Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction

8 pages, 116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Maxillofacial Fractures in Uttar Pradesh, India

by Padmanidhi Agarwal, Divya Mehrotra, Rajul Agarwal, Sumit Kumar and Rahul Pandey

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 48-55; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1597581 - 16 Dec 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 47

This study aimed to obtain dependable epidemiologic data of the variation in cause and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures by identifying, describing, and quantifying trauma. This retrospective study was conducted in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, over 1 year, based on a systematic [...] Read more.

This study aimed to obtain dependable epidemiologic data of the variation in cause and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures by identifying, describing, and quantifying trauma. This retrospective study was conducted in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, over 1 year, based on a systematic computer-assisted database search from March 2015 to March 2016 for maxillofacial fractures. The demographics, etiology, geographic distribution, date of injury, site and number of fractures, and type of intervention were recorded for each. The study population consisted of 1000 patients with 1543 fractures. The male:female ratio was 8:1. A peak incidence of fractures was seen in the third decade (mean age: 30.3) with maximum patients younger than 40 years (80.8%). The incidence of fractures was highest in spring (42.9%). Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of trauma (64.4%) and mainly involved two wheelers (60.2%). Single-site fractures were most common. Mostly zygomatic (45.1%) and mandibular fractures (44.4%) were encountered, accounting for approximately 90% of all fractures. The main site of mandibular fractures was the body (34.4%); 46.2% of fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) while 53.8% were treated by closed methods. The study provides important data to contrive future plans for injury prevention. The trend of most traffic-related injuries continues with the increasing traffic on roads. Zygomatic complex and mandibular fractures remain the most frequent. The major populations at risk are young men and those driving two wheelers. The use of helmets could achieve a large reduction in maxillofacial fractures. Awareness for preventive measures and safety guidelines should be propagated and legislation on traffic rules strictly reinforced. Full article

4 pages, 620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Single-Center Review of Radiologically Diagnosed Maxillofacial Fractures: Etiology and Distribution

by Jordan N. Halsey, Ian C. Hoppe, Mark S. Granick and Edward S. Lee

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 44-47; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1597582 - 16 Dec 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 53

Abstract

The etiology of fractures of the maxillofacial skeleton varies among studies, with motor vehicle accidents and assaults oftentimes the most common. The number of males outnumbers females throughout most studies. Fractures of the zygoma, orbit, and mandible are usually cited as most common [...] Read more.

The etiology of fractures of the maxillofacial skeleton varies among studies, with motor vehicle accidents and assaults oftentimes the most common. The number of males outnumbers females throughout most studies. Fractures of the zygoma, orbit, and mandible are usually cited as most common fracture types. This study examines a single center's experience with regards to etiology and distribution of fractures. A retrospective review of all radiologically confirmed facial fractures in a level 1 trauma center in an urban environment was performed for the years 2000 to 2012. Patient demographics, etiology of injury, and location of fractures were collected. During this time period, 2998 patients were identified as having sustained a fracture of the facial skeleton. The average age was 36.9 years, with a strong male predominance (81.5%). The most common etiologies of injury were assault (44.9%) and motor vehicle accidents (14.9%). Throughout the study period, the number of fractures as a result of assault remained relatively constant, whereas the number as a result of motor vehicle accidents decreased slightly. The most common fracture observed was of the orbit, followed by mandible, nasal bones, zygoma, and frontal sinus. Patients sustaining a fracture as a result of assault were more likely to have a mandible fracture. Patients in motor vehicle accidents were more likely to suffer fractures of the maxilla, orbit, and frontal sinus. Mandible fractures are more common in cases of assault. Motor vehicle accidents convey a large force, which, when directed at the craniofacial skeleton, can cause a variety of fracture patterns. The decreasing number of fractures as a result of motor vehicle accidents may represent improved safety devices such as airbags. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 7102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of C-Arm to Assess Reduction of Zygomatic Complex Fractures: A Comparative Study

by Atmakuru Venkata Maheedhar, C. Ravindran and Emmanuel D. S. Azariah

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 35-43; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1592085 - 7 Nov 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 74

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the use of C-arm and its significance in accurate reduction of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Orbital volume is used as parameter to compared pre- and postoperative volumes of injured orbit. Differences in orbital volume calculated [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to analyze the use of C-arm and its significance in accurate reduction of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Orbital volume is used as parameter to compared pre- and postoperative volumes of injured orbit. Differences in orbital volume calculated in cases done with intraoperative imaging and in controls treated without the use of intraoperative imaging were evaluated using Student t-test. C-arm is definitively an effective tool in the armamentarium of oral and maxillofacial surgery in assessment of reduction of ZMC fracture. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 5094 KiB

