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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 16, Issue 2 (April 2023) – 6 articles

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17 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression Detection Using Virtual Avatar Communication and Eye Tracking

by Ayumi Takemoto, Inese Aispuriete, Laima Niedra and Lana Franceska Dreimane

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(2), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.2.6 - 6 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 163

Abstract

Globally, depression is one of the most common mental health issues. Therefore, finding an effective way to detect mental health problems is an important subject for study in human-machine interactions. In order to examine the potential in using a virtual avatar communication and eye tracking system to identify people as being with or without depression symptoms, this study has devised three research aims; (1) to understand the effect of different types of interviewers on eye gaze patterns, (2) to clarify the effect of neutral conversation topics on eye gaze, and (3) to compare eye gaze patterns between people with or without depression. Twenty-seven participants - fifteen in the control group and twelve in the depression symptoms group - were involved in this study and they were asked to talk to both a virtual avatar and human interviewers. Gaze patterns were recorded by an eye tracking device during both types of interaction. The experiment results indicated significant differences in eye movements between the control group and depression symptoms group. Moreover, larger gaze distribution was observed when people with depression symptoms were discussing neutral conversation topics rather than those without depression. Full article

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14 pages, 7133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The State of the Art of Diagnostic Multiparty Eye Tracking in Synchronous Computer-Mediated Collaboration

by Tom Frank Reuscher, Peyman Toreini and Alexander Maedche

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(2), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.2.4 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 115

Abstract

In recent years, innovative multiparty eye tracking setups have been introduced to synchronously capture eye movements of multiple individuals engaged in computer-mediated collaboration. Despite its great potential for studying cognitive processes within groups, the method was primarily used as an interactive tool to enable and evaluate shared gaze visualizations in remote interaction. We conducted a systematic literature review to provide a comprehensive overview of what to consider when using multiparty eye tracking as a diagnostic method in experiments and how to process the collected data to compute and analyze group-level metrics. By synthesizing our findings in an integrative conceptual framework, we identified fundamental requirements for a meaningful implementation. In addition, we derived several implications for future research, as multiparty eye tracking was mainly used to study the correlation between joint attention and task performance in dyadic interaction. We found multidimensional recurrence quantification analysis, a novel method to quantify group-level dynamics in physiological data, to be a promising procedure for addressing some of the highlighted research gaps. In particular, the computation method enables scholars to investigate more complex cognitive processes within larger groups, as it scales up to multiple data streams. Full article

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18 pages, 1969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Practice and Musical Structure on Pianists’ Eye-Hand Span and Visual Monitoring

by Michel A. Cara

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(2), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.2.5 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 100

Abstract

This study examines short-term improvement of music performances and oculomotor behaviour during four successive executions of a brief musical piece composed by Bartók, “Slovak Boys’ Dance”. Pianists (n = 22) were allowed to practice for two minutes between each trial. Eye-tracking data were collected as well as MIDI information from pianists’ performances. Cognitive skills were assessed by a spatial memory test and a reading span test. Principal component analysis (PCA) enabled us to distinguish two axes, one associated with anticipation and the other with dependence/independence on written code. The effect of musical structure, determined by the emergence of different sections in the score, was observed in all the dependent variables selected from the PCA; we also observed the effect of practice on the number of fixations, the number of glances at the keyboard (GAK) and the awareness span. Pianist expertise was associated with fewer fixations and GAK, better anticipation capacities and more effective strategies for visual monitoring of motor movements. The significant correlations observed between the reading span test and GAK duration highlight the challenge of working memory involvement during music reading. Full article

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14 pages, 4229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Movements in Response to Different Cognitive Activities Measured by Eyetracking: A Prospective Study on Some of the Neurolinguistics Programming Theories

by Mathieu Marconi, Noelia Do Carmo Blanco, Christophe Zimmer and Alice Guyon

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(2), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.2.2 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 394

Abstract

The eyes are in constant movement to optimize the interpretation of the visual scene by the brain. Eye movements are controlled by complex neural networks that interact with the rest of the brain. The direction of our eye movements could thus be influenced by our cognitive activity (imagination, internal dialogue, memory, etc.). A given cognitive activity could then cause the gaze to move in a specific direction (a brief movement that would be instinctive and unconscious). Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP), which was developed in the 1970s by Richard Bandler and John Grinder (psychologist and linguist respectively), issued a comprehensive theory associating gaze directions with specific mental tasks. According to this theory, depending on the visual path observed, one could go back to the participant's thoughts and cognitive processes. Although NLP is widely used in many disciplines (communication, psychology, psychotherapy, marketing, etc), to date, few scientific studies have examined the validity of this theory. Using eye tracking, this study explores one of the hypotheses of this theory, which is one of the pillars of NLP on visual language. We created a protocol based on a series of questions of different types (supposed to engage different brain areas) and we recorded by eye tracking the gaze movements at the end of each question while the participants were thinking and elaborating on the answer. Our results show that (1) complex questions elicit significantly more eye movements than control questions that necessitate little reflection, (2) the movements are not random but are oriented in selected directions, according to the different question types, (3) the orientations observed are not those predicted by the NLP theory. This pilot experiment paves the way for further investigations to decipher the close links between eye movements and neural network activities in the brain. Full article

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15 pages, 4903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical and Motor Changes Associated with Lighting and near Vision Tasks in Electronic Devices

by Elvira Orduna-Hospital, Ebrahim Safarian Baloujeh, Rafael Navarro and Ana Sanchez-Cano

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(2), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.2.3 - 1 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 237

Abstract

Purpose: To assess optical and motor changes associated with near vision reading under different controlled lighting conditions performed with two different types of electronic screens. Methods: Twenty-four healthy subjects with a mean age of 22.9 ± 2.3 years (18–33) participated in this study. An iPad and an e-ink reader were chosen to present calibrated text, and each task lasted 5 min evaluating both ambient illuminance level and luminance of the screens. Results: Eye-tracker data revealed a higher number of saccadic eye movements under minimum luminance than under maximum luminance. The results showed statistically significant differences between the iPad (p = 0.016) and the e-ink reader (p = 0.002). The length of saccades was also higher for the minimum luminance level for both devices: 6.2 ± 2.8 mm and 8.2 ± 4.2 mm (e-ink max vs min), 6.8 ± 2.9 mm and 7.6 ± 3.6 mm (iPad max vs min), and blinking rate increased significantly for lower lighting conditions. Conclusions: Performing reading tasks on electronic devices is highly influenced by both the configuration of the screens and the ambient lighting, meanwhile, low differences in visual quality that are transient in healthy young people, were found. Full article

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10 pages, 13452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Application of Eye Movement Parameters Collected from Mass Market Devices for the Estimation of a Text Comprehension

by Ksenia Babanova, Arsen Revazov, Konstantin Chernozatonskiy, Andrey Pikunov and Victor Anisimov

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(2), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.2.1 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 101

Abstract

The growing interest in evaluating the reader's comprehension leads to the search for new methods that allow such estimation in real-time (or pseudo-real-time). This can be used for more effective educational processes and to adopt textual content for various purposes. The present study used the Oken Reader eye-tracking application (60 Hz) for mass-market devices to assess reading comprehension processes. Twenty-three (23) respondents aged between 19 and 31 (mean = 24. 5, SE = 1. 4, 65% female) participated in the study. The mean, mu, and sigma parameters differed significantly depending on the level of text comprehension. This result indicates the possibility of using mass-market devices with eye-tracking technology to assess comprehension in reading. Furthermore, the study's results confirm the possibility of searching the correlations between physiological indicators such as eye movements and comprehension. Full article

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