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Review

The Role of Dysregulated miRNAs in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

by
Karolina Urbańska
1,
Piotr Witold Stępień
1,
Katarzyna Natalia Nowakowska
1,
Martyna Stefaniak
1,
Natalia Osial
1,
Tomasz Chorągiewicz
1,*,
Mario Damiano Toro
1,2,
Katarzyna Nowomiejska
1 and
Robert Rejdak
1
1
Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
2
Eye Clinic, Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7761; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147761
Submission received: 17 June 2022 / Revised: 6 July 2022 / Accepted: 12 July 2022 / Published: 14 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) 3.0)
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Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease causing damage to the macular region of the retina where most of the photoreceptors responsible for central visual acuity are located. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate genes by silent post-transcriptional gene expressions. Previous studies have shown that changes in specific miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of eye diseases, including AMD. Altered expressions of miRNAs are related to disturbances of regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and phagocytosis, which are known factors in the pathogenesis of AMD. Moreover, dysregulation of miRNA is involved in drusen formation. Thus, miRNAs may be used as potential molecular biomarkers for the disease and, furthermore, tailoring therapeutics to particular disturbances in miRNAs may, in the future, offer hope to prevent irreversible vision loss. In this review, we clarify the current state of knowledge about the influence of miRNA on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of AMD. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase databases using “Age-related macular degeneration”, “miRNA”, “AMD biomarkers”, “miRNA therapeutics” and “AMD pathogenesis” as keywords. Paper search was limited to articles published from 2011 to date. In the section “Retinal, circulating and vitreous body miRNAs found in human studies”, we limited the search to studies with patients published in 2016–2021.
Keywords: age-related macular degeneration; miRNA; microRNA; AMD biomarkers; miRNA therapeutics; AMD pathogenesis age-related macular degeneration; miRNA; microRNA; AMD biomarkers; miRNA therapeutics; AMD pathogenesis
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MDPI and ACS Style

Urbańska, K.; Stępień, P.W.; Nowakowska, K.N.; Stefaniak, M.; Osial, N.; Chorągiewicz, T.; Toro, M.D.; Nowomiejska, K.; Rejdak, R. The Role of Dysregulated miRNAs in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7761. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147761

AMA Style

Urbańska K, Stępień PW, Nowakowska KN, Stefaniak M, Osial N, Chorągiewicz T, Toro MD, Nowomiejska K, Rejdak R. The Role of Dysregulated miRNAs in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7761. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147761

Chicago/Turabian Style

Urbańska, Karolina, Piotr Witold Stępień, Katarzyna Natalia Nowakowska, Martyna Stefaniak, Natalia Osial, Tomasz Chorągiewicz, Mario Damiano Toro, Katarzyna Nowomiejska, and Robert Rejdak. 2022. "The Role of Dysregulated miRNAs in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7761. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147761

APA Style

Urbańska, K., Stępień, P. W., Nowakowska, K. N., Stefaniak, M., Osial, N., Chorągiewicz, T., Toro, M. D., Nowomiejska, K., & Rejdak, R. (2022). The Role of Dysregulated miRNAs in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(14), 7761. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147761

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