Next Article in Journal
Effects of Survival Motor Neuron Protein on Germ Cell Development in Mouse and Human
Next Article in Special Issue
Empagliflozin Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in High Fat Diet Fed ApoE(-/-) Mice by Activating Autophagy and Reducing ER Stress and Apoptosis
Previous Article in Journal
Venous Thrombosis and Thrombocyte Activity in Zebrafish Models of Quantitative and Qualitative Fibrinogen Disorders
Previous Article in Special Issue
Association of Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenesis-2 (ST2) with Endothelial Function in Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure
Review

Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia

1
Health Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
2
Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Clinic Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
3
Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
4
CIBERDEM (Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases), 28029 Madrid, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Equal contribution.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(2), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020660
Received: 11 December 2020 / Revised: 4 January 2021 / Accepted: 7 January 2021 / Published: 11 January 2021
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is the clinical manifestation of the atherosclerosis. Elevated LDL-cholesterol levels are the first line of therapy but the increasing prevalence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has positioned the cardiometabolic risk as the most relevant parameter for treatment. Therefore, the control of this risk, characterized by dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance, has become a major goal in many experimental and clinical studies in the context of CVD. In the present review, we summarized experimental studies and clinical trials of recent anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering therapies targeted to reduce CVD. Specifically, incretin-based therapies, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 inactivating therapies are described. Moreover, the novel molecular mechanisms explaining the CVD protection of the drugs reviewed here indicate major effects on vascular cells, inflammatory cells, and cardiomyocytes, beyond their expected anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering control. The revealed key mechanism is a prevention of acute cardiovascular events by restraining atherosclerosis at early stages, with decreased leukocyte adhesion, recruitment, and foam cell formation, and increased plaque stability and diminished necrotic core in advanced plaques. These emergent cardiometabolic therapies have a promising future to reduce CVD burden. View Full-Text
Keywords: cardiometabolic risk; incretin system; dipeptidyl peptidase 4; sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitors; proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 cardiometabolic risk; incretin system; dipeptidyl peptidase 4; sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitors; proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9
Show Figures

Figure 1

MDPI and ACS Style

Aguilar-Ballester, M.; Hurtado-Genovés, G.; Taberner-Cortés, A.; Herrero-Cervera, A.; Martínez-Hervás, S.; González-Navarro, H. Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020660

AMA Style

Aguilar-Ballester M, Hurtado-Genovés G, Taberner-Cortés A, Herrero-Cervera A, Martínez-Hervás S, González-Navarro H. Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(2):660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020660

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aguilar-Ballester, María, Gema Hurtado-Genovés, Alida Taberner-Cortés, Andrea Herrero-Cervera, Sergio Martínez-Hervás, and Herminia González-Navarro. 2021. "Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2: 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020660

Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Access Map by Country/Region

1
Back to TopTop