The Prevalence and Trends of the Early Introduction of Cow Milk to Newborns at Tertiary Care Center: A Risk of Atopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Values |
---|---|
Nationality | |
Saudi | 662 (74.0%) |
Non-Saudi | 232 (26.0%) |
Gender | |
Male | 487 (54.5%) |
Female | 407 (45.5%) |
Gestational age | |
Full term | 843 (94.3%) |
Late pre-term | 51 (5.7%) |
Mode of delivery | |
SVD | 645 (72.1%) |
Cesarean section | 249 (27.9%) |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.06 ± 0.45 (1.00–4.58) |
Low birth weight | 73 (8.2%) |
Nursery days | 2.26 ± 1.4 (1.00–25.00) |
Types of feeding | |
Exclusively breast milk | 56 (6.3%) |
Cow milk formula | 41 (4.6%) |
Mix | 797 (89.1%) |
Number of feeds | 6.42 ± 6.08 (0.00–55.0) |
Volume of feeds (ml) | 177.40 ± 182.66 (0.00–1635.00) |
Days of feeds | |
First day | 832 (93.1%) |
Second day | 445 (49.8%) |
Third day | 187 (20.9%) |
Characteristics | Exclusive Breast Milk (n = 56) | Cow Milk Formula Feeding (n = 40) | Mix (n = 798) | Significance (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nationality | 0.88 | |||
Saudi (n = 662) | 41 (6.2%) | 10 (1.5%) | 611 (92.3%) | |
Non-Saudi (n = 232) | 15 (6.5%) | 30 (12.9%) | 187 (80.6%) | |
Gender | 0.49 | |||
Male (n = 487) | 28 (5.7%) | 23 (4.7%) | 436 (89.5%) | |
Female (n = 407) | 28 (6.9%) | 17 (4.2%) | 362 (88.9%) | |
Gestational age | 0.057 | |||
Full term (n = 843) | 56 (6.6%) | 38 (4.5%) | 749 (88.8%) | |
Late preterm (n = 51) | 0 | 2 (3.9%) | 49 (96.1%) | |
Mode of delivery | 0.001 | |||
SVD (n = 645) | 53 (8.2%) | 36 (5.6%) | 556 (86.2%) | |
Cesarean section (n = 249) | 3 (1.2%) | 4 (1.6%) | 242 (97.2%) | |
Birth weight (grams) | 3.14 ± 0.38 (2.50–4.20) | 3.06 ± 0.48 (2.48–4.24) | 3.06 ± 0.45 (1.00–4.58) | 0.386 |
Low birth weight (n = 73) | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (1.4%) | 71 (97.2%) | 0.072 |
Median (25th–75th IQR) | 3.06 (2.86–3.37) | 2.98 (2.68–3.39) | 3.06 (2.75–3.06) | |
Nursery days | 1.61 ± 0.59 (1.00–3.00) | 2.32 ± 1.46 (1.00–8.00) | 2.30 ± 1.41 (1.00–25.00) | 0.001 |
Median (25th–75th IQR) | 2 (1.00–2.00) | 2 (2.00–3.00) | 2 (2.00–3.00) | |
Number of feeds | - | 13.5 ± 5.8 (7.00–28.0) | 6.45 ± 5.6 (1.0–33.0) | 0.001 |
Median (25th–75th IQR) | 12. (9.00–17.50) | 4.00 (2.00–9.00) | ||
Volume of feeds (mL) | - | 386.00 ± 207.45 (165–1000) | 179.46 ± 175.67 (10–1635) | 0.001 |
Median (25th–75th IQR) | 310 (241.25–431.25) | 115 (60–245) |
Months | EBF | CMFs | Mix |
---|---|---|---|
May 2016 | 39 (39.0%) | 5 (5.0%) | 56 (56.0%) |
December 2016 | 7 (7.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | 89 (89.0%) |
May 2017 | 6 (6.0%) | 9 (9.0%) | 85 (85.0%) |
December 2017 | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 98 (98.0%) |
May 2018 | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 53 (98.1%) |
December 2018 | 2 (2.0%) | 2 (2.0%) | 96 (96.0%) |
May 2019 | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.0%) | 72 (96.0%) |
December 2019 | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 89 (98.9%) |
May 2020 | 0 (0%) | 9 (9.6%) | 85 (90.4%) |
December 2020 | 1 (1.2%) | 5 (6.2%) | 75 (92.6%) |
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Atwah, A.F.; Koshak, E.A.; Alhussaini, B.H.; Alsaedi, S.A. The Prevalence and Trends of the Early Introduction of Cow Milk to Newborns at Tertiary Care Center: A Risk of Atopy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136686
Atwah AF, Koshak EA, Alhussaini BH, Alsaedi SA. The Prevalence and Trends of the Early Introduction of Cow Milk to Newborns at Tertiary Care Center: A Risk of Atopy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136686
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtwah, Ali F., Emad A. Koshak, Bakr H. Alhussaini, and Saad A. Alsaedi. 2021. "The Prevalence and Trends of the Early Introduction of Cow Milk to Newborns at Tertiary Care Center: A Risk of Atopy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136686