and mycorrhizal [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a major challenge in northeastern Brazil, where efficient water management strategies are essential for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of melon hybrids in terms of biomass production and nutritional status under varying irrigation levels and mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the State University of Bahia (Juazeiro, BA, Brazil) using a randomized block design with a 4 × 2 × 4 sub-subdivided plot scheme. The treatments included four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of crop evapotranspiration—ETc), two melon hybrids (Juazeiro and Mandacaru), and four AMF inoculation treatments (non-inoculated with AMF, Entrophospora etunicata, Acaulospora longula, and their combination), with 10 replications. The results indicated that the inoculation with A. longula significantly improved biomass production and plant nutrition, particularly for the Juazeiro hybrid. The most significant improvements were observed in biomass production and nutritional status when this mycobiont was used, highlighting the potential of AMF inoculation as a strategy to enhance water use efficiency and plant tolerance under water-limited conditions. Root colonization in melon plants ranged from 6% to 60%, with an overall average of 36.2%, in Experiment I, and from 6% to 72%, with an average of 40%, in Experiment II. Melon biomass production responded differently to irrigation levels, with Experiment I showing polynomial decreases in biomass as water levels decreased, while Experiment II exhibited linear increases in biomass with higher irrigation, likely influenced by supplementary fertilization. When evaluated, the levels of macronutrients present in the aerial part of the plants did not show significant differences for the treatments concerning the levels of P, K, and Mg, except for Ca. These findings suggest that A. longula is a suitable mycobiont for optimizing melon plant performance in regions with limited water resources, like northeastern Brazil. The study also emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate Mycorrhizal fungi to maximize symbiotic benefits in melon cultivation under deficit irrigation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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15 pages, 5527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Propagation and DNA Barcode Analysis of the Threatened Herb Solanum corymbosum from La Joya Desert, Peru

by Angel David Hernández-Amasifuen, Alexandra Jherina Pineda-Lázaro, Elvin Delgado-Mera, Sergio Sebastian Vega-Herrera, Carolina Fernandes Pereira, Ronan Xavier Corrêa, Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad and Mike Anderson Corazon-Guivin

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010015 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 849

Abstract

This study focused on the in vitro propagation and DNA barcoding of the endangered herb Solanum corymbosum from the La Joya Desert, Peru. The primary objective of this study was to establish a protocol for the in vitro conservation and molecular identification of [...] Read more.

This study focused on the in vitro propagation and DNA barcoding of the endangered herb Solanum corymbosum from the La Joya Desert, Peru. The primary objective of this study was to establish a protocol for the in vitro conservation and molecular identification of these species. This study used cytokinins, specifically BAP and TDZ, for shoot regeneration from leaf explants, achieving high rates of shoot regeneration and proliferation. The optimal concentration of TDZ (1 mg/L) resulted in 88.7% regeneration. In the rooting phase, auxins, specifically, IBA and NAA, were used, achieving high rooting rates and root numbers. The optimal concentration of IBA (2 mg/L) resulted in 100% rooting and 9.8 roots per shoot. DNA barcoding with four cpDNA markers (matK, rbcL, trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH) allowed accurate molecular identification, confirming species identity within the genus Solanum. Key results included successful in vitro propagation with high rates of shoot formation and rooting and 100% survival during acclimatization. Molecular analysis confirmed the taxonomic identification of S. corymbosum, with high percentages of similarity (97% to 100%) with other Solanum species. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its classification within the Radicans clade, sharing its characteristics with other Andean species of the genus Solanum. This study revealed that the propagation in vitro protocol and DNA barcoding are effective tools for the conservation of S. corymbosum, offering valuable methods for the conservation and genetic study of this and other threatened plant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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11 pages, 1356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Honey Soil Supplementation on Growth and Antioxidant Activity in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants

by Dyhia Sadou, Riccardo Fedeli, Silvia Celletti, Nadia Amessis-Ouchemoukh, Rabha Ayad, Stefano Loppi and Salim Ouchemoukh

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010014 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1313

Abstract

This study explores the potential of honey as a natural soil amendment to enhance plant growth and biochemical resilience in Ocimum basilicum L. Honey solutions at varying concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) were applied to evaluate their effects on growth parameters, biomass accumulation, [...] Read more.