Open AccessReview

Zygomatic Intraosseous Hemangioma: Case Report and Literature Review

by David B. Powers, Elda Fisher and Detlev Erdmann

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1592087 - 4 Nov 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 68

Abstract

Intraosseous hemangiomas are uncommon intrabony lesions, representing approximately 0.5 to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. Their description varies from “benign vasoformative neoplasms” to true hamartomatous proliferations of endothelial cells forming a vascular network with intermixed fibrous connective tissue stroma. These commonly present as [...] Read more.

Intraosseous hemangiomas are uncommon intrabony lesions, representing approximately 0.5 to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. Their description varies from “benign vasoformative neoplasms” to true hamartomatous proliferations of endothelial cells forming a vascular network with intermixed fibrous connective tissue stroma. These commonly present as a firm, painless swelling. Intraosseous hemangiomas present more commonly in females than in males and most likely occur in the fourth decade of life. The most common etiology of intraosseous hemangioma is believed to be prior trauma to the area. They have a tendency to bleed briskly upon removal or biopsy, making preoperative detection of the vascular nature of the lesion of significant importance. There are four variants: (1) capillary type, (2) cavernous type, (3) mixed variant, and (4) scirrhous type. Generally most common in the vertebral skeleton, they can also present in the calvarium and facial bones. In the head, the most common site is the parietal bone, followed by the mandible, and then malar and zygomatic regions. Intraosseous hemangiomas of the zygoma are rare entities with the first case reported in 1950 by Schoenfield. In this article, we review 49 case reports of intraosseous hemangioma of the zygoma, and also present a new case treated with excision followed by polyether-ether ketone implant placement for primary reconstruction. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Clamps for a Simple Low-Profile Autologous Osteosynthesis in the Reconstruction of Posttraumatic Craniofacial Convexital Skeletal Disruption

by Amos Olufemi Adeleye and Toluyemi Adefolarin Malomo

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 29-34; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1592096 - 17 Oct 2016

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 61

Abstract

Attempts at reconstruction of posttraumatic craniofacial defects (PTCDs) can be a challenge in low-resource practice areas of the world where the needed biomaterials are logistically beyond reach. A simple low-profile technique of autologous osteosynthesis for PTCD using the titanium clamps is presented in [...] Read more.

Attempts at reconstruction of posttraumatic craniofacial defects (PTCDs) can be a challenge in low-resource practice areas of the world where the needed biomaterials are logistically beyond reach. A simple low-profile technique of autologous osteosynthesis for PTCD using the titanium clamps is presented in this report. In addition, a 6-year prospective database on a consecutive cohort of patients who underwent this procedure was analyzed for clinical, functional, and aesthetic outcomes, both in-hospital and at midterm follow-up. The clinical data of 18 patients, all males, mean age 31.3 years (standard deviation, 9.7), were analyzed. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were the cause of trauma in 14 of 18 patients (78%) and motorcycle crash, none helmeted, in 10 of the 18 patients (71% of RTAs). Out of 18 cases, 17 were open fractures; 89% suffered mild head injury, and associated brain injury on CT scan included pneumocephalus in 6 (5 of them significant); acute extradural hematoma in 4 and subdural in 2, and brain contusions in 9. The surgery was successful in all the cases: operative time <3 hours in 10 cases (56%), the in-hospital outcome was good in 95%. The median follow-up time was 24 months, in 6 of the 18 cases for ≥36 months. There was no case of surgical site infection in the perioperative or the follow-up period to date. The aesthetic outcome was also acceptable. This surgical technique for the reconstruction of PTCD appears effectual. Although its low cost makes it very attractive therein, it appears to be actually also recommendable even outside the low-resource developing countries. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infraorbital Nerve Decompression for Infraorbital Neuralgia/Causalgia following Blowout Orbital Fractures: A Case Series

by Bijan Beigi, Mazda Beigi, Nuwan Niyadurupola, Manuel Saldana, Nabil El-Hindy and Deepak Gupta

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 22-28; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1592095 - 17 Oct 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 72

