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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 11, Issue 1 (February 2018) – 6 articles

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7 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Eye Movements Under Time Varying Stimuli

by Verica Radisavljevic-Gajic

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(1), 1-7; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.1.6 - 13 Jun 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 67

Abstract

In this paper we study the pure-slow and pure-fast dynamics of the disparity convergence of the eye movements second-order linear dynamic mathematical model under time varying stimuli. Performing simulation of the isolated pure-slow and pure-fast dynamics, it has been observed that the pure-fast component corresponding to the eye angular velocity displays abrupt and very fast changes in a very broad range of values. The result obtained is specific for the considered second-order mathematical model that does not include any saturation elements nor time-delay elements. The importance of presented results is in their mathematical simplicity and exactness. More complex mathematical models can be built starting with the presented pure-slow and pure-fast first-order models by appropriately adding saturation and time-delay elements independently to the identified isolated pure-slow and pure-fast first-order models. Full article

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18 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Real-Time Headbox Adjustments on Data Quality

by Pieter Blignaut

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.1.4 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 76

Abstract

Following a patent owned by Tobii, the framerate of a CMOS camera can be increased by reducing the size of the recording window so that it fits the eyes with minimum room to spare. The position of the recording window can be dynamically adjusted within the camera sensor area to follow the eyes as the participant moves the head. Since only a portion of the camera sensor data is communicated to the computer and processed, much higher framerates can be achieved with the same CPU and camera. Eye trackers can be expected to present data at a high speed, with good accuracy and precision, small latency and with minimal loss of data while allowing participants to behave as normally as possible. In this study, the effect of headbox adjustments in real-time is investigated with respect to the above-mentioned parameters. It was found that, for the specific camera model and tracking algorithm, one or two headbox adjustments per second, as would normally be the case during recording of human participants, could be tolerated in favour of a higher framerate. The effect of adjustment of the recording window can be reduced by using a larger recording window at the cost of the framerate. Full article

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28 pages, 24267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of an Extensive Set of Eye Movement Features: Extraction Methods and Statistical Analysis

by Ioannis Rigas, Lee Friedman and Oleg Komogortsev

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(1), 1-28; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.1.3 - 20 Mar 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 152

Abstract

This work presents a study of an extensive set of 101 categories of eye movement features from three types of eye movement events: fixations, saccades, and post-saccadic oscillations. We present a unified framework of methods for the extraction of features that describe the temporal, positional and dynamic characteristics of eye movements. We perform statistical analysis of feature values by employing eye movement data from a normative population of 298 subjects, recorded during a text reading task. We present overall measures for the central tendency and variability of feature values, and we quantify the test-retest reliability of features using either the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (for normally distributed and normalized features) or Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (for non-normally distributed features). Finally, for the case of normally distributed and normalized features we additionally perform factor analysis and provide interpretations of the resulting factors. The presented methods and analysis can provide a valuable tool for researchers in various fields that explore eye movements, such as in behavioral studies, attention and cognition research, medical research, biometric recognition, and humancomputer interaction. Full article

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18 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Words and Graphs Move the Eyes: The Processing of Multimodal Causal Relations

by Giovanni Parodi, Cristóbal Julio and Inés Recio

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.1.5 - 9 Mar 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 84

Abstract

Research on causal relations in multisemiotic texts constituted by words and graphs has been scarce with only a few exceptions. In the current study, eye movement behavior was studied in seventy-six Chilean high school students, who read a set of twelve causally-related economics texts in Spanish in four experimental conditions. The objective is twofold. We aimed, on the one hand, to observe the main effects of the causal discourse marker (DM) por tanto and the statistical causal graph (G), as well as the interaction effect of both variables on different eye tracking measures. On the other, we seek to observe the effects of the DM on the same eye tracking measures for the graph system (GS) area of interest (AOI). The findings showed that the conjoint presence of the DM and the G did not positively influence the processing of selected AOIs. Analyses also reveal no significant effects on the GS AOI. Thus, the results indicate that the DM tend to decrease processing times, while the G increases them. Additional analyses conducted on the integrative transitions between the verbal system and the graph system reveal that more transitions were identified between the consequence segment and the graph system, thereby confirming that the consequence segment is crucial for the integration of both semiotic systems. Full article

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22 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One Page of Text: Eye Movements During Regular and Thorough Reading, Skimming, and Spell Checking

by Alexander Strukelj and Diederick C. Niehorster

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(1), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.1.1 - 26 Feb 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 207

Abstract

Eye movements during regular reading, thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking of single pages of text were measured, to investigate how high-level reading tasks elicited by instructions affect reading behavior. Word frequency and word length effects were found. All results were compared to regular reading. Thorough reading involved longer total reading times and more rereading, and resulted in higher comprehension scores. Skimming involved longer saccades, shorter average fixation durations, more word skipping, shorter total reading times evenly distributed across the page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Spell checking involved shorter saccades, longer average fixation durations, less word skipping, longer total reading times evenly distributed across the entire page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Replicating local effects shows that paragraphs maintain sufficient experimental rigor, while also enabling reading analyses from a global perspective. Compared to regular reading, thorough reading was more elaborate and less uniform, skimming was faster and more uniform, and spell checking was slower and more uniform. Full article

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13 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method to Compensate Head Movements for Mobile Eye Tracker Using Invisible Markers

by Rie Osawa and Susumu Shirayama

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(1), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.1.2 - 6 Jan 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 97

Abstract

Although mobile eye-trackers have wide measurement range of gaze, and high flexibility, it is difficult to judge what a subject is actually looking at based only on obtained coordinates, due to the influence of head movement. In this paper, a method to compensate for head movements while seeing the large screen with mobile eye-tracker is proposed, through the use of NIR-LED markers embedded on the screen. The head movements are compensated by performing template matching on the images of view camera to detect the actual eye position on the screen. As a result of the experiment, the detection rate of template matching was 98.6%, the average distance between the actual eye position and the corrected eye position was approximately 16 pixels for the projected image (1920 × 1080). Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 11, Issue 1 (February 2018) – 6 articles

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