This study explores the potential of honey as a natural soil amendment to enhance plant growth and biochemical resilience in Ocimum basilicum L. Honey solutions at varying concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) were applied to evaluate their effects on growth parameters, biomass accumulation, and antioxidant activity. The results revealed that lower honey concentrations (2.5%) had a minimal impact on plant height, while higher concentrations (5% and 10%; −42% and −43%, respectively) exhibited inhibitory effects, suggesting a dose-dependent response. The leaf count remained stable across treatments, indicating a consistent morphological outcome. The biomass analysis highlighted variability in the plant biomasses, reflecting the influence of honey concentrations on plant energy allocation. Despite unchanged chlorophyll and ascorbic acid levels, significant enhancements in antioxidant compounds and activity were observed, particularly at lower concentrations (antioxidant activity at 2.5% and 5%; +26% and +30%, respectively), underlining the role of honey in bolstering the antioxidant defense system. These findings demonstrate honey’s dual role as a growth modulator and antioxidant enhancer, emphasizing its relevance in sustainable agricultural practices. This research contributes to the development of eco-friendly strategies for improving crop performance and resilience through the application of naturally derived biostimulants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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17 pages, 1448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Exposed to Human Parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia

by Yaroslav Ilnytskyy, Andrey Golubov, Boseon Byeon and Igor Kovalchuk

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010013 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 796

Abstract

Pathogen infection in animals and plants is recognized in a relatively similar manner by the interaction of pattern recognition receptors on the host cell surface with pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the pathogen surface. Previous work demonstrates that animal pathogenic bacteria can be recognized [...] Read more.

Pathogen infection in animals and plants is recognized in a relatively similar manner by the interaction of pattern recognition receptors on the host cell surface with pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the pathogen surface. Previous work demonstrates that animal pathogenic bacteria can be recognized by plant receptors and alter transcriptome. In this work, we have hypothesized that exposure to human parasites, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia, would also trigger pathogen response in plants, leading to changes in transcriptome. Detached Arabidopsis leaves were exposed for one hour to heat-inactivated Cryptosporidia or Giardia. The transcriptome profile showed large changes in gene expression with significant overlap between two parasites, including upregulated GO terms “cellular response to chitin”, “response to wounding”, “response to oomycetes”, “defense response to fungus”, “incompatible interaction”, and “activation of innate immune response”, and downregulated GO terms “positive regulation of development”, “cell surface”, “regulation of organ growth”, “wax biosynthetic process”, “leaf and shoot morphogenesis”. Uniquely downregulated GO terms in response to Cryptosporidia were GO terms related to chromatin remodelling, something that was not reported before. To conclude, it appears that while Cryptosporidia or Giardia are not pathogens of Arabidopsis, this plant possesses various mechanisms of recognition of pathogenic components of parasites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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17 pages, 4263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Light-Emitting Diodes on the In Vitro Rooting of Apple Tree Rootstocks

by Adriana Maria Tomazini Scolaro, Mariuccia Schlichting De Martin, Renato Luis Vieira, Bianca Schveitzer, Edson Luiz de Souza and Endler Marcel Borges

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010012 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 695

Abstract

This study presents a pioneering investigation into the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for in vitro rooting of ‘Marubakaido’ apple tree rootstocks, marking the first report of this approach in the literature. The research evaluates the effects of four distinct light sources: [...] Read more.

This study presents a pioneering investigation into the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for in vitro rooting of ‘Marubakaido’ apple tree rootstocks, marking the first report of this approach in the literature. The research evaluates the effects of four distinct light sources: blue LED (450 nm), red LED (660 nm), a combination of red and blue LEDs, and traditional fluorescent lamps as a control. Mini-cuttings were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with reduced nutrient concentrations, supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) and sucrose. The explants were incubated under controlled conditions for 30 days, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the impact of different light sources on various growth metrics. The results revealed that blue LEDs significantly enhanced dry mass accumulation in seedlings compared to both red LEDs and fluorescent lamps, demonstrating their superior effectiveness in promoting plant growth. The use of LEDs not only improves seedling development but also offers economic advantages over fluorescent lamps. LEDs are characterized by high luminous efficiency, low energy consumption, and a long operational lifespan, which collectively reduce costs in plant production systems. This research advances the understanding of light-mediated effects on plant tissue culture and highlights the potential of combining blue and red LEDs as a viable alternative to fluorescent lighting. These findings could revolutionize practices in horticulture and plant propagation, providing a more efficient and sustainable approach to in vitro cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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8 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing the Antioxidant Activity of Different Leaf Extracts and the Phenolic Content of Young Moringa oleifera Lam. Plants Grown in a Temperate Climate Zone

by Jozef Fejér, Daniela Gruľová and Ivan Kron

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010011 - 10 Jan 2025

Viewed by 639

Abstract

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, the plants were grown in a temperate climate zone from seeds collected at the Island of St. Lucia. Cultivation was carried out in the field [...] Read more.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, the plants were grown in a temperate climate zone from seeds collected at the Island of St. Lucia. Cultivation was carried out in the field and in a greenhouse in Prešov, East Slovakia. Leaf samples were taken from young plants and dried naturally. In the ethanol and hot water extracts of the leaves, the dry matter, total phenolic substances, and antioxidant activity were determined using three methods: superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. The highest amount of total phenols was detected in the ethanolic extract of the leaves from the field 911.14 mg GAE L⁻¹, resp. 69.70 mg GAE g⁻¹ DM. The lowest amount was noticed in the leaves from the greenhouse 408.88 mg GAE L⁻¹, resp. 13.07 mg GAE g⁻¹ DM. The amount was significantly lower in the aqueous extracts. A high antioxidant activity of the leaves from the field was detected in all ethanolic and hot water extracts. Both types of leaf extracts from the greenhouse showed statistically significant lower antioxidant activity. The obtained results indicate that outdoor cultivation in a temperate climate zone was stressful for the plants, leading to an increased formation of phenolic substances, and consequently to higher antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

