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14 pages, 2520 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Airborne Fungi in Vehicles and Its Association with Usage Patterns

by Raúl Asael Rodríguez-Villarreal, Mariana Elizondo-Zertuche, Nydia Orué-Arreola, Juan Adame-Rodríguez, Larissa E. Gordillo-Mata, Miguel González-Enríquez, Brandon Ortega-Castillo, Patricio Adrián Zapata-Morín and Efrén Robledo-Leal

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100725 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Airborne fungal exposure in confined indoor environments is a growing public health concern, however the microbial composition of air inside private vehicles remains underexplored. This study aimed to characterize culturable airborne fungi in vehicle cabins and evaluate their association with environmental and behavioral [...] Read more.

Airborne fungal exposure in confined indoor environments is a growing public health concern, however the microbial composition of air inside private vehicles remains underexplored. This study aimed to characterize culturable airborne fungi in vehicle cabins and evaluate their association with environmental and behavioral variables. Air samples (100 L) were collected from 69 vehicles using a standardized culture-based method. Simultaneously, a detailed survey was administered to vehicle owners to document usage patterns, maintenance habits, and odor perception. Results revealed a total culturable fungal load of 31,901 CFU/m³, with Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium as the most frequently isolated genera. Statistical analysis showed that fungal abundance and community composition were significantly associated with vehicle usage factors such as air disturbance, parking environment, air filter maintenance, and perception of musty odors. Vehicles parked outdoors had significantly higher Bipolaris levels, while lack of regular filter replacement was strongly associated with elevated Alternaria abundance. The presence of musty or moldy odors correlated with a 2.5-fold increase in Aspergillus levels. Redundancy analysis confirmed that odor perception and parking behavior were the strongest predictors of fungal community structure, with specific genera displaying distinct ecological preferences across usage conditions. Usage patterns and maintenance habits significantly influence in-cabin fungal communities, with implications for respiratory health, particularly due to the presence of allergenic and opportunistic genera like Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Bipolaris. Regular air filter maintenance and attention to odor cues may help reduce fungal load and associated health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycological Research in Mexico)

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17 pages, 2364 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Electromagnetic Density of States Near Plasmonic Material Interfaces

by Rodolfo Cortés-Martínez, Ricardo Téllez-Limón, Cesar E. Garcia-Ortiz, Benjamín R. Jaramillo-Ávila and Gabriel A. Galaviz-Mosqueda

Surfaces 2025, 8(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8040071 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The electromagnetic density of states (EM-DOS) plays a crucial role in understanding light–matter interactions, especially at metal–dielectric interfaces. This study explores the impact of interface geometry, material properties, and nanostructures on EM-DOS, with a focus on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and evanescent waves. [...] Read more.

The electromagnetic density of states (EM-DOS) plays a crucial role in understanding light–matter interactions, especially at metal–dielectric interfaces. This study explores the impact of interface geometry, material properties, and nanostructures on EM-DOS, with a focus on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and evanescent waves. Using a combination of analytical and numerical methods, the behavior of EM-DOS is analyzed as a function of distance from metal–dielectric interfaces, showing exponential decay with penetration depth. The influence of different metals, including copper, gold, and silver, on EM-DOS is examined. Additionally, the effects of dielectric materials, such as Ti

O_{2}

, PMMA, and

{Al}_{2}

O_{3}

, on the enhancement of electromagnetic field confinement are discussed. The study also investigates the effect of nanostructures, like nanohole and nanopillar arrays, on EM-DOS by calculating effective permittivity and analyzing the interaction of quantum emitters with these structures. Results show that nanopillar arrays enhance EM-DOS more effectively than nanohole arrays, especially in the visible spectrum. The findings provide insights into optimizing plasmonic devices for applications in sensing, quantum technologies, and energy conversion. Full article

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22 pages, 11891 KB

Open AccessArticle

Limitations in the Valorization of Food Waste as Fertilizer: Cytogenotoxicity Assessment of Apple and Tomato Juices By-Products

by Silvica Padureanu and Antoanela Patras

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102364 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Apples and tomatoes are among the most consumed products all over the world, as well as the natural juices prepared from each of them. The large quantities of resulting by-products should be reused in various directions within the circular economy. In this study, [...] Read more.

Apples and tomatoes are among the most consumed products all over the world, as well as the natural juices prepared from each of them. The large quantities of resulting by-products should be reused in various directions within the circular economy. In this study, apple and tomato pomaces were tested as potential biofertilizers for agricultural crops. To this end, aqueous extracts of apple pomace and tomato pomace were prepared in two concentrations (0.05% and 0.5%) and used to treat wheat caryopses and sprouts. The following were evaluated: mitotic index, genotoxic index, caryopses germination rate, and wheat sprout growth. The biotic response of wheat to treatments with the apple and tomato pomace extracts consisted of reduced mitotic activity, i.e., cytotoxicity, and the formation of genetic abnormalities, i.e., genotoxicity. The cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity were reflected at the macro level in phytotoxic effects, manifested by a reduction in the germination rate of caryopses and a decrease in the length of wheat roots and shoots. Physiological parameters were positively correlated with the mitotic index and negatively correlated with the genotoxic index. The obtained results point us not to recommend the use of unprocessed apple and tomato pomaces as biofertilizers, but, on the contrary, as bioherbicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

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14 pages, 1419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Small Population Size and Low Levels of Genetic Diversity in an Endangered Species Endemic to the Western Tianshan Mountains

by Zhihao Su, Zhiye Lin, Li Zhuo, Xiaolong Jiang and Qichuan Jiang

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3105; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193105 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the western Tianshan Mountains. Genetic diversity and population structure of this species were assessed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci identified via double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. In this study, a total of 42 [...] Read more.

Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the western Tianshan Mountains. Genetic diversity and population structure of this species were assessed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci identified via double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. In this study, a total of 42 individuals were sampled from seven populations located in valley habitats across the western Tianshan Mountains. A low level of genetic diversity (mean H_E = 0.09) and strong interpopulation genetic differentiation (mean F_ST = 0.4832) were observed in the species, indicating substantial genetic structuring among populations. Population structure analyses using Admixture analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PCA), and maximum likelihood trees yielded congruent patterns, supporting four genetically distinct groups within the western Tianshan Mountains. Genetic drift and inbreeding, likely induced by habitat fragmentation, appear to be primarily responsible for the low genetic diversity, while restricted gene flow probably shaped the pronounced genetic structure. Based on our findings, we recommend specific conservation strategies for A. nanus aimed at maintaining genetic diversity and facilitating gene flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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22 pages, 3071 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deconstructing the Icon: Popular and Academic (Mis)Conceptions of the Cinematic Jesus

by Rick Clifton Moore

Religions 2025, 16(10), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16101283 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates claims about the typical physical characteristics of Jesus when he is portrayed in film. A number of critics have referred to a recurring blond-haired, blue-eyed Jesus. In reviewing the academic literature, a lack of clarity was found as to any [...] Read more.

This paper investigates claims about the typical physical characteristics of Jesus when he is portrayed in film. A number of critics have referred to a recurring blond-haired, blue-eyed Jesus. In reviewing the academic literature, a lack of clarity was found as to any patterns that do exist in this area. An ensuing analysis of the top-grossing films from the last forty years revealed that the recent pattern may be very different from what critics and academics describe. Full article

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23 pages, 1702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking Growth in the Gulf: The Role of Renewable Energy, Electricity Use, and Economic Openness in Oil-Rich Economies

by Mesbah Fathy Sharaf, Abdelhalem Mahmoud Shahen and Radi EL-Sayed Abdel-Gawad Issa

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8949; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198949 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates how renewable electricity production, energy consumption, and economic openness influence economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2008 to 2023. Using annual panel data for six countries—Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman—we apply both the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates how renewable electricity production, energy consumption, and economic openness influence economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2008 to 2023. Using annual panel data for six countries—Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman—we apply both the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFEs) estimators to explore short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships. These methods are preferred because they balance flexibility with efficiency where PMG allows country differences in short-run dynamics, while DFE provides robustness under small-sample conditions, making them more suitable than the Mean Group (MG) estimator or standard Fixed Effects (FE) models for our short panel of six countries. The results show that traditional electricity consumption significantly supports economic growth in the long run, while renewable energy, despite its potential, has yet to show a statistically significant growth-enhancing effect, likely due to its currently small share in the energy mix. Foreign direct investment and trade openness display mixed impacts, with their significance varying across models. Short-run dynamics highlight the importance of energy efficiency and infrastructure readiness in shaping how energy translates into growth. Overall, the findings suggest that while energy remains central to GCC economies, the transition to renewables must be better aligned with broader development and investment strategies. These insights are highly relevant for policymakers navigating the twin goals of energy diversification and sustainable economic growth under Vision 2030 agendas. Full article

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14 pages, 3881 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Application of Conditional Generative Adversarial Network for Predicting Gas Content in Deep Coal Seams

by Lixin Tian, Shuai Sun, Yu Qi and Jingxue Shi

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3215; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103215 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate assessment of coalbed methane (CBM) content is essential for characterizing subsurface reservoir distribution, guiding well placement, and estimating reserves. Current methods for determining coal seam gas content mainly rely on direct laboratory measurements of core samples or indirect interpretations derived from well [...] Read more.

Accurate assessment of coalbed methane (CBM) content is essential for characterizing subsurface reservoir distribution, guiding well placement, and estimating reserves. Current methods for determining coal seam gas content mainly rely on direct laboratory measurements of core samples or indirect interpretations derived from well log data. However, conventional coring is costly, while log-based approaches often depend on linear empirical formulas and are restricted to near-wellbore regions. In practice, the relationships between elastic properties and gas content are highly complex and nonlinear, leading conventional linear models to produce substantial prediction errors and inadequate performance. This study introduces a novel method for predicting gas content in deep coal seams using a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN). First, elastic parameters are obtained through pre-stack inversion. Next, sensitivity analysis and attribute optimization are applied to identify elastic attributes that are most sensitive to gas content. A CGAN is then employed to learn the nonlinear mapping between multiple fluid-sensitive seismic attributes and gas content distribution. By integrating multiple constraints to refine the discriminator and guide generator training, the model achieves accurate gas content prediction directly from seismic data. Applied to a real dataset from a CBM block in the Ordos Basin, China, the proposed CGAN-based method produces predictions that align closely with measured gas content trends at well locations. Validation at blind wells shows an average prediction error of 1.6 m³/t, with 83% of samples exhibiting errors less than 3 m³/t. This research presents an effective and innovative deep learning approach for predicting coalbed methane content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coalbed Methane Development Process)

