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Volume 10
Issue 4
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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 10, Issue 4 (October 2017) – 6 articles

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17 pages, 634 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Eye Movement Measures Across Reading Efficiency Quartile Groups in Elementary, Middle, and High School Students in the U.S.
by Alexandra N. Spichtig, Jeffrey P. Pascoe, John D. Ferrara and Christian Vorstius
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(4), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.4.5 - 2 Dec 2017
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 49
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined eye movements during reading across grades in students with differing levels of reading efficiency. Eye-movement recordings were obtained while students in grades 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 silently read normed grade-leveled texts with demonstrated comprehension. Recordings from [...] Read more.
This cross-sectional study examined eye movements during reading across grades in students with differing levels of reading efficiency. Eye-movement recordings were obtained while students in grades 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 silently read normed grade-leveled texts with demonstrated comprehension. Recordings from students in each reading rate quartile at each grade level were compared to characterize differences in reading rate, number of fixations, number of regressions, and fixation durations. Comparisons indicated that students in higher reading rate quartiles made fewer fixations and regressions per word, and had shorter fixation durations. These indices of greater efficiency were also characteristic of students in upper as compared to lower grades, with two exceptions: (a) between grades 6 and 8, fixations and regressions increased while reading rates stagnated and fixation durations continued to decline, and (b) beyond grade 6 there was relatively little growth in the reading efficiency of students in the lower two reading rate quartiles. These results suggest that declines in fixation duration across grades may in part reflect broader maturational processes, while higher fixation and regression rates may distinguish students who continue to struggle with word recognition during their high school years. Full article
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18 pages, 4225 KiB  
Article
Less Users More Confidence: How AOIs Don't Affect Scanpath Trend Analysis
by Sukru Eraslan, Yeliz Yesilada and Simon Harper
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(4), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.4.6 - 22 Nov 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 56
Abstract
User studies are typically difficult, recruiting enough users is often problematic and each experiment takes a considerable amount of time to be completed. In these studies, eye tracking is increasingly used which often increases time, therefore, the lower the number of users required [...] Read more.
User studies are typically difficult, recruiting enough users is often problematic and each experiment takes a considerable amount of time to be completed. In these studies, eye tracking is increasingly used which often increases time, therefore, the lower the number of users required for these studies the better for making these kinds of studies more practical in terms of economics and time expended. The possibility of achieving almost the same results with fewer users has already been raised. Specifically, the possibility of achieving 75% similarity to the results of 65 users with 27 users for searching tasks and 34 users for browsing tasks has been observed in scanpath trend analysis which discovers the most commonly followed path on a particular web page in terms of its visual elements or areas of interest (AOIs). Different approaches are available to segment or divide web pages into their visual elements or AOIs. In this paper, we investigate whether the possibility raised by the previous work is restricted to a particular page segmentation approach by replicating the experiments with two other segmentation approaches. The results are consistent with ~5% difference for the searching tasks and ~10% difference for the browsing tasks. Full article
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13 pages, 3665 KiB  
Article
Does Descriptive Text Change How People Look at Art? A Novel Analysis of Eye—Movements Using Data—Driven Units of Interest
by Alan Davies, Manuele Reani, Markel Vigo, Simon Harper, Clare Gannaway, Martin Grimes and Caroline Jay
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(4), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.4.4 - 22 Nov 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 54
Abstract
Does reading a description of an artwork affect how a person subsequently views it? In a controlled study, we show that in most cases, textual description does not influence how people subsequently view paintings, contrary to participants' self-report that they believed it did. [...] Read more.
