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Int. J. Plant Biol., Volume 16, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 23 articles

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13 pages, 19790 KiB  
Brief Report
Fungal Community Dynamics in Cyperus rotundus: Implications for Rhizophora mangle in a Mangrove Ecosystem
by Diego Portalanza, Arianna Acosta-Mejillones, Johnny Alcívar, Teddy Colorado, Jeancarlo Guaita, Lesly Montero, Liliana Villao-Uzho and Efren Santos-Ordóñez
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010023 (registering DOI) - 19 Feb 2025
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems are globally significant for their biodiversity and ecosystem services but face persistent threats from invasive species and anthropogenic disturbances. This study investigates the interactions between Cyperus rotundus, a widespread invasive weed, and fungal communities in the mangrove-adjacent wetlands of Isla [...] Read more.
Mangrove ecosystems are globally significant for their biodiversity and ecosystem services but face persistent threats from invasive species and anthropogenic disturbances. This study investigates the interactions between Cyperus rotundus, a widespread invasive weed, and fungal communities in the mangrove-adjacent wetlands of Isla Santay, Ecuador. Using metagenomic sequencing of the ITS region, we analyzed fungal diversity in samples from an anthropogenically pressured area and a non-impacted site. Results revealed significant differences in microbial assemblages: the rhizosphere sample from the disturbed area exhibited lower fungal richness and was dominated by Magnaporthaceae (9%) and Aureobasidium melanogenum (5%), both associated with stress-tolerant traits. In contrast, the rhizosphere sample from the non-impacted site showed higher species diversity, with Cladosporium dominicanum (62%) and Talaromyces (11%) as dominant endophytic taxa. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and co-occurrence networks highlighted distinct fungal partitioning between the two sample tissues, indicating that C. rotundus mediates microbial composition in response to environmental gradients. These findings underscore the role of microbial communities in the plant’s invasive success and suggest that leveraging beneficial fungi could enhance ecosystem resilience and support wetland restoration. By integrating molecular approaches with ecological insights, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of microbial dynamics in coastal wetlands and informs targeted management strategies to preserve mangrove habitats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)
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21 pages, 4386 KiB  
Article
Target Selection, Homokaryotic Isolation, and Screening Methods for Gene Editing in the Destructive Global Pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi
by Aayushree Kharel, Mark Ziemann, Jim Rookes and David M. Cahill
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010022 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 393
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major plant pathogen that affects economically important crops and natural ecosystems, posing a threat to global biodiversity. While gene editing has emerged as a powerful tool for functional genomics in various Phytophthora species, its application in P. cinnamomi remains [...] Read more.
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major plant pathogen that affects economically important crops and natural ecosystems, posing a threat to global biodiversity. While gene editing has emerged as a powerful tool for functional genomics in various Phytophthora species, its application in P. cinnamomi remains underexplored. To address this gap, our study investigated the challenges of implementing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in P. cinnamomi, with the insights gained applicable to other gene editing platforms. We designed guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting β-cinnamomin, a highly basic elicitin expressed by the pathogen during early infection stages, known for its role in sterol recruitment. Using an “all-in-one” plasmid containing the gRNA, Cas9, and an antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker, we transformed P. cinnamomi protoplasts via PEG/CaCl2-mediated methods. The successful integration of the nptII gene, which confers geneticin (G418) resistance, was confirmed in heterokaryotic regenerants. To isolate pure mutants and eliminate wild-type dominance, we derived homokaryotic colonies from nptII-positive transformants. Mutation screening was performed using mismatch detection assays, T7 endonuclease 1 (T7E1), and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), followed by Sanger sequencing. Despite the integration of the nptII gene, the β-cinnamomin sequence in the transformants remained identical to the wild-type sequence, indicating challenges in detecting and achieving targeted gene disruption. This study identifies critical steps for optimising mutagenesis in P. cinnamomi, highlighting the importance of thorough preliminary screening, effective separation of heterokaryotic populations, and the isolation of homokaryotic colonies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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28 pages, 9460 KiB  
Article
Biocontrol of Verticillium Wilt of Olive Using Rhizophagus irregularis: Insights into Oxidative Stress and Phenolic Pathways
by Hanane Boutaj, Abdelilah Meddich, Said Wahbi, Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi, Allal Douira, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf and Cherkaoui El Modafar
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010021 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 559
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by Verticillium dahliae (Vd), represents a significant threat to olive cultivation, particularly to the Moroccan cultivar “Picholine Marocaine”, by reducing yield, tree survival, and overall productivity. Current chemical and cultural control strategies provide limited efficacy, highlighting the [...] Read more.
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by Verticillium dahliae (Vd), represents a significant threat to olive cultivation, particularly to the Moroccan cultivar “Picholine Marocaine”, by reducing yield, tree survival, and overall productivity. Current chemical and cultural control strategies provide limited efficacy, highlighting the need for alternative approaches such as biological control. This study investigated the potential of Rhizophagus irregularis (RI) as a biological agent to mitigate VWO over a 10-month period following V. dahliae inoculation. Disease severity, incidence, and defoliation rate as well as oxidant stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the phenolic pathway were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Our results showed that R. irregularis significantly reduced (p < 0.05) disease severity and incidence by about 31% and 26%, respectively, and decreased defoliation rates by 35% in RI-infected plants (RIV). The presence of R. irregularis triggered enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and polyphenoloxidase), increased lignin deposition, elevated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, and increased total phenol content in olive tissues. These biochemical and structural changes reduced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and physiological damage, resulting in delayed disease progression. Enhanced accumulation of lignin and total phenolic compounds, particularly in aboveground tissues, was observed. This likely reinforced cell walls and enhanced resistance to pathogen infection. This study demonstrates that R. irregularis offers a promising biocontrol agent for combating soil-borne diseases in olives and other susceptible crops by mitigating VWO, boosting antioxidant defenses, and modulating the phenolic pathway with tissue-specific responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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14 pages, 3474 KiB  
Article
Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Consortium Enhances Growth and Protects Boufeggous Gharas Date Palm Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Infection in Figuig Oasis (Morocco)
by Elmostafa Gagou, Halima Bouchentouf, Khadija Chakroune, Mahmoud Abbas, Touria Lamkami, Mondher El Jaziri and Abdelkader Hakkou
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010020 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 592
Abstract
An indigenous consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from the Figuig oasis in southern Morocco, comprising Rhizophagus sp., Funneliformis sp., Acaulospora sp., Sclerocystis sp., and Scutellospora sp., was evaluated for its effects on the growth and sensitivity of Phoenix dactylifera L. variety (cv. [...] Read more.
An indigenous consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from the Figuig oasis in southern Morocco, comprising Rhizophagus sp., Funneliformis sp., Acaulospora sp., Sclerocystis sp., and Scutellospora sp., was evaluated for its effects on the growth and sensitivity of Phoenix dactylifera L. variety (cv. Boufeggous Gharas) to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis (Foa), the causal agent of Bayoud disease. Despite its high fruit quality and local appreciation, the Boufeggous Gharas variety is highly susceptible to Foa and is currently at risk of extinction, underscoring the urgent need for its sustainable management. The results demonstrated that Boufeggous Gharas seedlings inoculated with a consortium of indigenous AMF showed significantly improved shoot and root length, leaf number, and biomass as compared to non-mycorrhized seedlings. In contrast, Foa-infected seedlings showed significantly reduced growth, with a 46.6% decrease in shoot height and a 50.4% reduction in root length compared to non-infected seedlings. Interestingly, AMF inoculation mitigated this sensitivity to Foa, significantly restoring growth parameters. Seedlings treated with AMF + Foa showed a 51% increase in shoot height and a 61% improvement in root length, along with over 100% gains in shoot and root biomass compared to seedlings infected solely with Foa. This study provides the first evidence of integrating AMF into sustainable date palm cultivation practices to mitigate the impacts of biotic stresses, thereby promoting the preservation and valorization of vulnerable date palm varieties. The protective effects of AMF are attributed to improved nutrient uptake, enhanced root architecture, and systemic resistance induced by AMF colonization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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10 pages, 2261 KiB  
Brief Report
The Adhesiveness of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Seeds Is Conditioned by Their Shape
by Andrey A. Sinjushin, Ana Uhlarik and Irina L. Stepanova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010019 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
The seeds of some chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) accessions are prone to sticking in twos or threes in a pod in the course of their maturation. Such seeds are usually easy to detach although their coats often become damaged due to forcible [...] Read more.
The seeds of some chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) accessions are prone to sticking in twos or threes in a pod in the course of their maturation. Such seeds are usually easy to detach although their coats often become damaged due to forcible separation. Sticking is observed both in fields and glasshouses, with frequency potentially increasing in dry hot climates. Our morphometric survey of non-desi seeds (kabuli and intermediate types) suggests that it is seed shape, rather than size or color, that determines seed adhesiveness, with rounder seeds being the most prone to sticking. A similar phenomenon is known in pea (Pisum sativum L.) where it is conditioned by a single rare mutation affecting seed coat features. Unlike pea, numerous chickpea lines and cultivars of different origin have intrinsic susceptibility to seed adhesion, although to a variable extent depending on environment and seed shape, so this feature is multifactorial rather than solely genetic in C. arietinum. Although stuck seeds are mostly detached during mechanical harvesting, the accompanying seed coat lesions may be potentially undesired for seed storage and germination characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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22 pages, 10493 KiB  
Article
Dissecting the Affinity of Neighboring Malvaceae Genera; Brachychiton and Sterculia Through Morphological, Anatomical, and Molecular Approaches
by Fatma A. Hamada, Doaa M. Elkholy, Rim Hamdy, Mohamed Zamzam, Ahmed M. El-Taher, Hammad Ahmad Jan and Nagwan H. Atia
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010018 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Morphological, anatomical, and molecular information facilitates the identification and inference of the relatedness of plant species. In this study, the macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics of nine species from the Brachychiton and Sterculia genera belonging to the Malvaceae family were examined by light [...] Read more.