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to present the management of a series of patients referred with infraorbital nerve paraesthesia that developed after insignificant orbital floor fracture without diplopia or exophthalmos, and that did not require initial surgical repair. This is a retrospective [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to present the management of a series of patients referred with infraorbital nerve paraesthesia that developed after insignificant orbital floor fracture without diplopia or exophthalmos, and that did not require initial surgical repair. This is a retrospective interventional case series. The main outcome and measures were assessment of preoperative symptoms including neuralgia and sensory symptoms; review of periorbital computed tomography (CT) scans; and assessment of postoperative effects of surgery for infraorbital nerve decompression. Nine patients were identified who developed neuralgia affecting the infraorbital nerve distribution from a cohort of 79 patients who presented with orbital floor fracture. Six were female and three were male. Age range was 22 to 73 years with a mean of 48 years. Six patients were clinically depressed due to the chronic pain. In addition, two patients had dizziness on upgaze; one patient had blurring of central vision on eye movements; and one patient had mood swings. Reviews of CT scans revealed subtle disruption of the infraorbital canal in all cases. All nine patients underwent infraorbital nerve decompression. Abnormal adhesions between the nerve and its bony canal were found in five of nine cases. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 37 months (mean: 18 months). Following surgery, after a variable period of time ranging from 1 day to 3 months, all patients had resolution of their symptoms. Mean follow-up was 18 months. Reconstructive surgeons should be aware that infraorbital nerve neuralgia, secondary to disruption of the nerve in the distorted bony canal, may be another indication for surgical intervention following orbital floor trauma in selected cases, in addition to more traditionally accepted indications. Neuralgia and causalgia are probably more common than previously thought and symptoms should be actively sought in the patient's history or else risk being overlooked and inappropriately managed. Long-term follow-up of such patients is unlikely to be practical. Patient and/or family practitioner education of possible sequelae may be one possible solution to detect this type of problem early. Nerve decompression, where indicated, may improve the patient's neuralgia and associated behavioral changes and quality of life. An optimal diagnostic and management algorithm is yet to be established. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Overview of Maxillofacial Trauma in Oral and Maxillofacial Tertiary Trauma Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

by Chee Wei Lee, Qi Chao Foo, Ling Vuan Wong and Yiu Yan Leung

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 16-21; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584893 - 29 Sep 2016

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 61

Abstract

The aims of this study were to provide an overview of maxillofacial trauma and its relationship to patient's demographic data and alcohol consumption within the state of Sabah. It was a retrospective study of maxillofacial trauma cases treated by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery [...] Read more.

The aims of this study were to provide an overview of maxillofacial trauma and its relationship to patient's demographic data and alcohol consumption within the state of Sabah. It was a retrospective study of maxillofacial trauma cases treated by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, from January 1, 2009, until December 31, 2013. A total of 630 maxillofacial trauma cases were included. Details of the trauma were collected from patients’ record, including patients’ cause of injuries, injuries suffered, treatment indications, and treatment received. Patients’ demographic data (age, gender), alcohol consumption in relation to causes, and type of maxillofacial injury were analyzed. There were 538 male (85.4%) and 92 female (14.6%) patients (ratio: 5.8:1), with mean age of 31.0 years. Most common causes of maxillofacial injury were motor vehicle accident (MVA; 66.3%), followed by fall (12.4%) and assault (11.6%). Motorcyclists made up more than half of the total cases (53.1%). Cases referred were primarily due to soft-tissue injury (458 cases). Other cases were dentoalveolar and maxillofacial bone fractures. Treatment provided for the fractures included open reduction and internal fixation (22.9%), closed reduction (28.7%), and conservative management (48.4%). Toilet and suturing were done for all patients with soft-tissue injury. Maxillofacial trauma is a major problem in Sabah. It affects mostly males in the age group of 21 to 30 years. Most of the MVA patients were motorcyclists. Mandibular fracture with parasymphysis involvement recorded the highest number. Most of the patients preferred conservative management, probably due to financial and logistic issue. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 2067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interdisciplinary Management of Minimally Displaced Orbital Roof Fractures: Delayed Pulsatile Exophthalmos and Orbital Encephalocele

by Austin Y. Ha, William Mangham, Sarah A. Frommer, David Choi, Petra Klinge, Helena O. Taylor, Adetokunbo A. Oyelese and Stephen R. Sullivan

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 11-15; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584395 - 15 Sep 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 70

Abstract

Traumatic orbital roof fractures are rare and are managed nonoperatively in most cases. They are typically associated with severe mechanisms of injury and may be associated with significant neurologic or ophthalmologic compromise including traumatic brain injury and vision loss. Rarely, traumatic encephalocele or [...] Read more.

