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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 16, Issue 4 (September 2023) – 6 articles

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23 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Cognitive Factors and Eye Movement Data in Reading Predictive Models for Children with Dyslexia and ADHD-I

by Norberto Pereira, Maria Armanda Costa and Manuela Guerreiro

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(4), 1-23; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.4.6 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 127

Abstract

This study reports on several specific neurocognitive processes and eye-tracking predictors of reading outcomes for a sample of children with Developmental Dyslexia (DD) and At-tention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) compared to typical readers. Participants included 19 typical readers, 21 children diagnosed with ADHD-I and 19 children with DD. All participants were attending 4th grade and had a mean age of 9.08 years. The psycholinguistic profile of each group was assessed using a battery of neuropsy-chological and linguistic tests. Participants were submitted to a silent reading task with lex-ical manipulation of the text. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the predictive capability of developing dyslexia or ADHD-I based on the following measures: (a) a linguistic model that included measures of phonological awareness, rapid naming, and reading fluency and accuracy; (b) a cognitive neuropsychological model that included measures of memory, attention, visual processes, and cognitive or intellectual functioning, and (c) an additive model of lexical word properties with manipulation of word-frequency and word-length effects through eye-tracking. The additive model in conjunction with the neuropsychological model classification improved the prediction of who develops dyslexia or ADHD-I having as baseline normal readers. Several of the neuropsychological and eye-tracking variables have power to predict the degree of reading outcomes in children with learning disabilities. Full article

22 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Format Familiarity and Word Frequency in Chinese Reading

by Ming Jing Chen and Jia Mei Lu

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(4), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.4.5 - 29 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 61

Abstract

For Chinese readers, reading from left to right is the norm, while reading from right to left is unfamiliar. This study comprises two experiments investigating how format familiarity and word frequency affect reading by Chinese people. Experiment 1 examines the roles of format familiarity (reading from left to right is the familiar Chinese format, and reading from right to left is the unfamiliar Chinese format) and word frequency in vocabulary recognition. Forty students read the same Chinese sentences from left to right and from right to left. Target words were divided into high and low frequency words. In Experiment 2, participants engaged in right-to-left reading training for 10 days to test whether their right-to-left reading performance could be improved. The study yields several main findings. First, format familiarity affects vocabulary recognition. Participants reading from left to right had shorter fixation times, higher skipping rates, and viewing positions closer to word center.. Second, word frequency affects vocabulary recognition in Chinese reading. Third, right-to-left reading training could improve reading performance. In the early indexes, the interaction effect of format familiarity and word frequency was significant. There was also a significant word-frequency effect from left to right but not from right to left. Therefore, word segmentation and vocabulary recognition may be sequential in Chinese reading. Full article

12 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Primacy of Mouth over Eyes to Perceive Audiovisual Mandarin Lexical Tones

by Biao Zeng, Guoxing Yu, Nabil Hasshim and Shanhu Hong

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(4), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.4.4 - 29 Nov 2023

Viewed by 66

Abstract

The visual cues of lexical tones are more implicit and much less investigated than consonants and vowels, and it is still unclear what facial areas contribute to facial tones identification. This study investigated Chinese and English speakers’ eye movements when they were asked to identify audiovisual Mandarin lexical tones. The Chinese and English speakers were presented with an audiovisual clip of Mandarin monosyllables (for instance, /ă/, /à/, /ĭ/, /ì/) and were asked to identify whether the syllables were a dipping tone (/ă/, / ĭ/) or a falling tone (/ à/, /ì/). These audiovisual syllables were presented in clear, noisy and silent (absence of audio signal) conditions. An eye-tracker recorded the participants’ eye movements. Results showed that the participants gazed more at the mouth than the eyes. In addition, when acoustic conditions became adverse, both the Chinese and English speakers increased their gaze duration at the mouth rather than at the eyes. The findings suggested that the mouth is the primary area that listeners utilise in their perception of audiovisual lexical tones. The similar eye movements between the Chinese and English speakers imply that the mouth acts as a perceptual cue that provides articulatory information, as opposed to social and pragmatic information. Full article

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14 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Saccadic Eye Movement and Smooth Pursuit Gain in Patients with Acquired Comitant Esotropia After Strabismus Surgery

by Miharu Mihara, Atsushi Hayashi, Ken Kakeue and Ryoi Tamura

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(4), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.4.3 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 64

Abstract

This study investigates the change in horizontal saccadic eye movement and smooth pursuit in patients with acquired comitant esotropia (ACE), before and after strabismus surgery. The horizontal saccades and pursuit in 11 patients with ACE were recorded using a video eye-tracker under binocular viewing before and after strabismus surgery. Participants were instructed to fixate on the new target as rapidly as possible when it randomly appeared at either 18.3° rightward or 18.3° leftward. For smooth pursuit, participants were asked to track, as accurately as possible, a step-ramp target moving at ±6.1°/s. The asymmetry of adduction-abduction and the binocular coordination in gains of saccade and pursuit were compared between the pre- and post-surgical data. The asymmetry of adduction-abduction saccade gain in each eye after surgery tended to be smaller than that before surgery. The binocular coordination of saccade showed significant improvement after surgery in only the non-dominant eye direction. Adduction-abduction asymmetry in the smooth pursuit gain in each eye after surgery tended to be smaller than before surgery. After surgery, the binocular coordination of pursuit was improved significantly in both directions. In patients with ACE, binocular coordination of saccade and smooth pursuit was poor. Binocular coordination of saccade and pursuit seems to be improved due to the improvement in ocular deviation angle and binocular visual function after surgery. Full article

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17 pages, 1532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing Different Function Fitting Methods for Mobile Eye-Tracker Calibration

by Björn R. Severitt, Thomas C. Kübler and Enkelejda Kasneci

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(4), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.4.2 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 60

Abstract

During calibration, an eye-tracker fits a mapping function from features to a target gaze point. While there is research on which mapping function to use, little is known about how to best estimate the function’s parameters. We investigate how different fitting methods impact accuracy under different noise factors, such as mobile eye-tracker imprecision or detection errors in feature extraction during calibration. For this purpose, a simulation of binocular gaze was developed for (a) different calibration patterns and (b) different noise characteristics. We found the commonly used polynomial regression via least-squares-error fit often lacks to find good mapping functions when compared to ridge regression. Especially as data becomes noisier, outlier-tolerant fitting methods are of importance. We demonstrate a reduction in mean MSE of 20% by simply using ridge over polynomial fit in a mobile eye-tracking experiment. Full article

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14 pages, 4142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motion Velocity as a Preattentive Feature in Cartographic Symbolization

by Paweł Cybulski and Vassilios Krassanakis

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2023, 16(4), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.16.4.1 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 75

Abstract

The presented study aims to examine the process of preattentive processing of dynamic point symbols used in cartographic symbology. More specifically, we explore different motion types of geometric symbols on a map together with various motion velocity distribution scales. The main hypothesis is that, in specific cases, motion velocity of dynamic point symbols is the feature that could be perceived preattentively on a map. In a controlled laboratory experiment, with 103 participants and eye tracking methods, we used administrative border maps with animated symbols. Participants’ task was to find and precisely identify the fastest changing symbol. It turned out that not every type of motion could be perceived preattentively even though the motion distribution scale did not change. The same applied to symbols’ shape. Eye movement analysis revealed that successful detection was closely related to the fixation on the target after initial preattentive vision. This confirms a significant role of the motion velocity distribution and the usage of symbols’ shape in cartographic design of animated maps. Full article

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