11 pages, 270 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Two Surgical Techniques for Umbilical Hernia Repair, With and Without Peritoneal Opening, on Pain Response, Sedation, and Oxidative Stress in Calves

by Claudia Interlandi, Filippo Spadola, Fabio Bruno, Giuseppe Bruschetta, Francesco Macrì, Andrea Spadaro, Giovanni Barone and Giovanna Lucrezia Costa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100963 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to compare effects on homeostasis and postoperative outcomes of two surgical techniques for umbilical hernia repair in calves. Fifty-two calves were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (open technique) and Group C (closed technique). This was a [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare effects on homeostasis and postoperative outcomes of two surgical techniques for umbilical hernia repair in calves. Fifty-two calves were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (open technique) and Group C (closed technique). This was a prospective controlled clinical trial. Sedation was induced with romifidine, and butorphanol. Cardiopulmonary parameters, sedation scores, and body temperature were recorded at multiple perioperative timepoints (T0–T8). Postoperative pain was assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu UCPS-IV scale. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma serotonin (5-HT) concentrations at T0 and 36 h postoperatively T9. Physiological parameters remained within normal limits in both groups. Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in Group C than in Group A (p < 0.001), with later onset of rescue analgesia 40 vs. 30 min post-standing, respectively, p < 0.001. MDA levels increased postoperatively in both groups, with a greater rise in Group A (p < 0.001), 5-HT decreased in Group A and increased in Group C (p = 0.020). The closed surgical technique for umbilical hernia repair, avoiding peritoneal opening, was associated with reduced postoperative pain and oxidative stress, suggesting it is a less invasive than the open surgical technique. Full article

21 pages, 722 KB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting the File Encryption Algorithms Using Artificial Intelligence

by Jakub Kowalewski and Tomasz Grześ

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10831; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910831 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this paper, the authors analyze the applicability of artificial intelligence algorithms for classifying file encryption methods based on statistical features extracted from the binary content of files. The prepared datasets included both unencrypted files and files encrypted using selected cryptographic algorithms in [...] Read more.

In this paper, the authors analyze the applicability of artificial intelligence algorithms for classifying file encryption methods based on statistical features extracted from the binary content of files. The prepared datasets included both unencrypted files and files encrypted using selected cryptographic algorithms in Electronic Codebook (ECB) and Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) modes. These datasets were further diversified by varying the number of encryption keys and the sample sizes. Feature extraction focused solely on basic statistical parameters, excluding an analysis of file headers, keys, or internal structures. The study evaluated the performance of several models, including Random Forest, Bagging, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, and AdaBoost. Among these, Random Forest and Bagging achieved the highest accuracy and demonstrated the most stable results. The classification performance was notably better in ECB mode, where no random initialization vector was used. In contrast, the increased randomness of data in CBC mode resulted in lower classification effectiveness, particularly as the number of encryption keys increased. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the classifiers’ performance across various encryption configurations and suggests potential directions for further experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

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20 pages, 3635 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Thermal Management Concepts of Recovery Heat Waste in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System

by Georgi D. Todorov, Todor Todorov, Konstantin Kamberov and Grazia Lo Sciuto

Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040082 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) system has potential to offer an efficient green hydrogen production technology. However, the significant cost of this technology is related to the high operating temperatures, materials and thermal management including the waste heat. Recovering the waste heat can [...] Read more.

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) system has potential to offer an efficient green hydrogen production technology. However, the significant cost of this technology is related to the high operating temperatures, materials and thermal management including the waste heat. Recovering the waste heat can be conducted through techniques to reduce the overall energy consumption. This approach aims to improve accuracy and efficiency by recovering and reusing the heat that would otherwise be lost. In this paper, thermal energy models are proposed based on waste heat recovery methodologies to utilize the heat from outlet fluids within the SOEC system. The mathematical methods for calculating thermal energy and energy transfer in SOEC systems have involved the principles of heat transfer. To address this, different simplified thermal models are developed in Simulink Matlab R2025b. The obtained results for estimating proper thermal energy for heating incoming fluids and recycled heat are discussed and compared to determine the efficient and potential thermal model for improvement the waste heat recovery. Full article

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38 pages, 5294 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Discrete Schwarzian Derivative via Circle Packing

by Kenneth Stephenson

Geometry 2025, 2(4), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/geometry2040016 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

There exists an extensive and fairly comprehensive discrete analytic function theory which is based on circle packing. This paper introduces a faithful discrete analogue of the classical Schwarzian derivative to this theory and develops its basic properties. The motivation comes from the current [...] Read more.

There exists an extensive and fairly comprehensive discrete analytic function theory which is based on circle packing. This paper introduces a faithful discrete analogue of the classical Schwarzian derivative to this theory and develops its basic properties. The motivation comes from the current lack of circle packing algorithms in spherical geometry, and the discrete Schwarzian derivative may provide for new approaches. A companion localized notion called an intrinsic schwarzian is also investigated. The main concrete results of the paper are limited to circle packing flowers. A parameterization by intrinsic schwarzians is established, providing an essential packing criterion for flowers. The paper closes with the study of special classes of flowers that occur in the circle packing literature. As usual in circle packing, there are pleasant surprises at nearly every turn, so those not interested in circle packing theory may still enjoy the new and elementary geometry seen in these flowers. Full article

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11 pages, 228 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Clinical Scores Reduce CT Use in Renal Colic? A Head-to-Head Comparison

by Ramazan Kıyak, Meliha Fındık, Bahadır Çağlar, Süha Serin, Gökhan Taşkın and Ahmet Buğra Önler

Tomography 2025, 11(10), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11100113 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objective: Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) remains the gold standard for diagnosing ureteral stones, with excellent sensitivity and specificity. However, reliance on CT alone raises concerns regarding cumulative radiation exposure, particularly in recurrent stone formers. Clinical scoring systems such as CHOKAI, STONE, and modified [...] Read more.