Traumatic orbital roof fractures are rare and are managed nonoperatively in most cases. They are typically associated with severe mechanisms of injury and may be associated with significant neurologic or ophthalmologic compromise including traumatic brain injury and vision loss. Rarely, traumatic encephalocele or pulsatile exophthalmos may be present at the time of injury or develop in delayed fashion, necessitating close observation of these patients. In this article, we describe two patients with minimally displaced blow-in type orbital roof fractures that were later complicated by orbital encephalocele and pulsatile exophthalmos, prompting urgent surgical intervention. We also suggest a management algorithm for adult patients with orbital roof fractures, emphasizing careful observation and interdisciplinary management involving plastic surgery, neurosurgery, and ophthalmology. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 2310 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Eye Inside Out: Endonasal Endoscopic Reposition of Eye from Nose with Complete Vision Regainment

by Girish S. Mishra and Sushen Harish Bhatt

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 84-88; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584401 - 24 Jun 2016

Viewed by 54

Abstract

Faciomaxillary and ocular trauma is a common entity in most emergency and trauma units. We came across a 68-year-old female patient with a history of bull horn injury over the right eye. Examination revealed an empty orbital socket with unreliable perception of light [...] Read more.

Faciomaxillary and ocular trauma is a common entity in most emergency and trauma units. We came across a 68-year-old female patient with a history of bull horn injury over the right eye. Examination revealed an empty orbital socket with unreliable perception of light present. Imaging showed that the eye had displaced posteroinferomedially to be lying in the ethmoid air cells in the nasal cavity. Under nasal endoscopic guidance, the eye was reposited back into the orbital socket and conjunctival sutures were taken to stabilize the position. The patient had vision of counting fingers at 1.5 m on the first postoperative day which improved to 6/24 on last follow-up. Such is the rarity that never before has such a case been described in literature where traumatic displacement of eyeball into the nose has been successfully repositioned by an endonasal endoscope with appreciable regaining of vision. It also further promotes endonasal endoscopic approach in the management of orbital blow out injuries. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1208 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Orbital Adherence Syndrome Following the Use of Titanium Precontoured Orbital Mesh for the Reconstruction of Posttraumatic Orbital Floor Defects

by Geraldine Hwee Ping Lee and Samuel Yew Ming Ho

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 77-83; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584398 - 23 Jun 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 51

Abstract

Orbital blowout fractures are a common occurrence following orbital trauma. Depending on the size of the defect and the contents that have herniated or incarcerated, possible sequelae include enophthalmos, diplopia, dystopia, and entrapment. Surgical intervention aims to prevent or alleviate this through the [...] Read more.

Orbital blowout fractures are a common occurrence following orbital trauma. Depending on the size of the defect and the contents that have herniated or incarcerated, possible sequelae include enophthalmos, diplopia, dystopia, and entrapment. Surgical intervention aims to prevent or alleviate this through the use of a bone graft or an alloplastic implant to reconstitute the continuity of the orbit. However, in doing so, the implant itself may result in the unexpected adherence of the periorbita, resulting in orbital adherence syndrome. We present two cases of orbital adherence syndrome following the use of titanium mesh for orbital floor reconstruction. In both cases, we also delineate the management of this syndrome. Our first patient reported good recovery after surgical intervention to relieve the tethering to the titanium mesh and subsequent placement of a smooth interface implant. The other patient was managed nonsurgically with resolution of symptoms. We highlight possible signs that might suggest the need for early surgical intervention. Orbital adherence syndrome is a poorly described and understood phenomenon and appears to occur after the use of large-pored titanium mesh for orbital reconstruction. Prevention is possible through careful patient selection and the placement of a smooth interface medium in the initial surgery. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 2382 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Reconstruction of a Combined Maxillectomy and Segmental Mandibulectomy Defect in a Seven-Year-Old with a Single Free Fibula Osteocutaneous Flap

by Shawn T. Joseph, Krishnakumar Thankappan and Subramania Iyer

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 73-76; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584402 - 22 Jun 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 41

Abstract

Combined upper alveolectomy and segmental mandibulectomy are complex defects. Reconstruction of these defects is usually suboptimal. We describe the case of a pediatric patient with vessel-depleted neck with recurrent vascular malformation involving the ramus and coronoid process of mandible and a previous history [...] Read more.