23 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms: Their Impact on Crop Quality and Yield, with a Focus on Rice

by Winston Franz Ríos-Ruiz, Henry Giovani Jave-Concepción, Edson Esmith Torres-Chávez, Franz Rios-Reategui, Euler Padilla-Santa-Cruz and Nelson Elias Guevara-Pinedo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010009 - 9 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1742

Abstract

This article presents a systematic review of the ecophysiological mechanisms underpinning the essential role of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) in improving rice yield and quality. The scientific literature is thoroughly reviewed, highlighting how PGPMs positively influence the growth, development, and health of rice plants. [...] Read more.

This article presents a systematic review of the ecophysiological mechanisms underpinning the essential role of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) in improving rice yield and quality. The scientific literature is thoroughly reviewed, highlighting how PGPMs positively influence the growth, development, and health of rice plants. Key aspects, such as nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, hormone production, and disease resistance induction, are emphasized. Additionally, technological advancements related to PGPM use are analyzed, including the identification of effective strains, the formulation of enhanced biofertilizers, and genetic engineering. The article concludes that PGPMs represent a promising tool with which to boost the sustainability and productivity of rice cultivation, providing a robust foundation for future research and practical applications in a field crucial to global food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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18 pages, 2372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome De Novo (WGS) Sequence Resource of the Lasiodiplodia theobromae Bot-2018-LT45 Isolate Causing Dieback in Apple

by Adrián V. Valdez-Tenezaca, Sergio A. Hernández Covarrubias, Alexis G. Murillo Carrasco, Matías I. Guerra Peñalosa, Jean F. Castro Figueroa, M. Ernesto Delgado Fernández, José A. Corona-Gómez and Gonzalo A. Díaz Ulloa

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010010 - 9 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1028

Abstract

Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a pathogenic fungus associated with tropical perennial fruit plants worldwide. In apple trees, L. theobromae causes dieback and canker, a disease that affects the architecture of the wood producing the progressive death of branches and stems, from the tips to [...] Read more.

Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a pathogenic fungus associated with tropical perennial fruit plants worldwide. In apple trees, L. theobromae causes dieback and canker, a disease that affects the architecture of the wood producing the progressive death of branches and stems, from the tips to the base, invading the vascular tissue, manifesting necrotic lesions in the bark, impeding the flow of nutrients and water. The present work reports the whole genome de novo sequencing (WGS) of L. theobromae strain Bot-2018-LT45 isolated from apple trees with dieback symptoms. Genomic DNA of L. theobromae was sequenced using Illumina paired-end short-read technology (NovaSeq6000) and PacBio SMRTbell^TM (Single Molecule, Real-Time) long-read technology. The genome size was 44.17 Mb. Then, assembly and annotation revealed a total of 12,948 genes of which 11,634 encoded proteins. The genome was assembled into 34 contigs with an N50 (Mb) value of 3.23. This study is the first report of the L. theobromae genome de novo obtained from apple trees with dieback and canker symptoms in the Maule Region, Chile. This genetic information may set the basis for future study of the mechanisms of L. theobromae and establish the possibility of specific molecular improvements for the control of dieback and canker. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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14 pages, 2874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monochromatic Light Interactions in the Early Hypocotyl Elongation of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seedlings

by Dragan Vinterhalter, Vaclav Motyka and Branka Vinterhalter

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010008 - 7 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Sunflower is a crop species well adapted for cultivation in open fields under full sunlight. Young plantlets can be grown in growth chambers under low irradiance, where different aspects of light can be easily tracked. Using time-lapse imaging, we have shown how monochromatic [...] Read more.

Sunflower is a crop species well adapted for cultivation in open fields under full sunlight. Young plantlets can be grown in growth chambers under low irradiance, where different aspects of light can be easily tracked. Using time-lapse imaging, we have shown how monochromatic red, blue, and far-red light and their combinations interacted, affecting the rhythmicity and elongation of sunflower hypocotyls. Monochromatic light of any color, applied individually, canceled all manifestations of diurnal rhythmicity and anticipation of imminent light transitions present in diurnal photoperiods established by white LED light panels. Monochromatic light also significantly increased the rate of hypocotyl elongation, which became uniform (arrhythmic) and often triggered the appearance of guttation. The rate of hypocotyl elongation was highest with the blue light and lowest with red light. In double light combinations, red light suppressed the stimulative effect of blue light, but it promoted the elongation rate when used together with far-red light. A triple light combination of red, blue, and far-red light stimulated hypocotyl elongation to a high degree and increased the elongation rate more than twofold compared with red and fourfold compared with white LED light. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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Int. J. Plant Biol., Volume 16, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 37 articles

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