Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Intrinsic Factors
2.1. Host Specificity
2.2. Life Cycle
2.2.1. Latent Period
2.2.2. Burst Size
3. Extrinsic Factors
3.1. Host Resistance
3.2. Biotic Stressors
3.2.1. Predation
3.2.2. Virophages
3.2.3. Indirect Interactions
3.3. Abiotic Stressors
3.3.1. Temperature
3.3.2. Sunlight and UV Radiation
3.3.3. Nutrient Concentrations
3.3.4. Non-Host Particles
3.3.5. CO2 Concentrations/pH
3.3.6. Salinity
4. Virus Evolution
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Approach | Method | Examples * |
---|---|---|
Comparative studies | ||
Sampling of communities over time and correlation with changes in extrinsic factors | [95] | |
Resurrection ecology, correlation of abundances with changes in the environment | [119] | |
Experimental studies | ||
Measurement of virus life cycle traits under different conditions | [83,85,100,101] | |
Resurrection ecology, isolation of living viruses and measurement of life cycle traits under different conditions | ||
Experimental evolution studies | ||
Virus evolution to different conditions (requires constant host) | ||
Host-virus coevolution under different conditions | [87,120] | |
Virus (co)evolution in communities under different conditions | [65] | |
Modeling | ||
Virus population events across different conditions | [87] | |
Genomics | ||
Viromics to check for absence/presence of viruses across different conditions | [18] | |
Genomics and phylogenetic trees to decipher evolution and past population events (bottlenecks, extinctions, migrations, etc.) | [115,121,122] |
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Horas, E.L.; Theodosiou, L.; Becks, L. Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful? Viruses 2018, 10, 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090474
Horas EL, Theodosiou L, Becks L. Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful? Viruses. 2018; 10(9):474. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090474
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoras, Elena L., Loukas Theodosiou, and Lutz Becks. 2018. "Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful?" Viruses 10, no. 9: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090474