Combined upper alveolectomy and segmental mandibulectomy are complex defects. Reconstruction of these defects is usually suboptimal. We describe the case of a pediatric patient with vessel-depleted neck with recurrent vascular malformation involving the ramus and coronoid process of mandible and a previous history of maxillectomy and a reconstruction with anterolateral thigh flap. The patient underwent wide resection. The defects involving the upper alveolus and mandible were simultaneously reconstructed with a single free fibula flap. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 6090 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Carotid-Cavernous Fistula as a Complication of Panfacial Fracture: Case Report 11 Years After the Surgery

by Sylvio Luiz Costa de Moraes, Alexandre Maurity de Paula Afonso, Roberto Gomes dos Santos, Ricardo Pereira Mattos and Bruno Gomes Duarte

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 66-72; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1582458 - 24 May 2016

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 57

Abstract

The carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is a rare complication in patients victimized by craniofacial trauma. It involves multidisciplinary medical action. Owing to its potential complications, it is essential that maxillofacial surgery and neurosurgery specialists diagnose this condition so that appropriate treatment can be performed. [...] Read more.

The carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is a rare complication in patients victimized by craniofacial trauma. It involves multidisciplinary medical action. Owing to its potential complications, it is essential that maxillofacial surgery and neurosurgery specialists diagnose this condition so that appropriate treatment can be performed. The authors present a report of a case 11 years after the surgery. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2170 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Case of Glenoid Fossa Fracture, Progressive Ankylosis, Total Joint Reconstruction with Alloplastic Prosthesis to Normalized Function Including Evaluation with F18-PET/CT—A Four Year Follow-up

by Björn Lindell and Andreas Thor

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 60-65; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1572493 - 9 May 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 38

Abstract

Temporomandibular joint replacement (TJR) with alloplastic prosthesis has shown promising long-term results in end stage joint disorders. We present a case of young woman with painful ankylosis that where reconstructed with TJR, due to a complex mandibular fracture with dislocation of the left [...] Read more.

Temporomandibular joint replacement (TJR) with alloplastic prosthesis has shown promising long-term results in end stage joint disorders. We present a case of young woman with painful ankylosis that where reconstructed with TJR, due to a complex mandibular fracture with dislocation of the left condyle into the middle cranial fossa two years earlier. At the age of 18 the subject underwent a total joint replacement with custom-made alloplastic TMJ prosthesis. To determine the bone response and remodeling activity around the prosthesis, a F18 PET/CT-scan was used. No sign of increased remodeling or pathology were seen in the imaging after the reconstruction. Four years postoperatively the subject reports no pain and excellent jaw function. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 1143 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Mandibular Alveolar Mucosa of a 12-Year-Old Child from Ethiopia: A Case Report

by Tewodros Tefera Kenea, Betel Abebe Kebede, Fekadu Mesele Gozjuze, Hagos Kiros and Frank Wilde

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10(1), 56-59; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1582459 - 27 Apr 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 47

Abstract

Leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) are rare malignant mesenchymal tumors which show smooth-muscle differentiation. Most LMSs involving the oral tissues primarily affect the maxillary sinus, the maxillary or mandibular bone. We present a case of LMS of the mandibular alveolar mucosa, arising in a 12-year-old male [...] Read more.

Leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) are rare malignant mesenchymal tumors which show smooth-muscle differentiation. Most LMSs involving the oral tissues primarily affect the maxillary sinus, the maxillary or mandibular bone. We present a case of LMS of the mandibular alveolar mucosa, arising in a 12-year-old male child from Ethiopia. A malignant spindle cell-like neoplasm was diagnosed on clinical and radiographic findings as well as on incisional biopsy. The tumor was resected with wide margins. The following histopathologic examination with additional immunohistochemical studies secured the diagnosis LMS. Microscopically, the spindle-shaped tumor cells were arranged in an interlacing fascicular pattern and contained oval to elongated, blunt-ended (cigar-shaped) nuclei. The immunohistochemical examination showed immunoreactive tumor cells for vimentin, actin, desmin, and H-caldesmon, which is pathognomonic for LMS. Immunohistochemical studies are mandatory to differentiate the LMS from other similar spindle cell neoplastic lesions. Radical resection with safety margins and a lifelong periodic follow-up has to be recommended. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr., Volume 10, Issue 1 (February 2017) – 14 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI