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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 16, Issue 3 (August 2023) – 6 articles

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8 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Eye Dominance on Fixation Stability in School-Aged Children

by Evita Serpa, Madara Alecka, Ilze Ceple, Gunta Krumina, Aiga Svede, Evita Kassaliete, Viktorija Goliskina, Liva Volberga, Asnate Berzina, Rita Mikelsone, Elizabete Ozola, Daniela Toloka, Tomass Ruza, Anete Klavinska, Sofija Vasiljeva and Marija Koleda

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(3), 1-8; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.3.6 - 31 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 105

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of dominant and non-dominant eye fixations, as well as the influence of development on fixation stability. The study analyzed fixation stability in 280 school-age children, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old. Fixation stability was determined by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). During the fixation task, eye movements were recorded using the Tobii Pro Fusion eye tracking device at a 250 Hz sampling frequency. The results indicate that the fixation stability of dominant and non-dominant eyes, as well as the fixation stability of each eye regardless of dominance, improves as children grow older. It was found that for 7 and 8- year-old children, fixation in the dominant eye is significantly more stable than in the non-dominant eye, while in older children, there is no significant difference in fixation stability between the dominant and non-dominant eye. Full article

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17 pages, 1014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pun Processing in Advertising Posters: Evidence from Eye Tracking

by Anastasiia Konovalova and Tatiana Petrova

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(3), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.3.5 - 31 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 136

Abstract

This study examines the process of reading polycode advertising posters, focusing in particular on the effect of a pun in the headline. The pun, or a sequence of lexical items that can be perceived as ambiguous, is contained in the headline and different meanings of this sequence are supported by the picture and text. The results of the preliminary experiment showed that advertisements with puns are rated as more attractive, original, effective and positive compared to advertisements without puns. We hypothesized that puns in the headlines increase cognitive effort in processing posters, leading to higher evaluations. The main experiment tested this and examined differences in eye movement when reading posters with and without puns. Fifty-five Russian participants viewed advertisements while their eye movements were recorded. Our results showed no fundamental differences in the general pattern of viewing advertisement posters with and without puns. We found that readers start to perceive polycode advertisements from the text and spend more time reading the text than looking at an image. These findings shed light on how attention is distributed between verbal and non-verbal components of polycode texts, and which type of poster is more effective for information retrieval at different processing levels. Full article

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16 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behind the Scenes: Impact of Virtual Backgrounds in Educational Videos on Visual Processing and Learning Outcomes

by Leen Catrysse, Andrienne Kerckhoffs and Halszka Jarodzka

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(3), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.3.4 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 131

Abstract

The increasing use of instructional videos in educational settings has emphasized the need for a deeper understanding of their design requirements. This study investigates the impact of virtual backgrounds in educational videos on students' visual information processing and learning outcomes. Participants aged 14–17 (N = 47) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a video with a neutral, authentic, or off-topic background. Their prior knowledge and working memory capacity (WMC) were measured before watching the video, and eye tracking data was collected during the viewing. Learning outcomes and student experiences were assessed after viewing. The eye tracking data revealed that a neutral background was the least distracting, allowing students to pay better attention to relevant parts of the video. Students found the off-topic background most distracting, but the negative effect on learning outcomes was not statistically significant. In contrast to expectations, no positive effect was observed for the authentic background. Furthermore, WMC had a significant impact on visual information processing and learning outcomes. These findings suggest that educators should consider using neutral backgrounds in educational videos, particularly for learners with lower WMC. Consequently, this research underscores the significance of careful design considerations in the creation of instructional videos. Full article

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17 pages, 1845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Eye Model Parameter Variations on Simulated Eye-Tracking Outcomes

by Joshua Fischer, Johan van der Merwe and David Vandenheever

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(3), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.3.1 - 16 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 94

Abstract

The simulated data used in eye-tracking-related research has been largely generated using normative eye models with little consideration of how the variations in eye biometry found in the population may influence eye-tracking outcomes. This study investigated the influence that variations in eye model parameters have on the ability of simulated data to predict real-world eye-tracking outcomes. The real-world experiments performed by two pertinent comparative studies were replicated in a simulated environment using a highcomplexity stochastic eye model that includes anatomically accurate distributions of eye biometry parameters. The outcomes showed that variations in anterior corneal asphericity significantly influence simulated eye-tracking outcomes of both interpolation and model-based gaze estimation algorithms. Other, more commonly varied parameters such as the corneal radius of curvature and foveal offset angle had little influence on simulated outcomes. Full article

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55 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Eye Tracking in Optometry: A Systematic Review

by Leonela González-Vides, José Luis Hernández-Verdejo and Pilar Cañadas-Suárez

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(3), 1-55; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.3.3 - 16 Aug 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 223

Abstract

This systematic review examines the use of eye-tracking devices in optometry, describing their main characteristics, areas of application and metrics used. Using the PRISMA method, a systematic search was performed of three databases. The search strategy identified 141 reports relevant to this topic, indicating the exponential growth over the past ten years of the use of eye trackers in optometry. Eye-tracking technology was applied in at least 12 areas of the field of optometry and rehabilitation, the main ones being optometric device technology, and the assessment, treatment, and analysis of ocular disorders. The main devices reported on were infrared light-based and had an image capture frequency of 60 Hz to 2000 Hz. The main metrics mentioned were fixations, saccadic movements, smooth pursuit, microsaccades, and pupil variables. Study quality was sometimes limited in that incomplete information was provided regarding the devices used, the study design, the methods used, participants' visual function and statistical treatment of data. While there is still a need for more research in this area, eye-tracking devices should be more actively incorporated as a useful tool with both clinical and research applications. This review highlights the robustness this technology offers to obtain objective information about a person's vision in terms of optometry and visual function, with implications for improving visual health services and our understanding of the vision process. Full article

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17 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Eye Tracking Based Framework for Safety Improvement of Offshore Operations

by Muhammad A. Raza, Raj Kiran, Saima Ghazal, Ziho Kang, Saeed Salehi, Edward Cokely and Jiwon Jeon

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(3), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.3.2 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 103

Abstract

Offshore drilling operations consist of complex and high-risk processes. Lack of situational awareness in drilling operations has become an important human factor issue that causes safety accidents. Prolonged work shifts and fatigue are some of the crucial issues that impact performance. Eye tracking technology can be used to distinguish the degree of awareness or alertness of participants that might be related to fatigue or onsite distractions. Oculomotor activity can be used to obtain visual cues that can quantify the drilling operators’ situational awareness that might enable us to develop warning alarms to alert the driller. Such systems can help reduce accidents and save non-productive time. In this paper, eye movement char-acteristics were investigated to differentiate the situational awareness between a representa-tive expert and a group of novices using a scenario-based Virtual Reality Drilling Simulator. Significant visual oculomotor activity differences were identified between the expert and the novices that indicate an eye-tracking based system can detect the distraction and alert-ness exhibited by the workers. Results show promise on developing a framework which implements a real-time eye tracking technology in various drilling operations at drilling rigs and Real Time Operation Centers to improve process safety. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 16, Issue 3 (August 2023) – 6 articles

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