Morphological, anatomical, and molecular information facilitates the identification and inference of the relatedness of plant species. In this study, the macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics of nine species from the Brachychiton and Sterculia genera belonging to the Malvaceae family were examined by light and a scanning electron microscope. The study recorded 66 macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics, thus revealing important variations between the studied species in leaf morphology and anatomy. This included variations in leaf complexity, leaf arrangement (phyllotaxy), epidermal cell walls, and their sculpture, as well as in the types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The studied species were mostly conserved in shedding patterns, being evergreen only in one out of nine studied species. Similarly, eight species were petiolate. Conversely, leaf arrangement and leaf complexity characteristics were highly divergent among the studied species, though only one species, Sterculia foetida, had compound leaves. The differences in the studied features and the chloroplast genes MaturaseK (MatK) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcl) were exploited to deduce the relationship between the studied species. While the morphological and anatomical features demonstrated a close relationship between the studied intrageneric species, the DNA barcoding analysis proved very efficient in distinguishing the two neighboring genera. Collectively, the different clustering analyses suggest a close relatedness between Brachychiton acerifolius and B. australis, while only DNA-based clustering demonstrates cladistic monophyly of the Sterculia species. This study, therefore, provides a detailed description of various morphological and anatomical features important for the systematic studies within the Malvaceae family and highlights the value of incorporating morphological, anatomical, and molecular approaches for inferring the evolutionary relationship between closely related plant species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)
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16 pages, 2186 KiB  
Article
Diversity and Composition of Endophytic Fungal Communities Associated with Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Fruits in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon
by Pablo Israel Alvarez-Romero, Daniel Arturo Román-Robalino, Eduardo Patricio Salazar-Castañeda, Sandra Elizabeth Suárez-Cedillo, Leonardo Anibal Hinojosa-Sánchez, Ana Francisca Tibúrcia Amorim Ferreira e Ferreira and Miguel Angel Guallpa-Calva
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010017 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 985
Abstract
The study of microorganisms associated with tropical plant species, particularly fungi, has garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in biological control and the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. This research aimed to identify and characterize the endophytic fungal communities associated with [...] Read more.
The study of microorganisms associated with tropical plant species, particularly fungi, has garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in biological control and the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. This research aimed to identify and characterize the endophytic fungal communities associated with cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits across three municipalities in the Orellana province, located within the Ecuadorian Amazon. Fungi were isolated directly from cocoa fruits and analyzed through comprehensive cultural, morphological, and molecular analyses. The diversity of fungal taxa was evaluated using metrics of relative abundance and species richness. A total of 464 fungal isolates were obtained, representing 56 distinct morphotypes and 14 genera within the phylum Ascomycota. The most abundant genera included Penicillium sp. (27.8%), Epicoccum sp. (20.5%), Lasiodiplodia sp. (10.1%), Trichoderma sp. (9.91%), and Fusarium sp. (9.70%). Notably, in the municipality of La Joya de los Sachas, a higher number of endophytic fungi was observed, encompassing 14 genera. This study provides critical insights into the diversity and distribution of fungal communities associated with cocoa fruits in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon. These findings have important implications for the management of cocoa diseases and the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. Future investigations should explore the functional roles of these fungi, particularly their potential as biocontrol agents or sources of novel pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, examining the effects of environmental variables and agricultural practices on cocoa fruit mycobiota may contribute to a deeper understanding of the ecological dynamics within this system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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19 pages, 2722 KiB  
Article
Biomass and Nutritional Status of Melon Hybrids Induced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Application Under Varying Irrigation Stress
by Juliana M. M. de Melo, Lígia B. Marinho, Fernanda N. Vargens, Iug Lopes, Adriana M. Y. Melo, Lindete M. V. Martins, Lucas M. Vellame, Magnus Dall Igna Deon, Danielle Karla Alves dos Santos and Miguel J. M. Guimarães
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010016 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 575
Abstract
Water scarcity is a major challenge in northeastern Brazil, where efficient water management strategies are essential for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of melon hybrids in terms of biomass production and nutritional status under varying irrigation levels and mycorrhizal [...] Read more.
Water scarcity is a major challenge in northeastern Brazil, where efficient water management strategies are essential for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of melon hybrids in terms of biomass production and nutritional status under varying irrigation levels and mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the State University of Bahia (Juazeiro, BA, Brazil) using a randomized block design with a 4 × 2 × 4 sub-subdivided plot scheme. The treatments included four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of crop evapotranspiration—ETc), two melon hybrids (Juazeiro and Mandacaru), and four AMF inoculation treatments (non-inoculated with AMF, Entrophospora etunicata, Acaulospora longula, and their combination), with 10 replications. The results indicated that the inoculation with A. longula significantly improved biomass production and plant nutrition, particularly for the Juazeiro hybrid. The most significant improvements were observed in biomass production and nutritional status when this mycobiont was used, highlighting the potential of AMF inoculation as a strategy to enhance water use efficiency and plant tolerance under water-limited conditions. Root colonization in melon plants ranged from 6% to 60%, with an overall average of 36.2%, in Experiment I, and from 6% to 72%, with an average of 40%, in Experiment II. Melon biomass production responded differently to irrigation levels, with Experiment I showing polynomial decreases in biomass as water levels decreased, while Experiment II exhibited linear increases in biomass with higher irrigation, likely influenced by supplementary fertilization. When evaluated, the levels of macronutrients present in the aerial part of the plants did not show significant differences for the treatments concerning the levels of P, K, and Mg, except for Ca. These findings suggest that A. longula is a suitable mycobiont for optimizing melon plant performance in regions with limited water resources, like northeastern Brazil. The study also emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate Mycorrhizal fungi to maximize symbiotic benefits in melon cultivation under deficit irrigation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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15 pages, 5527 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Propagation and DNA Barcode Analysis of the Threatened Herb Solanum corymbosum from La Joya Desert, Peru
by Angel David Hernández-Amasifuen, Alexandra Jherina Pineda-Lázaro, Elvin Delgado-Mera, Sergio Sebastian Vega-Herrera, Carolina Fernandes Pereira, Ronan Xavier Corrêa, Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad and Mike Anderson Corazon-Guivin
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010015 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
This study focused on the in vitro propagation and DNA barcoding of the endangered herb Solanum corymbosum from the La Joya Desert, Peru. The primary objective of this study was to establish a protocol for the in vitro conservation and molecular identification of [...] Read more.
