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Article

Effect of Simulated Cosmic Radiation on Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Lytic Replication

by
Satish K. Mehta
1,*,
Douglass M. Diak
2,
Sara Bustos-Lopez
3,
Mayra Nelman-Gonzalez
4,
Xi Chen
4,
Ianik Plante
4,
Stephen J. Stray
5,
Ritesh Tandon
5 and
Brian E. Crucian
6
1
JES Tech, NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
2
Aegis Aerospace, Inc., Houston, TX 77598, USA
3
Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
4
KBR, Houston, TX 77002, USA
5
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
6
NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910337
Submission received: 12 August 2024 / Revised: 19 September 2024 / Accepted: 21 September 2024 / Published: 26 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)
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Abstract

Human exploration of the solar system will expose crew members to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), with a potential for adverse health effects. GCR particles (protons and ions) move at nearly the speed of light and easily penetrate space station walls, as well as the human body. Previously, we have shown reactivation of latent herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV), during stays at the International Space Station. Given the prevalence of latent CMV and the known propensity of space radiation to cause alterations in many cellular processes, we undertook this study to understand the role of GCR in reactivating latent CMV. Latently infected Kasumi cells with CMV were irradiated with 137Cs gamma rays, 150 MeV protons, 600 MeV/n carbon ions, 600 MeV/n iron ions, proton ions, and simulated GCR. The CMV copy number increased significantly in the cells exposed to radiation as compared with the non-irradiated controls. Viral genome sequencing did not reveal significant nucleotide differences among the compared groups. However, transcriptome analysis showed the upregulation of transcription of the UL49 ORF, implicating it in the switch from latent to lytic replication. These findings support our hypothesis that GCR may be a strong contributor to the reactivation of CMV infection seen in ISS crew members.
Keywords: cytomegalovirus; radiation; galactic cosmic radiation; spaceflight; herpes viral reactivation cytomegalovirus; radiation; galactic cosmic radiation; spaceflight; herpes viral reactivation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mehta, S.K.; Diak, D.M.; Bustos-Lopez, S.; Nelman-Gonzalez, M.; Chen, X.; Plante, I.; Stray, S.J.; Tandon, R.; Crucian, B.E. Effect of Simulated Cosmic Radiation on Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Lytic Replication. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910337

AMA Style

Mehta SK, Diak DM, Bustos-Lopez S, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Chen X, Plante I, Stray SJ, Tandon R, Crucian BE. Effect of Simulated Cosmic Radiation on Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Lytic Replication. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(19):10337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910337

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehta, Satish K., Douglass M. Diak, Sara Bustos-Lopez, Mayra Nelman-Gonzalez, Xi Chen, Ianik Plante, Stephen J. Stray, Ritesh Tandon, and Brian E. Crucian. 2024. "Effect of Simulated Cosmic Radiation on Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Lytic Replication" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 19: 10337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910337

APA Style

Mehta, S. K., Diak, D. M., Bustos-Lopez, S., Nelman-Gonzalez, M., Chen, X., Plante, I., Stray, S. J., Tandon, R., & Crucian, B. E. (2024). Effect of Simulated Cosmic Radiation on Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Lytic Replication. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(19), 10337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910337

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