Objective: Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) remains the gold standard for diagnosing ureteral stones, with excellent sensitivity and specificity. However, reliance on CT alone raises concerns regarding cumulative radiation exposure, particularly in recurrent stone formers. Clinical scoring systems such as CHOKAI, STONE, and modified STONE have been developed to provide practical bedside tools for diagnostic decision-making. This study prospectively compared these three clinical scores for their ability to predict urinary-stone disease in the emergency department. Study Design: Prospective study. Methods and Duration of the Study: Between 6 August 2024 and 15 February 2025, 130 consecutively enrolled adults with flank pain underwent bedside scoring and reference-standard non-contrast CT. Associations were analysed with Chi-Square Tests and multivariable logistic regression. Model calibration was assessed with the Hosmer–Lemeshow test; overall accuracy was calculated. Results: When the variables used in different stone scoring formulas were compared according to the computer tomography results, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) between patients with and without a history of stone and hydronephrosis. Patients with nausea, history of stone, and hydronephrosis were 11, 4.2, and 5 times more highly to have a stone on computer tomography than those without, respectively. Conclusions: In this Turkish cohort, CHOKAI and modified STONE demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to the original STONE score. These findings suggest that clinical scoring systems, when incorporating predictors such as nausea, prior stone history, and hydronephrosis, may serve as practical alternatives to CT-first diagnostic approaches. Multicenter validation studies are required before routine clinical adoption. Full article

22 pages, 4366 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on Wave-Induced Boundary Layer Flow over a Near-Wall Pipeline

by Guang Yin, Sindre Østhus Gundersen and Muk Chen Ong

Coasts 2025, 5(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts5040040 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pipelines and power cables are critical infrastructures in coastal areas for transporting energy resources from offshore renewable installations to onshore grids. It is important to investigate the hydrodynamic forces on pipelines and cables and their surrounding flow fields, which are highly related to [...] Read more.

Pipelines and power cables are critical infrastructures in coastal areas for transporting energy resources from offshore renewable installations to onshore grids. It is important to investigate the hydrodynamic forces on pipelines and cables and their surrounding flow fields, which are highly related to their on-bottom stability. The time-varying hydrodynamic forces coefficients and unsteady surrounding flows of a near-seabed pipeline subjected to a wave-induced oscillatory boundary layer flow are studied through numerical simulations. The Keulegan–Carpenter numbers of the oscillatory flow are up to 400, which are defined based on the maximum undisturbed near-bed orbital velocity, the pipeline diameter and the period of the oscillatory flow. The investigated Reynolds number is set to 1 × 10⁴, defined based on U_w and D. The influences of different seabed roughness ratios k_s/D (where k_s is the Nikuradse equivalent sand roughness) up to 0.1 on the hydrodynamic forces and the flow fields are considered. Both a wall-mounted pipeline with no gap ratio to the bottom wall and a pipeline with different gap ratios to the wall are investigated. The correlations between the hydrodynamic forces and the surrounding flow patterns at different time steps during one wave cylinder are analyzed by using the force partitioning method and are discussed in detail. It is found that there are influences of the increasing k_s/D on the force coefficients at large KC, while for the small KC, the inertial effect from the oscillatory flow dominates the force coefficients with small influences from different k_s/D. The FPM analysis shows that the elongated shear layers from the top of the cylinder contribute to the peak values of the drag force coefficients. Full article

15 pages, 2231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydroxamic Acid Isolated from Maize Roots Exhibits Potent Antimicrobial Activity Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens

by Qudrat Ullah, Shakoor Ahmad, Sarzamin Khan, Ijaz Ahmad, Samiullah Khan, Rajwali Khan and Farhan Anwar Khan

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(10), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16100222 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Restrictions on adding antibiotics to animal diets have posed challenges in managing gut pathogens, emphasizing the significance of effective non-antibiotic growth promoters to maintain animal health and productivity. This study assessed the efficacy of hydroxamic acid (HA), derived from local maize varieties, as [...] Read more.

Restrictions on adding antibiotics to animal diets have posed challenges in managing gut pathogens, emphasizing the significance of effective non-antibiotic growth promoters to maintain animal health and productivity. This study assessed the efficacy of hydroxamic acid (HA), derived from local maize varieties, as a non-antibiotic growth promoter in broilers. Among 10 different maize varieties, the Azam variety yielded the highest HA concentration (35 ± 7 μg/g of roots), as quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.022 mg for Azam-derived HA against pathogenic E. coli. To further assess in vivo efficacy, 108 birds were allocated at random to six treatment groups. The treatments include birds fed a basal diet without an E. coli challenge (negative control); an antibiotic-treated group challenged with E. coli and treated with enrofloxacin at a dosage of 5 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg), administered orally once daily from day 5 post-infection (dpi) for 7 consecutive days (standard); broilers challenged with E. coli and supplemented with a basal diet with HA at concentrations of 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg of feed from 5 dpi for one week (HA 1 mg, HA 10 mg, and HA 100 mg, respectively); and broilers challenged with E. coli without enrofloxacin/HA (positive control). The results demonstrated that birds fed a diet supplemented with the HA-100 mg improved the body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the positive control group. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed for BW and FCR observed for the broilers fed on the standard and HA 100 mg groups. The addition of HA at 100 mg improved (p < 0.05) the hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) and reduced (p < 0.05) levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to positive control group. A significantly low carcass weight (p < 0.05) was shown for positive control birds compared to other groups. Our findings indicate that maize-derived HA presents a phytogenic alternative to antibiotics by controlling enteric pathogens and improving health and performance affected by E. coli infection in broilers. Full article

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27 pages, 2386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Technology for Sustainable Air Transport: The Impact on Older Passengers in China

by Iryna Heiets and Doreen La

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040140 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study explores older passengers’ attitudes, behavior, and evaluations of digital air travel, as well as the impact of digital technologies on this demographic, using China as a case study. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for air transport companies to [...] Read more.