This study focused on the in vitro propagation and DNA barcoding of the endangered herb Solanum corymbosum from the La Joya Desert, Peru. The primary objective of this study was to establish a protocol for the in vitro conservation and molecular identification of these species. This study used cytokinins, specifically BAP and TDZ, for shoot regeneration from leaf explants, achieving high rates of shoot regeneration and proliferation. The optimal concentration of TDZ (1 mg/L) resulted in 88.7% regeneration. In the rooting phase, auxins, specifically, IBA and NAA, were used, achieving high rooting rates and root numbers. The optimal concentration of IBA (2 mg/L) resulted in 100% rooting and 9.8 roots per shoot. DNA barcoding with four cpDNA markers (matK, rbcL, trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH) allowed accurate molecular identification, confirming species identity within the genus Solanum. Key results included successful in vitro propagation with high rates of shoot formation and rooting and 100% survival during acclimatization. Molecular analysis confirmed the taxonomic identification of S. corymbosum, with high percentages of similarity (97% to 100%) with other Solanum species. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its classification within the Radicans clade, sharing its characteristics with other Andean species of the genus Solanum. This study revealed that the propagation in vitro protocol and DNA barcoding are effective tools for the conservation of S. corymbosum, offering valuable methods for the conservation and genetic study of this and other threatened plant species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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11 pages, 1356 KiB  
Article
Impact of Honey Soil Supplementation on Growth and Antioxidant Activity in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants
by Dyhia Sadou, Riccardo Fedeli, Silvia Celletti, Nadia Amessis-Ouchemoukh, Rabha Ayad, Stefano Loppi and Salim Ouchemoukh
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010014 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 931
Abstract
This study explores the potential of honey as a natural soil amendment to enhance plant growth and biochemical resilience in Ocimum basilicum L. Honey solutions at varying concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) were applied to evaluate their effects on growth parameters, biomass accumulation, [...] Read more.
This study explores the potential of honey as a natural soil amendment to enhance plant growth and biochemical resilience in Ocimum basilicum L. Honey solutions at varying concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) were applied to evaluate their effects on growth parameters, biomass accumulation, and antioxidant activity. The results revealed that lower honey concentrations (2.5%) had a minimal impact on plant height, while higher concentrations (5% and 10%; −42% and −43%, respectively) exhibited inhibitory effects, suggesting a dose-dependent response. The leaf count remained stable across treatments, indicating a consistent morphological outcome. The biomass analysis highlighted variability in the plant biomasses, reflecting the influence of honey concentrations on plant energy allocation. Despite unchanged chlorophyll and ascorbic acid levels, significant enhancements in antioxidant compounds and activity were observed, particularly at lower concentrations (antioxidant activity at 2.5% and 5%; +26% and +30%, respectively), underlining the role of honey in bolstering the antioxidant defense system. These findings demonstrate honey’s dual role as a growth modulator and antioxidant enhancer, emphasizing its relevance in sustainable agricultural practices. This research contributes to the development of eco-friendly strategies for improving crop performance and resilience through the application of naturally derived biostimulants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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17 pages, 1448 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Exposed to Human Parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia
by Yaroslav Ilnytskyy, Andrey Golubov, Boseon Byeon and Igor Kovalchuk
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010013 - 18 Jan 2025
Viewed by 595
Abstract
Pathogen infection in animals and plants is recognized in a relatively similar manner by the interaction of pattern recognition receptors on the host cell surface with pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the pathogen surface. Previous work demonstrates that animal pathogenic bacteria can be recognized [...] Read more.
Pathogen infection in animals and plants is recognized in a relatively similar manner by the interaction of pattern recognition receptors on the host cell surface with pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the pathogen surface. Previous work demonstrates that animal pathogenic bacteria can be recognized by plant receptors and alter transcriptome. In this work, we have hypothesized that exposure to human parasites, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia, would also trigger pathogen response in plants, leading to changes in transcriptome. Detached Arabidopsis leaves were exposed for one hour to heat-inactivated Cryptosporidia or Giardia. The transcriptome profile showed large changes in gene expression with significant overlap between two parasites, including upregulated GO terms “cellular response to chitin”, “response to wounding”, “response to oomycetes”, “defense response to fungus”, “incompatible interaction”, and “activation of innate immune response”, and downregulated GO terms “positive regulation of development”, “cell surface”, “regulation of organ growth”, “wax biosynthetic process”, “leaf and shoot morphogenesis”. Uniquely downregulated GO terms in response to Cryptosporidia were GO terms related to chromatin remodelling, something that was not reported before. To conclude, it appears that while Cryptosporidia or Giardia are not pathogens of Arabidopsis, this plant possesses various mechanisms of recognition of pathogenic components of parasites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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17 pages, 4263 KiB  
Article
Use of Light-Emitting Diodes on the In Vitro Rooting of Apple Tree Rootstocks
by Adriana Maria Tomazini Scolaro, Mariuccia Schlichting De Martin, Renato Luis Vieira, Bianca Schveitzer, Edson Luiz de Souza and Endler Marcel Borges
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010012 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 539
Abstract
This study presents a pioneering investigation into the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for in vitro rooting of ‘Marubakaido’ apple tree rootstocks, marking the first report of this approach in the literature. The research evaluates the effects of four distinct light sources: [...] Read more.
This study presents a pioneering investigation into the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for in vitro rooting of ‘Marubakaido’ apple tree rootstocks, marking the first report of this approach in the literature. The research evaluates the effects of four distinct light sources: blue LED (450 nm), red LED (660 nm), a combination of red and blue LEDs, and traditional fluorescent lamps as a control. Mini-cuttings were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with reduced nutrient concentrations, supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) and sucrose. The explants were incubated under controlled conditions for 30 days, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the impact of different light sources on various growth metrics. The results revealed that blue LEDs significantly enhanced dry mass accumulation in seedlings compared to both red LEDs and fluorescent lamps, demonstrating their superior effectiveness in promoting plant growth. The use of LEDs not only improves seedling development but also offers economic advantages over fluorescent lamps. LEDs are characterized by high luminous efficiency, low energy consumption, and a long operational lifespan, which collectively reduce costs in plant production systems. This research advances the understanding of light-mediated effects on plant tissue culture and highlights the potential of combining blue and red LEDs as a viable alternative to fluorescent lighting. These findings could revolutionize practices in horticulture and plant propagation, providing a more efficient and sustainable approach to in vitro cultivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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8 pages, 260 KiB  
Article
Testing the Antioxidant Activity of Different Leaf Extracts and the Phenolic Content of Young Moringa oleifera Lam. Plants Grown in a Temperate Climate Zone
by Jozef Fejér, Daniela Gruľová and Ivan Kron
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010011 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 439
Abstract
Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, the plants were grown in a temperate climate zone from seeds collected at the Island of St. Lucia. Cultivation was carried out in the field [...] Read more.
Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, the plants were grown in a temperate climate zone from seeds collected at the Island of St. Lucia. Cultivation was carried out in the field and in a greenhouse in Prešov, East Slovakia. Leaf samples were taken from young plants and dried naturally. In the ethanol and hot water extracts of the leaves, the dry matter, total phenolic substances, and antioxidant activity were determined using three methods: superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. The highest amount of total phenols was detected in the ethanolic extract of the leaves from the field 911.14 mg GAE L−1, resp. 69.70 mg GAE g−1 DM. The lowest amount was noticed in the leaves from the greenhouse 408.88 mg GAE L−1, resp. 13.07 mg GAE g−1 DM. The amount was significantly lower in the aqueous extracts. A high antioxidant activity of the leaves from the field was detected in all ethanolic and hot water extracts. Both types of leaf extracts from the greenhouse showed statistically significant lower antioxidant activity. The obtained results indicate that outdoor cultivation in a temperate climate zone was stressful for the plants, leading to an increased formation of phenolic substances, and consequently to higher antioxidant activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
23 pages, 1713 KiB  
Review
Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms: Their Impact on Crop Quality and Yield, with a Focus on Rice
by Winston Franz Ríos-Ruiz, Henry Giovani Jave-Concepción, Edson Esmith Torres-Chávez, Franz Rios-Reategui, Euler Padilla-Santa-Cruz and Nelson Elias Guevara-Pinedo
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010009 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1001
Abstract
This article presents a systematic review of the ecophysiological mechanisms underpinning the essential role of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) in improving rice yield and quality. The scientific literature is thoroughly reviewed, highlighting how PGPMs positively influence the growth, development, and health of rice plants. [...] Read more.
This article presents a systematic review of the ecophysiological mechanisms underpinning the essential role of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) in improving rice yield and quality. The scientific literature is thoroughly reviewed, highlighting how PGPMs positively influence the growth, development, and health of rice plants. Key aspects, such as nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, hormone production, and disease resistance induction, are emphasized. Additionally, technological advancements related to PGPM use are analyzed, including the identification of effective strains, the formulation of enhanced biofertilizers, and genetic engineering. The article concludes that PGPMs represent a promising tool with which to boost the sustainability and productivity of rice cultivation, providing a robust foundation for future research and practical applications in a field crucial to global food security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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18 pages, 2372 KiB  
Article
Genome De Novo (WGS) Sequence Resource of the Lasiodiplodia theobromae Bot-2018-LT45 Isolate Causing Dieback in Apple
by Adrián V. Valdez-Tenezaca, Sergio A. Hernández Covarrubias, Alexis G. Murillo Carrasco, Matías I. Guerra Peñalosa, Jean F. Castro Figueroa, M. Ernesto Delgado Fernández, José A. Corona-Gómez and Gonzalo A. Díaz Ulloa
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010010 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 794
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a pathogenic fungus associated with tropical perennial fruit plants worldwide. In apple trees, L. theobromae causes dieback and canker, a disease that affects the architecture of the wood producing the progressive death of branches and stems, from the tips to [...] Read more.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a pathogenic fungus associated with tropical perennial fruit plants worldwide. In apple trees, L. theobromae causes dieback and canker, a disease that affects the architecture of the wood producing the progressive death of branches and stems, from the tips to the base, invading the vascular tissue, manifesting necrotic lesions in the bark, impeding the flow of nutrients and water. The present work reports the whole genome de novo sequencing (WGS) of L. theobromae strain Bot-2018-LT45 isolated from apple trees with dieback symptoms. Genomic DNA of L. theobromae was sequenced using Illumina paired-end short-read technology (NovaSeq6000) and PacBio SMRTbellTM (Single Molecule, Real-Time) long-read technology. The genome size was 44.17 Mb. Then, assembly and annotation revealed a total of 12,948 genes of which 11,634 encoded proteins. The genome was assembled into 34 contigs with an N50 (Mb) value of 3.23. This study is the first report of the L. theobromae genome de novo obtained from apple trees with dieback and canker symptoms in the Maule Region, Chile. This genetic information may set the basis for future study of the mechanisms of L. theobromae and establish the possibility of specific molecular improvements for the control of dieback and canker. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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14 pages, 2874 KiB  
Article
Monochromatic Light Interactions in the Early Hypocotyl Elongation of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seedlings
by Dragan Vinterhalter, Vaclav Motyka and Branka Vinterhalter
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010008 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 515
Abstract
Sunflower is a crop species well adapted for cultivation in open fields under full sunlight. Young plantlets can be grown in growth chambers under low irradiance, where different aspects of light can be easily tracked. Using time-lapse imaging, we have shown how monochromatic [...] Read more.
Sunflower is a crop species well adapted for cultivation in open fields under full sunlight. Young plantlets can be grown in growth chambers under low irradiance, where different aspects of light can be easily tracked. Using time-lapse imaging, we have shown how monochromatic red, blue, and far-red light and their combinations interacted, affecting the rhythmicity and elongation of sunflower hypocotyls. Monochromatic light of any color, applied individually, canceled all manifestations of diurnal rhythmicity and anticipation of imminent light transitions present in diurnal photoperiods established by white LED light panels. Monochromatic light also significantly increased the rate of hypocotyl elongation, which became uniform (arrhythmic) and often triggered the appearance of guttation. The rate of hypocotyl elongation was highest with the blue light and lowest with red light. In double light combinations, red light suppressed the stimulative effect of blue light, but it promoted the elongation rate when used together with far-red light. A triple light combination of red, blue, and far-red light stimulated hypocotyl elongation to a high degree and increased the elongation rate more than twofold compared with red and fourfold compared with white LED light. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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20 pages, 10999 KiB  
Article
Characterization of the N6-Methyladenosine Gene Family in Peanuts and Its Role in Abiotic Stress
by Wei Wang, Jianxin Bian, Xiaoyu Liu and Xiaoqin Liu
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010007 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 616
Abstract
Members of the m6A gene family are involved in key biological processes such as plant growth, development, stress responses, and light signal transduction. However, the function of m6A genes in peanuts has been understudied. Our analysis identified 61 m [...] Read more.
Members of the m6A gene family are involved in key biological processes such as plant growth, development, stress responses, and light signal transduction. However, the function of m6A genes in peanuts has been understudied. Our analysis identified 61 m6A family members in the peanut genome, including 21 writer genes, 22 eraser genes, and 18 reader genes, distributed across 20 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ALKBH proteins are categorized into six subfamilies, while YTH family proteins form nine subfamilies. Promoter cis-element analysis indicated that m6A gene promoters contain light-responsive, hormone-responsive, growth-related, low-temperature defense, and other stress-related elements. Expression studies of AhALKBH8Ba and AhALKBH8Bb in various peanut tissues suggest that these genes play vital roles in peanut fruit needle development. Furthermore, AhETC1a and AhETC1b were significantly upregulated following the loss of mechanical pressure in peanut pods. This study identifies several key genes involved in light and mechanical stress response during peanut pod development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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22 pages, 5774 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive In Silico Analysis of the NHX (Na+/H+ Antiporter) Gene in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
by Hoa Hai Thi Bui, Duong Huy Nguyen, Le Thu Thi Dinh, Hang Thu Thi Trinh, Thoa Kim Vu and Van Ngoc Bui
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010006 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 655
Abstract
The Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) gene family plays a pivotal role in plant salt tolerance in regulating intracellular Na+ and H+ homeostasis. In this study, seven candidate OsNHX genes (OsNHX1 to OsNHX7) were identified in [...] Read more.
The Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) gene family plays a pivotal role in plant salt tolerance in regulating intracellular Na+ and H+ homeostasis. In this study, seven candidate OsNHX genes (OsNHX1 to OsNHX7) were identified in the rice genome and classified into three phylogenetic clusters (Vac, Endo, and PM) based on their predicted subcellular localization. Five OsNHX gene pairs (OsNHX1/OsNHX2, OsNHX1/OsNHX3, OsNHX1/OsNHX4, OsNHX2/OsNHX6, and OsNHX5/OsNHX6) were found to have arisen from dispersed duplication events and exhibited purifying selection, indicating functional conservation. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) revealed a diverse range of elements associated with tissue-specific expression, hormone signaling, and stress responses, particularly to dehydration and salinity. Notably, CREs associated with tissue/organelle-specific expression and stress responses were the most abundant, suggesting a potential role for OsNHX genes in regulating growth, development, and stress tolerance in rice. Importantly, expression profiling revealed that OsNHX1, OsNHX2, OsNHX3, and OsNHX5 were upregulated under salt stress, with significantly higher expression levels in the salt-tolerant rice cultivar Pokkali compared to the salt-sensitive cultivar IR64. Our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary, structural, and functional features of the OsNHX gene family and highlights their critical role in rice salt tolerance, offering insights into potential applications for crop improvement. Full article
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18 pages, 2222 KiB  
Review
A Review of Edible Wild Plants Recently Introduced into Cultivation in Spain and Their Health Benefits
by Benito Valdes, Ekaterina Kozuharova and Christina Stoycheva
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010005 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Before the Bronze age, when agricultural practices spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula, the diet of the native people was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. In spite of modern agriculture, the popular gathering of wild species for medical use, food, craftwork, [...] Read more.
Before the Bronze age, when agricultural practices spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula, the diet of the native people was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. In spite of modern agriculture, the popular gathering of wild species for medical use, food, craftwork, etc., for centuries has left a detailed knowledge on the use of many of these species. Of the 6176 Angiosperms native to the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, over 200 species were introduced into cultivation during the Neolithic period outside the Iberian Peninsula. The names of 30 of the progenitors still popularly used as food are listed in this paper, together with the names of their derived crops. This review focuses on five wild species collected as food from ancient times, namely Borago officinalis L. Prunus spinosa L., Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garke subsp. vulgaris, Scolymus hispanicus L., and Asparagus acutifolius L. In response to great demand, they have been recently introduced into cultivation in Spain and are now harvested and commercialized as new crops. Special attention is paid to their basic bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties. The limitation of this study is that the published information about the bioactive compounds of these five plants originates from different parts of the world where they grow wild or are cultivated. Therefore, further research is needed to trace the metabolomic dynamics of these plants regarding geographical and ecological principles, as well as wild versus cultivated origins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)
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20 pages, 5654 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Media and Plant Hormone Concentrations on Callus Induction and Regeneration of Red Squill (Squilla maura) and Peruvian Squill (Oncostema peruviana)
by Ibtisam Chakrane, Omar Chlyah, Said Boughribil, Fatima Gaboun and Meriem Mdarhri Alaoui
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010004 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 803
Abstract
Two bulbous plant species, Squilla maura and Oncostema peruviana (Asparagaceae), show particularly interesting ornamental and medicinal characteristics. Micropropagation could be a promising alternative method to accelerate their naturally slow spreading pattern. This study focused on the effects of different growth regulators and culture [...] Read more.
Two bulbous plant species, Squilla maura and Oncostema peruviana (Asparagaceae), show particularly interesting ornamental and medicinal characteristics. Micropropagation could be a promising alternative method to accelerate their naturally slow spreading pattern. This study focused on the effects of different growth regulators and culture media on callus induction and shoot regeneration, from which an effective protocol was established. Leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS), MS/2, or B5 medium, containing one auxin—1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D), or 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA)—combined with the cytokinin 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), at various concentrations. All treatments resulted in callogenesis rates between 65–100% for both species. These treatments led to direct bulbil regeneration. Among the treatments, the B5 medium with 1 mgL−1 BAP and 1 mgL−1 2,4-D gave the highest regeneration rate (89.2%) for O. peruviana, while the ½MS medium with 0.5 mgL−1 BAP and 0.5 mgL−1 NAA showed the highest regeneration rate (85.5%) for S. maura. The highest mean number of bulils per explant was 7.44 for O. peruviana on the MS medium (0.5 mgL−1 BAP and 2 mgL−1 IBA), and 9.5 for S. maura on the MS medium (1 mgL−1 BAP and 0.5 mgL−1 NAA). The regenerated bulbils were transferred for multiplication to the MS medium with a hormone combination (2 mgL−1 BAP and 0.2 mgL−1 NAA) which increased the multiplication rate compared to the callus induction me dium, with a highest recorded multiplication rate of 177 (O. peruviana) and 104.33 (S. maura). The propagation stage achieved the highest number of bulbils/explant after a second subculture for the two species. An efficient micropropagation protocol was established for S. maura, which answers our main objective, and it would contribute to their conservation and sustainable use in ornamental and medicinal applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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16 pages, 1689 KiB  
Brief Report
The Effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Inoculation and Superphosphate Fertilizer on the Growth and Development of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.)
by Latoya Miranda Mthimunye, Gudani Millicent Managa and Lufuno Ethel Nemadodzi
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010003 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 565
Abstract
Nutrient-poor savanna soils severely limit agricultural productivity in Africa, hindering crops and livestock intensification and threatening food security. Addressing these deficiencies is crucial to meeting the world’s growing food demands and ensuring sustainable agricultural development. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse laid [...] Read more.
