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Volume 19
Issue 11
10.3390/ma19112397
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effect of Voltage and Deposition Time on Surface Morphology, Mechanical Performance, and Corrosion Resistance of Chitosan–Nanohydroxyapatite Coatings

by
Klaudia Malisz-Rudzińska
1,*,
Joanna Sypniewska
1,
Marlena Grodzicka
2,
Aleksandra Mirowska
1,
Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń
3,
Beata Świeczko-Żurek
1 and
Alina Sionkowska
2,*
1
Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-229 Gdansk, Poland
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
3
Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Advanced Materials Centre, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-229 Gdansk, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2026, 19(11), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19112397
Submission received: 28 April 2026 / Revised: 26 May 2026 / Accepted: 3 June 2026 / Published: 4 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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Abstract

This study investigates the damage behavior and surface integrity of chitosan–nanohydroxyapatite (CS/nHAp) composite coatings, along with their corrosion resistance and wettability, which directly affect their biological performance in vivo. The coatings were deposited on Ti13Zr13Nb and stainless steel using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) at various voltages and deposition times. Surface topography, morphology, composition, and roughness were characterized using microscopic techniques, while wettability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties were assessed. Three-point bending tests were performed to determine coating behavior under mechanical deformation. Hydrophilic, homogeneous CS/nHAp coatings were successfully deposited without visible cracks on the surface. Coatings deposited at 10 V exhibited higher corrosion potentials compared to uncoated titanium alloy. Mechanical testing showed that coatings deposited at 10 V were significantly harder than those deposited at 20 V. The CS/nHAp20_5 coating exhibited moderate hardness (0.33 ± 0.06 GPa), the lowest Young’s modulus (12.7 ± 1.4 GPa), increased flexibility, and good adhesion, without delamination during bending tests. These results demonstrate that by modifying deposition parameters, it is possible to adjust the mechanical and protective properties of CS/nHAp coatings for potential application of the developed coating in vascular stents.
Keywords: chitosan; nanohydroxyapatite; nanocomposite coatings; three-point bending test; mechanical studies; corrosion test chitosan; nanohydroxyapatite; nanocomposite coatings; three-point bending test; mechanical studies; corrosion test
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MDPI and ACS Style

Malisz-Rudzińska, K.; Sypniewska, J.; Grodzicka, M.; Mirowska, A.; Mielewczyk-Gryń, A.; Świeczko-Żurek, B.; Sionkowska, A. Effect of Voltage and Deposition Time on Surface Morphology, Mechanical Performance, and Corrosion Resistance of Chitosan–Nanohydroxyapatite Coatings. Materials 2026, 19, 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19112397

AMA Style

Malisz-Rudzińska K, Sypniewska J, Grodzicka M, Mirowska A, Mielewczyk-Gryń A, Świeczko-Żurek B, Sionkowska A. Effect of Voltage and Deposition Time on Surface Morphology, Mechanical Performance, and Corrosion Resistance of Chitosan–Nanohydroxyapatite Coatings. Materials. 2026; 19(11):2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19112397

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malisz-Rudzińska, Klaudia, Joanna Sypniewska, Marlena Grodzicka, Aleksandra Mirowska, Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń, Beata Świeczko-Żurek, and Alina Sionkowska. 2026. "Effect of Voltage and Deposition Time on Surface Morphology, Mechanical Performance, and Corrosion Resistance of Chitosan–Nanohydroxyapatite Coatings" Materials 19, no. 11: 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19112397

APA Style

Malisz-Rudzińska, K., Sypniewska, J., Grodzicka, M., Mirowska, A., Mielewczyk-Gryń, A., Świeczko-Żurek, B., & Sionkowska, A. (2026). Effect of Voltage and Deposition Time on Surface Morphology, Mechanical Performance, and Corrosion Resistance of Chitosan–Nanohydroxyapatite Coatings. Materials, 19(11), 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19112397

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