This study explores older passengers’ attitudes, behavior, and evaluations of digital air travel, as well as the impact of digital technologies on this demographic, using China as a case study. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for air transport companies to develop sustainable operational strategies, increase passenger satisfaction, and potentially achieve long-term viability. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted targeting this subgroup, applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the primary analytical frameworks. While the study’s sample is skewed towards digitally literate individuals, this subgroup remains highly relevant for analyzing digital impact trends, as they are the most likely to interact with and be influenced by digital air travel tools. This study suggests that older passengers, particularly young-old passengers, in China have a generally positive attitude towards the use of digital air travel tools, with time saving, convenience, and cost saving identified as the top three perceived benefits. Over 80% of participants indicated that digital technology influenced their decision to continue choosing air travel, highlighting a link between digital engagement and sustainable passenger behavior. However, as this study is limited to digitally literate “young-old” passengers in China, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory and context-specific rather than globally generalizable. Future studies are needed with broader age groups and mixed methods to verify these results. Full article

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22 pages, 787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Digital Innovation for Sustainable Performance via Supply Chain Resilience

by Yuhan Liu, Yubing Yu, Ye Wu, Yanqiu Liu and Min Zhang

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(4), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20040283 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

As an emerging innovation paradigm in the digital economy era, digital innovation has become an important means for manufacturing firms to build supply chain resilience for sustainable development, but its intrinsic mechanism requires clarification. This research explores the impact of digital innovation (digital [...] Read more.

As an emerging innovation paradigm in the digital economy era, digital innovation has become an important means for manufacturing firms to build supply chain resilience for sustainable development, but its intrinsic mechanism requires clarification. This research explores the impact of digital innovation (digital organizational innovation and digital product innovation) on supply chain resilience (supply chain readiness, supply chain responsiveness, and supply chain recovery) and sustainable performance via structural equation modeling involving data from 226 Chinese manufacturing firms. The results show that digital organizational innovation can promote digital product innovation. Digital organizational innovation and digital product innovation contribute to supply chain readiness, supply chain responsiveness, and supply chain recovery. Supply chain readiness, supply chain responsiveness, and supply chain recovery enhance sustainable performance. Finally, supply chain resilience mediates the relationship between digital innovation and sustainable performance. These findings reveal the role of digital innovation in improving sustainable performance through supply chain resilience and provide practical guidance for manufacturing companies to better conduct digital innovation to build supply chain resilience and thus realize sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitalization and Sustainable Supply Chain)

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14 pages, 493 KB

Open AccessEntry

Geometry of an English Church Bell

by Robert Perrin, Zimu Guo, David Eager and Benjamin Halkon

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(4), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5040161 - 9 Oct 2025

Definition

The axisymmetric geometries of both internal and external profiles of church bells, along with the properties of the bell metal, are of vital importance to their acoustics. The role of “golden geometry” in determining the visual characteristics of the outer profile of a [...] Read more.

The axisymmetric geometries of both internal and external profiles of church bells, along with the properties of the bell metal, are of vital importance to their acoustics. The role of “golden geometry” in determining the visual characteristics of the outer profile of a modern English church bell is presented. It is shown that a golden rectangle, a golden triangle, and a golden angle are all important factors. Three angular parameters are identified as measures of these attributes of the bell’s “goldenness”. Two of these features are shown to result from an underlying regular pentagon with one side defined by the bell’s mouth. The centre of this pentagon determines the location of the bell’s shoulders. Further minor features are also shown to be determined by golden geometry. The evolution of the three angular parameters over the previous millennium is included, showing a tendency to trend quickly towards the golden values in all the cases. Ultimately, the angular parameters for the English church bell of focus here are used for comparison with other modern European bells studied previously. The bells considered all displayed at least two of the three major golden features to an agreement of better than 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering)

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26 pages, 695 KB

Open AccessArticle

Managing Service-Level Returns in E-Commerce: Joint Pricing, Delivery Time, and Handling Strategy Decisions

by Sisi Zhao

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(4), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20040282 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This research investigates the strategic interplay between pricing, delivery promises, and handling strategies for service-level returns—products returned by consumers due to operational issues like late delivery rather than product defects. In a vertical decentralized supply chain with a manufacturer and an e-tailer, a [...] Read more.

This research investigates the strategic interplay between pricing, delivery promises, and handling strategies for service-level returns—products returned by consumers due to operational issues like late delivery rather than product defects. In a vertical decentralized supply chain with a manufacturer and an e-tailer, a shorter promised delivery lead time (PDL) attracts more customers but also increases the risk of late delivery, making products more return-prone. Modeling the return rate as an endogenous variable dependent on the e-tailer’s PDL decision, we develop a Manufacturer-Stackelberg (MS) game-theoretic model to examine whether service-level returns should be handled by the manufacturer (Buy-Back strategy) or the e-tailer (No-Returns strategy). The results suggest that the optimal handling strategy depends on the e-tailer’s reselling ratio—a measure of its efficiency in extracting value from returns. A win-win situation is achieved when the reselling ratio is smaller than a threshold, as the manufacturer’s decision to buy back these returns also benefits the e-tailer. Surprisingly, when the manufacturer leaves the e-tailer to handle FFRs, a higher reselling ratio is not necessarily profitable for the e-tailer. Extending the analysis to a retailer-Stackelberg (RS) scenario reveals that the supply chain’s power structure is a fundamental determinant of the optimal returns handling strategy, shifting the equilibrium from a counterintuitive, power-distorted outcome in a MS system to an intuitive, profit-driven one in a RS system. Full article

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15 pages, 1013 KB

Open AccessArticle

Divergent Trends in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Incidence, 2000–2022

by Vinit H. Majmudar, Kyle Nguyen-Ngo and Michael Tadros

Gastroenterol. Insights 2025, 16(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent16040037 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) follow divergent incidence trajectories in the United States. Rising use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and evolving demographic risk profiles may be reshaping these trends. We aimed to characterize national incidence patterns [...] Read more.