Nutrient-poor savanna soils severely limit agricultural productivity in Africa, hindering crops and livestock intensification and threatening food security. Addressing these deficiencies is crucial to meeting the world’s growing food demands and ensuring sustainable agricultural development. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse laid in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments, namely: (T1) control, (T2) 45 kg/ha superphosphate, (T3) 60 kg/ha superphosphate, (T4) 75 kg/ha superphosphate, (T5) Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant, (T6) Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant +45 kg/ha superphosphate, (T7) Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant +60 kg/ha superphosphate, and (T8) Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant +75 kg/ha superphosphate. The findings showed that the highest plant height was noted when lablab was supplemented with T4 treatment at day 21, while T2 of superphosphate had the highest leaf area. Conversely, soil supplemented with superphosphate at different levels and/or lablab seeds treated with Bradyrhizobium inoculant did not have a significant effect on the number of leaves. Overall, the application of superphosphate to the soil at different levels and treating lablab seeds with Bradyrhizobium inoculant did not have any significant effect on the plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. On day 37, the highest leaf chlorophyll was recorded on T1 and became constant amongst all the treatments as the growth progressed. From the current study, it is concluded that growing lablab in a controlled environment would benefit subsistence farmers and rural communities for its leaves consumed as vegetables and ultimately ensure food security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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13 pages, 2282 KiB  
Article
Hormonal Priming to Increase Germination of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Seeds in Saline Environments
by Iman Janah, Abdelhadi Elhasnaoui, Houssam Abouloifa, Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar and Raja Ben Laouane
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010002 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 949
Abstract
Hormonal priming has recently emerged as a powerful strategy to increase seed germination and early seedling growth, especially in challenging abiotic stress environments. This study explored the impact of gibberellic acid (GA) and salicylic acid (SA) priming on the germination performance of Stevia [...] Read more.
Hormonal priming has recently emerged as a powerful strategy to increase seed germination and early seedling growth, especially in challenging abiotic stress environments. This study explored the impact of gibberellic acid (GA) and salicylic acid (SA) priming on the germination performance of Stevia rebaudiana seeds under saline conditions. Stevia seeds were either hydroprimed with distilled water (control) or primed with varying concentrations of GA (0.1 and 0.2%) and SA (0.25 and 0.5 mM) and then exposed to salt stress (0 and 80 mM NaCl). The results demonstrated that GA and SA priming significantly enhanced germination rates, reduced mean germination time, and improved the salt tolerance index compared to untreated seeds. Primed seeds showed notable improvements in seedling vigor, including greater shoot and root lengths under salinity stress. The best results were achieved with 0.1% GA and 0.5 mM SA, effectively alleviating the detrimental impact of high salinity on germination. The primed seeds also exhibited reduced electrolyte leakage, signifying improved membrane stability under salt stress. In conclusion, this study presents robust evidence that GA and SA priming is an effective approach for enhancing the germination, salt tolerance index, and early growth of Stevia under saline conditions, offering a practical solution to improve crop establishment in salinity-affected regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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22 pages, 2178 KiB  
Article
Plant Growth-Promoting and Biocontrol Characteristics of Four Bacillus Strains and Evaluation of Their Effects on Wheat (Tr. aestivum L.)
by Mariana Petkova, Marina Marcheva, Antonia-Lucia Petrova, Vanya Slavova and Stefan Shilev
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010001 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
The present study investigated developing biological control agents against plant pathogens as an alternative to pesticides. The plant growth-promoting (PGP) and biocontrol potential of bacteria from the Bacillus genus is due to their ability to produce proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes, assist in the [...] Read more.
The present study investigated developing biological control agents against plant pathogens as an alternative to pesticides. The plant growth-promoting (PGP) and biocontrol potential of bacteria from the Bacillus genus is due to their ability to produce proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes, assist in the solubilization of phosphorus and zinc, and the production of siderophores. Cell culture and cell-free supernatant were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different Bacillus strains against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum in vitro. Fusarium graminearum is a fungus that causes plant disease, particularly in cereals like wheat and barley. As a result, significant suppression of the growth and development of this plant pathogen was observed. Plant growth-promoting activity manifested when the bacteria were applied alone and in combination. A single strain and combinations of two, three, and four strains of Bacillus were tested for their antimicrobial effects against Fusarium graminearum. The fluorescence spectroscopy results proved that the combination of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus licheniformis showed the best stimulation of development, expressed as a comparative evaluation of the yield compared to the untreated control variant. The four strains showed their potential application as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium graminearum. The four Bacillus strains also can promote plant growth by affecting nutrition, root structure, and plant health, and they have the capacity to dissolve phosphates and zinc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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