Does reading a description of an artwork affect how a person subsequently views it? In a controlled study, we show that in most cases, textual description does not influence how people subsequently view paintings, contrary to participants' self-report that they believed it did. To examine whether the description affected transition behaviour, we devised a novel analysis method that systematically determines Units of Interest (UOIs), and calculates transitions between these, to quantify the effect of an external factor (a descriptive text) on the viewing pattern of a naturalistic stimulus (a painting). UOIs are defined using a grid-based system, where the cell-size is determined by a clustering algorithm (DBSCAN). The Hellinger distance is computed for the distance between two Markov chains using a permutation test, constructed from the transition matrices (visual shifts between UOIs) of the two groups for each painting. Results show that the description does not affect the way in which people transition between UOIs for all but one of the paintings—an abstract work—suggesting that description may play more of a role in determining transition behaviour when a lack of semantic cues means it is unclear how the painting should be interpreted. The contribution is twofold: to the domain of art/curation, we provide evidence that descriptive texts do not effect how people view paintings, with the possible exception of some abstract paintings; to the domain of eye-movement research, we provide a method with the potential to answer questions across multiple research areas, where the goal is to determine whether a particular factor or condition consistently affects viewing behaviour of naturalistic stimuli. Full article
26 pages, 2642 KiB  
Article
Probabilistic Approach to Robust Wearable Gaze Tracking
by Miika Toivanen, Kristian Lukander and Kai Puolamäki
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(4), 1-26; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.4.2 - 8 Nov 2017
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 35
Abstract
This paper presents a method for computing the gaze point using camera data captured with a wearable gaze tracking device. The method utilizes a physical model of the human eye, advanced Bayesian computer vision algorithms, and Kalman filtering, resulting in high accuracy and [...] Read more.
This paper presents a method for computing the gaze point using camera data captured with a wearable gaze tracking device. The method utilizes a physical model of the human eye, advanced Bayesian computer vision algorithms, and Kalman filtering, resulting in high accuracy and low noise. Our C++ implementation can process camera streams with 30 frames per second in realtime. The performance of the system is validated in an exhaustive experimental setup with 19 participants, using a self-made device. Due to the used eye model and binocular cameras, the system is accurate for all distances and invariant to device movement. We also test our system against a best-in-class commercial device which is outperformed for spatial accuracy and precision. The software and hardware instructions as well as the experimental data are published as open source. Full article
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9 pages, 592 KiB  
Article
Pupil Response as an Indicator of Hazard Perception During Simulator Driving
by Florentin Vintila, Thomas C. Kübler and Enkelejda Kasneci
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(4), 1-9; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.4.3 - 6 Nov 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 36
Abstract
We investigate the pupil response to hazard perception during driving simulation. Complementary to gaze movement and physiological stress indicators, pupil size changes can provide valuable information on traffic hazard perception with a relatively low temporal delay. We tackle the challenge of identifying those [...] Read more.
We investigate the pupil response to hazard perception during driving simulation. Complementary to gaze movement and physiological stress indicators, pupil size changes can provide valuable information on traffic hazard perception with a relatively low temporal delay. We tackle the challenge of identifying those pupil dilation events associated with hazardous events from a noisy signal by a combination of wavelet transformation and machine learning. Therefore, we use features of the wavelet components as training data of a support vector machine. We further demonstrate how to utilize the method for the analysis of actual hazard perception and how it may differ from the behavioral driving response. Full article
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13 pages, 488 KiB  
Article
Using Smooth Pursuit Calibration for Difficult-to-Calibrate Participants
by Pieter Blignaut
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(4), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.4.1 - 4 Oct 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 44
Abstract
Although the 45-dots calibration routine of a previous study (Blignaut, 2016) provided very good accuracy, it requires intense mental effort and the routine proved to be unsuccessful for young children who struggle to maintain concentration. The calibration procedures that are normally used for [...] Read more.
Although the 45-dots calibration routine of a previous study (Blignaut, 2016) provided very good accuracy, it requires intense mental effort and the routine proved to be unsuccessful for young children who struggle to maintain concentration. The calibration procedures that are normally used for difficult-to-calibrate participants, such as autistic children and infants, do not suffice since they are not accurate enough and the reliability of research results might be jeopardised. Smooth pursuit has been used before for calibration and is applied in this paper as an alternative routine for participants who are difficult to calibrate with conventional routines. Gaze data is captured at regular intervals and many calibration targets are generated while the eyes are following a moving target. The procedure could take anything between 30 s and 60 s to complete, but since an interesting target and/or a conscious task may be used, participants are assisted to maintain concentration. It was proven that the accuracy that can be attained through calibration with a moving target along an even horizontal path is not significantly worse than the accuracy that can be attained with a standard method of watching dots appearing in random order. The routine was applied successfully for a group of children with ADD, ADHD and learning abilities. This result is important as it provides for easier calibration—especially in the case of participants who struggle to keep their gaze focused and stable on a stationary target for long enough. Full article
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