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Article

Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Characterization of Moroccan Wild Jujube “Zizyphus lotus (L.)” Fruit Crude Extract and Fractions

by
Hafssa El Cadi
1,
Hajar EL Bouzidi
1,2,
Ginane Selama
2,
Asmae El Cadi
3,
Btissam Ramdan
4,
Yassine Oulad El Majdoub
5,
Filippo Alibrando
6,
Paola Dugo
5,6,
Luigi Mondello
5,6,7,8,
Asmae Fakih Lanjri
1,
Jamal Brigui
1 and
Francesco Cacciola
9,*
1
Laboratory of Valorization of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 90000 Tangier, Morocco
2
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 90000 Tangier, Morocco
3
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 90000 Tangier, Morocco
4
Laboratory of Biotechnology and valorization of natural resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Zohr, 80000 Agadir, Morocco
5
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
6
Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
7
Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
8
BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
9
Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(22), 5237; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225237
Submission received: 15 October 2020 / Revised: 5 November 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 / Published: 10 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds)
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Abstract

Wild jujube “Ziziphus lotus (L.) Desf.” belongs to the Rhamnaceae family and is a traditionally herbaceous medicinal plant. It is very common in arid and semi-arid regions and is currently used for its antidiabetic, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities. The aim of the present work was to characterize the physico-chemical properties and the phytochemical profile of wild jujube sample collected from the Guercif region, in order to determine the polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant ability Analyses were carried out directly after the harvest for the determination of pH, refractive index, total soluble solid (°Brix), dry matter, sugar/acidity, total sugars, reducing sugars, as well as lipid and protein content. Results showed that the investigated fruit is acidic (pH 4.9 ± 0.23) and rich in sugars (80.2 g/100 g ± 3.81). The GC-MS analysis of the fruit revealed a number of volatile compounds, as many as 97, belonging to different chemical classes. The HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis showed the presence of a total of 20 polyphenolic compounds in both EtOAc and MeOH-water extracts. Among them, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was the most abundant in the EtOAc extract (185.68 µg/100 mg ± 0.5) whereas Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside was found in higher amounts in the MeOH-water extract (25.40 µg/100 mg ± 0.5). These components have medical interest, notably for human nutrition, as well as health benefits and therapeutic effects. Therefore, Moroccan jujube “Zizyphus lotus (L.)” fruit may have potential industrial applications for food formulations.
Keywords: Rhamnaceae; phenolic compounds; flavonoids; tannins; antioxidant activity; liquid chromatography Rhamnaceae; phenolic compounds; flavonoids; tannins; antioxidant activity; liquid chromatography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cadi, H.E.; Bouzidi, H.E.; Selama, G.; Cadi, A.E.; Ramdan, B.; Oulad El Majdoub, Y.; Alibrando, F.; Dugo, P.; Mondello, L.; Fakih Lanjri, A.; et al. Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Characterization of Moroccan Wild Jujube “Zizyphus lotus (L.)” Fruit Crude Extract and Fractions. Molecules 2020, 25, 5237. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225237

AMA Style

Cadi HE, Bouzidi HE, Selama G, Cadi AE, Ramdan B, Oulad El Majdoub Y, Alibrando F, Dugo P, Mondello L, Fakih Lanjri A, et al. Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Characterization of Moroccan Wild Jujube “Zizyphus lotus (L.)” Fruit Crude Extract and Fractions. Molecules. 2020; 25(22):5237. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225237

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cadi, Hafssa El, Hajar EL Bouzidi, Ginane Selama, Asmae El Cadi, Btissam Ramdan, Yassine Oulad El Majdoub, Filippo Alibrando, Paola Dugo, Luigi Mondello, Asmae Fakih Lanjri, and et al. 2020. "Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Characterization of Moroccan Wild Jujube “Zizyphus lotus (L.)” Fruit Crude Extract and Fractions" Molecules 25, no. 22: 5237. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225237

APA Style

Cadi, H. E., Bouzidi, H. E., Selama, G., Cadi, A. E., Ramdan, B., Oulad El Majdoub, Y., Alibrando, F., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Fakih Lanjri, A., Brigui, J., & Cacciola, F. (2020). Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Characterization of Moroccan Wild Jujube “Zizyphus lotus (L.)” Fruit Crude Extract and Fractions. Molecules, 25(22), 5237. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225237

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