Background: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) follow divergent incidence trajectories in the United States. Rising use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and evolving demographic risk profiles may be reshaping these trends. We aimed to characterize national incidence patterns of EAC and ESCC from 2000 through 2022—stratified by age, sex, and race/ethnicity—and to place these in the context of changing behavioral exposures. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results SEER 21 registry data (covering 48% of the U.S. population). We included first-primary, histologically confirmed EAC (ICD-O-3 codes 8140–8576) and ESCC (8050–8084) in individuals aged ≥ 15 years diagnosed between 2000 and 2022. Age-adjusted incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years; 2000 U.S. standard) and annual percent changes (APCs) were estimated via Joinpoint regression models. Results: A total of 90,290 EAC and 47,916 ESCC cases were identified. EAC incidence increased from 2.3 to 2.8 per 100,000 (APC +0.90%; 95% CI, 0.45–1.35), with the largest relative rises in ages 15–39 years (APC +1.50%) and among women (APC +2.65%). Non-Hispanic Black and American Indian/Alaska Native populations experienced the most pronounced EAC increases. Overall ESCC incidence declined (APC −0.78%; 95% CI, −1.10 to −0.46), though Asian/Pacific Islander (+3.59%) and American Indian/Alaska Native (+1.58%) groups saw rising rates. Conclusions: EAC incidence continues to climb—especially in younger adults, women, and select racial/ethnic minorities—while ESCC declines are uneven. These histology-specific patterns highlight the urgency of tailored prevention, targeted early-detection efforts, and mechanistic studies on emerging exposures such as vaping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Disease)

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23 pages, 3808 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Antiproliferative Activity of Tatridin A Against Prostate Cancer Cells Is Lost in Acid Medium by Transformation to Desacetyl-β-Cyclopyrethrosin

by Cecilia Villegas, Rebeca Pérez, Camilo Céspedes-Méndez, Viviana Burgos, Ricardo Baggio, Sebastián Suárez, Bernd Schmidt and Cristian Paz

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15050161 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) progression is strongly driven by dysregulated signaling pathways, with NF-κB playing a central role. Sesquiterpene lactones have been reported to modulate this pathway. This study evaluated and compared the cytotoxic effects of two structurally distinct sesquiterpene lactones: Tatridin A, [...] Read more.

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) progression is strongly driven by dysregulated signaling pathways, with NF-κB playing a central role. Sesquiterpene lactones have been reported to modulate this pathway. This study evaluated and compared the cytotoxic effects of two structurally distinct sesquiterpene lactones: Tatridin A, a germacranolide, and desacetyl-β-cyclopyrethrosin, a eudesmanolide derivative. Their mechanisms of action were also examined, focusing on oxidative stress induction and NF-κB modulation. Methods: Chemical structures were confirmed by NMR and X-ray crystallography. Cytotoxicity was assessed in DU-145 and 22Rv1 PC cells using real-time cell analysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured with fluorometric assays. NF-κB activity was determined in THP-1 reporter cells and by Western blot of IκBα phosphorylation. Results: Tatridin A markedly reduced viability, showing lower IC₅₀ values (81.4 ± 2.7 µM in DU-145 and 50.7 ± 1.9 µM in 22Rv1 cells) than desacetyl-β-cyclopyrethrosin (166.9 ± 3.2 µM and 290.3 ± 8.3 µM, respectively). It also inhibited proliferation at markedly lower concentrations, with clonogenic IC₅₀ values of 7.7 µM in DU-145 and 5.24 µM in 22Rv1cells. Both compounds increased ROS, but tatridin A induced earlier and stronger responses and ΔΨm loss. Furthermore, tatridin A more effectively inhibited NF-κB signaling than classical inhibitors. Conclusions: Tatridin A exerts cytotoxic effects through oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and NF-κB inhibition, supporting the therapeutic potential of germacranolides for the treatment of advanced PC. Full article

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14 pages, 608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Are There Mental Health Benefits for Those Who Deliver Peer Support? A Mobile App Intervention for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

by Debbie Lam, Diana Sherifali, Frances S. Chen and Tricia S. Tang

Diabetology 2025, 6(10), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100116 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Peer support offers a promising approach for improving psychosocial outcomes among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, research has focused largely on the recipients of peer support rather than the individuals who provide support. This pilot study investigates the impact of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Peer support offers a promising approach for improving psychosocial outcomes among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, research has focused largely on the recipients of peer support rather than the individuals who provide support. This pilot study investigates the impact of delivering support on diabetes distress and other secondary mental health outcomes (e.g., depressive symptoms, resilience, and perceived social support). Methods: This pre–post single-cohort study recruited 44 adults with T1D who underwent a six-hour Zoom-based peer supporter training program designed to equip them with support-related skills (asking open-ended questions, making reflections, expressing empathy). Of this group, 36 served as peer supporters for REACHOUT, a six-month mental health support intervention delivered via mobile app. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after six months and measured diabetes distress (Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale), depressive symptomatology (Patient Health Questionnaire-8), resilience (Diabetes Strengths and Resilience Measure), and perceived social support. Unadjusted and adjusted linear mixed models were performed for each outcome measure of interest. Results: Peer supporters had a mean age of 41 ± 16 years, with a majority identifying as female (75%). At baseline, peer supporters had little to no diabetes distress (50%) and no to mild depressive symptomatology (72%). Mean scores at baseline for diabetes distress, depressive symptoms, resilience, and perceived social support were sustained at 6 months post-intervention. Conclusions: Among peer supporters whose diabetes distress scores start around the target range, ongoing maintenance of these levels may reflect a favorable outcome associated with delivering mental health support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Behavior Intervention for Diabetes Prevention and Management: 2nd Edition)

31 pages, 736 KB

Open AccessReview

Factors Influencing the Prescription of First-Line Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

by Helena Silva-Moreira, Fernando Moreira, Ângelo Jesus, Matilde Monteiro-Soares and Paulo Santos

Diabetology 2025, 6(10), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100114 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Understanding prescribing patterns for type 2 diabetes mellitus, a complex condition affecting over 10% of the global adult population, can optimise prescribing practices, guide policymakers in promoting evidence-based medicine, and help tailor first-line treatments to individual characteristics or specific subgroups, improving patient [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Understanding prescribing patterns for type 2 diabetes mellitus, a complex condition affecting over 10% of the global adult population, can optimise prescribing practices, guide policymakers in promoting evidence-based medicine, and help tailor first-line treatments to individual characteristics or specific subgroups, improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to identify factors influencing the prescription and non-prescription of metformin, the recommended first-line therapy in Western guidelines, and to evaluate whether these prescribing patterns align with evidence-based recommendations. It also explores factors associated with initial combination therapy, a more recent and controversial approach compared to stepwise therapy. Methods: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on 25 August 2023, without language or time restrictions, to identify observational analytical studies assessing factors associated with the initiation of metformin or combination therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were naïve to antidiabetic medications. Studies involving pregnant or breastfeeding women were excluded. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists (PROSPERO registration number CRD42023438313). Results: Thirty studies were included, evaluating 105 variables, most of which (62%) were assessed in one study. The 25 variables using combination therapy as the outcome were mostly (72%) evaluated also in one study. Initial metformin prescription was strongly and positively associated with younger age, lower glycated haemoglobin levels, higher body mass index, and absence of renal impairment. Initial combination therapy was associated with higher HbA1c levels and a lower burden of comorbidities. Findings also highlighted a discrepancy between clinical practice and evidence-based recommendations. However, concerns were raised regarding both the internal and external validity of the included studies. Conclusions: Our systematic review, which offers insights into real-world clinical practices, indicated that there is a misalignment between clinical practices and evidence-based recommendations, supporting the need for interventions in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Intervention and Treatment Strategies for Diabetes)

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12 pages, 965 KB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Efficiency with Comparable Accuracy: Personalized LSTM Neural Network Training for Blood Glucose Prediction in Type 1 Diabetes Management

by Esha Manchanda, Jialiu Zeng and Chih Hung Lo

Diabetology 2025, 6(10), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100115 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Accurate blood glucose forecasting is critical for closed-loop insulin delivery systems to support effective disease management in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). While long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks have shown strong performance in glucose prediction tasks, the relative performance of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Accurate blood glucose forecasting is critical for closed-loop insulin delivery systems to support effective disease management in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). While long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks have shown strong performance in glucose prediction tasks, the relative performance of individualized versus aggregated training remains underexplored. Methods: In this study, we compared LSTM models trained on individual-specific data to those trained on aggregated data from 25 T1D subjects using the HUPA UCM dataset. Results: Despite having access to substantially less training data, individualized models achieved comparable prediction accuracy to aggregated models, with mean root mean squared error across 25 subjects of 22.52 ± 6.38 mg/dL for the individualized models, 20.50 ± 5.66 mg/dL for the aggregated models, and Clarke error grid Zone A accuracy of 84.07 ± 6.66% vs. 85.09 ± 5.34%, respectively. Subject-level analyses revealed only modest differences between the two approaches, with some individuals benefiting more from personalized training. Conclusions: These findings suggest that accurate and clinically reliable glucose prediction is achievable using personalized models trained on limited individual data, with important implications for adaptive, on-device training, and privacy-preserving applications. Full article

37 pages, 2115 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Analysis of Fractured Human Bones: Brief Review and New Approaches

by Ioan Száva, Iosif Șamotă, Teofil-Florin Gălățanu, Dániel-Tamás Száva and Ildikó-Renáta Száva

Prosthesis 2025, 7(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7050126 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Long bone fractures are breaks or cracks in a long bone of the body typically caused by trauma like a fall, sport injury, accidents etc. This study investigates the effectiveness of experimental methods for fast and safe healing of long bone fractures in [...] Read more.

Long bone fractures are breaks or cracks in a long bone of the body typically caused by trauma like a fall, sport injury, accidents etc. This study investigates the effectiveness of experimental methods for fast and safe healing of long bone fractures in humans, highlighting both their advantages and disadvantages, respectively finding the most effective and safe methods for evaluating the types of fixators that can be used in the consolidation of fractured long bones. As for the preliminary data, numerical methods and applied mathematics were used to address this problem. After collecting of preliminary data there were performed a series of experimental analysis as follows: Electrical Strain Gauges (ESGs); the Moiré Fringes method; Photo-Elasticity, with the particular technique thereof, the so-called Photo-Stress method; Holographic Interferometry (HI); Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) and Shearography; and Video Image Correlation (VIC), which is also called Digital Image Correlation (DIC). By analyzing different methods, the following two methods resulted to be widely applicable, namely, ESG and DIC/VIC. The findings highlight the net advantages regarding the objective choice of these types of fixators, thereby contributing to a possible extension of these approaches for the benefit of medical surgical practice Full article

17 pages, 1805 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Implant Deviation with Varying Angulations and Lengths Using a Surgical Guide: An In Vitro Experimental Study

by Bakhan Ahmed Mohammed and Ranj Adil Jalal

Prosthesis 2025, 7(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7050125 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

Implant placement requires a digital workflow and the use of surgical guides. However, there is divergence in the angulation length of influence and precision. Therefore, a 3D assessment is also required. This insertion study aims to evaluate the accuracy in vitro by utilizing [...] Read more.

Implant placement requires a digital workflow and the use of surgical guides. However, there is divergence in the angulation length of influence and precision. Therefore, a 3D assessment is also required. This insertion study aims to evaluate the accuracy in vitro by utilizing guided templates, deviation analysis, depth, and orientation over different lengths and angles. Methods and Materials: This study comprises a total of 180 implants placed in 90 resin-printed mandibular models, divided into nine groups (a 3 × 3 factorial design, n = 20/group). A reference model was created using Real GUIDE software (version5.3), integrating a CBCT scanner (Carestream CS 9600, Medit Corp., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and an intraoral scanner (Medit i900) (Medit Corp., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Implant planning and surgical guide design were digitally executed and printed with Mazic resin (Vericom Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea). Implants were placed using Oxy Implant PSK Line (Oxy Implant, Brescia, Italy) fixtures in mannequins. Postoperative CBCT scans were used to measure deviations in angular, vertical, and lateral dimensions using CS Imaging (v8.0.22) (Carestream Dental LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA). Statistical analysis was run by using SPSS v26. Results: The results demonstrated that implant angulation significantly impacted the precision of placement. Angulating escalation leads to intensive deviations, which are linear and angular calculations. On the one hand, the most significant deviations were observed at a 25° angulation, particularly in the buccal and lingual apex regions. On the other hand, 0° exhibited minimal deviations. Longer implants showed reduced angular deviations, whereas shorter implants (8.5 mm) exhibited higher vertical deviations, particularly at 0° of angulation. Moderate angulation (15°) with 11.5 mm implants provided the highest precision, while 0° angulation with 15 mm implants consistently exhibited the least deviation. These findings pinpoint the fundamental importance of angulation and implant length for exceptional placement accuracy. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the influence of placement accuracy with static guides on implant angulation and length. Moderate angulation, which is (15°), enhances accuracy, particularly within 11.5 mm implants. On the other hand, steeper angles (25°) and longer implants (15 mm) result in elevated deviations. Guidance formation and operator experience are also vital. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Technological and Clinical Advances for Controlling Peri-Implantitis)

17 pages, 6195 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Design, Testing and Validation of a Cost Effective and Sustainable Bamboo Prosthetic Foot

by Luca Baldassari, Matilde Minuto, Emanuele Gruppioni and Mattia Frascio

Prosthesis 2025, 7(5), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7050124 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study proposes an approach to design and develop a prosthetic foot using bamboo laminate, a sustainable and cost-effective material. The proposed design method is an alternative to the current prosthetic foot design methods developed mainly for carbon-fiber reinforced polymer. This design solution [...] Read more.

This study proposes an approach to design and develop a prosthetic foot using bamboo laminate, a sustainable and cost-effective material. The proposed design method is an alternative to the current prosthetic foot design methods developed mainly for carbon-fiber reinforced polymer. This design solution entails significant economic and environmental costs. The research is structured into three main phases: an experimental campaign to characterize the reference prosthesis and select materials for the prototype; a dimensional design and prototyping phase using the new materials; and finally, a phase dedicated to testing and comparative evaluation of the results. Static tests, conducted in accordance with ISO 22675 on both the bamboo prototype and a commercial reference model, revealed comparable static performance between the two solutions. The laminated bamboo prosthetic foot exhibits a strength-to-weight ratio comparable to that of carbon fiber laminates. Its stiffness deviates by less than 15%, with an 8% reduction in weight and a 7% increase in volume compared to the carbon fiber counterpart. Therefore, these results confirm the feasibility of laminated bamboo as a viable material for prosthetic foot design. Full article

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24 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Sparse MLPs Through Motif-Level Optimization Under Resource Constraints

by Xiaotian Chen, Hongyun Liu and Seyed Sahand Mohammadi Ziabari

AI 2025, 6(10), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6100266 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

We study motif-based optimization for sparse multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), where weights are shared and updated at the level of small neuron groups (`motifs’) rather than individual connections. Building on Sparse Evolutionary Training (SET), our approach reduces the number of unique parameters and redundant [...] Read more.

We study motif-based optimization for sparse multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), where weights are shared and updated at the level of small neuron groups (`motifs’) rather than individual connections. Building on Sparse Evolutionary Training (SET), our approach reduces the number of unique parameters and redundant multiply-–accumulate operations by exploiting block-structured sparsity. Across Fashion-MNIST and a lung X-ray dataset, our Motif-SET improves training/inference efficiency with modest accuracy trade-offs, and we provide a principled recipe to choose motif size based on accuracy and efficiency budgets. We further compare against representative modern sparse training and compression methods, analyze failure modes such as overly large motifs, and outline real-world constraints on mobile/embedded targets. Our results and ablations indicate that motif size

m = 2

often offers a strong balance between compute and accuracy under resource constraints. Full article

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