Agriculture

15 pages, 1731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Available Phosphorus Under Phosphorus Fertilization in Paddy Fields of a Cold Region Using Several Extraction Methods: A Case Study from Yamagata, Japan

by Shuhei Tsumuraya, Hisashi Nasukawa and Ryosuke Tajima

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131453 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Assessing available phosphorus (P) in paddy fields is challenging due to waterlogging-induced reducing conditions. This study tested the applicability of the Truog, Bray 2, and Mehlich 3 extraction methods in both air-dried and incubated soils, as well as the ascorbic-acid-reduced Bray 2 (AR [...] Read more.

Assessing available phosphorus (P) in paddy fields is challenging due to waterlogging-induced reducing conditions. This study tested the applicability of the Truog, Bray 2, and Mehlich 3 extraction methods in both air-dried and incubated soils, as well as the ascorbic-acid-reduced Bray 2 (AR Bray 2), which simulates reducing conditions, for evaluating rice growth under P fertilization. In addition, to investigate the chemical characteristics of the extraction methods, active Al and Fe and P sequential extractions were measured. Soil samples from four representative regions in Yamagata Prefecture were used. Pot cultivation tests using ‘Haenuki’ and ‘Tsuyahime’ cultivars were conducted with varying P fertilizer levels. Variations in P availability across soil types were influenced by levels of active Al and Fe. Sequential extractions identified NaHCO₃-P and NaOH-P fractions as important for P availability. Bray 2 in both soils and AR Bray 2 were the most effective methods, showing a strong saturating exponential correlation with rice growth and P uptake, whereas Mehlich 3 and Truog showed weaker correlations. Bray 2 and AR Bray 2 show potential but require further evaluation for practical application due to the small number of soils. Future efforts should prioritize developing methods that account for P dynamics under reducing conditions, thereby improving P management strategies and supporting sustainable rice production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Conservation Cropping Systems and Practices—2nd Edition)

19 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Common Bean Roots: Agricultural Impact and Environmental Influence

by Ana Paula Rodiño, Olga Aguín, Juan Leonardo Tejada-Hinojoza and Antonio Miguel De Ron

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131452 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Although many plant families are predominantly mycorrhizal, few symbiotic relationships between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been thoroughly studied. Mycorrhized plants tend to exhibit greater tolerance to soil-borne pathogens and enhanced plant defence. Legumes, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), [...] Read more.

Although many plant families are predominantly mycorrhizal, few symbiotic relationships between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been thoroughly studied. Mycorrhized plants tend to exhibit greater tolerance to soil-borne pathogens and enhanced plant defence. Legumes, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), are essential sources of protein globally. To improve common bean productivity, identifying efficient native microsymbionts is crucial. This study aimed to identify native AMF associated with common bean roots that could act as biostimulants and protect against soil diseases under varying environmental conditions. Agronomic trials were conducted at MBG-CSIC (Pontevedra, Spain) in 2021 and 2022, testing combinations of nitrogen fertilization, Burkholderia alba, Trichoderma harzianum, and a control. Traits such as nodulation, biomass, plant vigor, disease severity, nutrient content, and yield were evaluated. Four AMF species across three genera were identified. No consistent pattern was observed in AMF influence on agronomic traits. However, reduced mycorrhization in 2022 was associated with decreased nodulation, likely due to higher temperatures. Surprisingly, yields were higher in 2022 despite lower colonization. These findings suggest that intelligent use of AMF could reduce pesticide use, enhance sustainability, and promote healthier food systems. Continued research and conservation efforts are essential to optimize their benefits in legume production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Systems and Management)

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15 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greenhouse Evaluation of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides for Managing the Invasive Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

by Livia M. S. Ataide, German Vargas, Yisell Velazquez-Hernandez, Marcello De Giosa, Isamar Reyes-Arauz, Paola Villamarin, Maria A. Canon, Simon S. Riley and Alexandra M. Revynthi

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131451 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Thrips parvispinus (Karny) is an invasive pest of vegetable and ornamentals in the United States. To support ornamental growers to control T. parvispinus infestations, we tested seven conventional (spinosad, chlorfenapyr, sulfoxaflor–spinetoram, pyridalyl, tolfenpyrad, abamectin, and cyclaniliprole–flonicamid) and two biorational insecticides (mineral oil and [...] Read more.

Thrips parvispinus (Karny) is an invasive pest of vegetable and ornamentals in the United States. To support ornamental growers to control T. parvispinus infestations, we tested seven conventional (spinosad, chlorfenapyr, sulfoxaflor–spinetoram, pyridalyl, tolfenpyrad, abamectin, and cyclaniliprole–flonicamid) and two biorational insecticides (mineral oil and sesame oil) under greenhouse conditions on mandevilla (Mandevilla splendens) and gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), primary T. parvispinus ornamental hosts. Two insecticide applications were performed: a curative, treating an existing infestation, and a prophylactic, treating a plant prior to the thrips release. In the curative application, ten larvae and ten adults were released two weeks prior to treatment. Three leaves from the upper, middle, and lower canopy were collected 24 h, 7-, and 14-days post-treatment to assess thrips mortality. In the prophylactic application, plants were first sprayed with insecticides, and thrips were introduced 24 h later, but followed the same sampling method. In mandevilla, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and spinosad caused the highest thrips mortality in both application types. Among horticultural oils, mineral oil and sesame oil increased mortality in prophylactic applications only. In gardenia, neither curative nor prophylactic applications of these products led to significant thrips mortality, and the possible reasons and recommendations for best thrips management are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

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19 pages, 4052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RDM-YOLO: A Lightweight Multi-Scale Model for Real-Time Behavior Recognition of Fourth Instar Silkworms in Sericulture

by Jinye Gao, Jun Sun, Xiaohong Wu and Chunxia Dai

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131450 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurate behavioral monitoring of silkworms (Bombyx mori) during the fourth instar development is crucial for enhancing productivity and welfare in sericulture operations. Current manual observation paradigms face critical limitations in temporal resolution, inter-observer variability, and scalability. This study presents RDM-YOLO, a [...] Read more.

Accurate behavioral monitoring of silkworms (Bombyx mori) during the fourth instar development is crucial for enhancing productivity and welfare in sericulture operations. Current manual observation paradigms face critical limitations in temporal resolution, inter-observer variability, and scalability. This study presents RDM-YOLO, a computationally efficient deep learning framework derived from YOLOv5s architecture, specifically designed for the automated detection of three essential behaviors (resting, wriggling, and eating) in fourth instar silkworms. Methodologically, Res2Net blocks are first integrated into the backbone network to enable hierarchical residual connections, expanding receptive fields and improving multi-scale feature representation. Second, standard convolutional layers are replaced with distribution shifting convolution (DSConv), leveraging dynamic sparsity and quantization mechanisms to reduce computational complexity. Additionally, the minimum point distance intersection over union (MPDIoU) loss function is proposed to enhance bounding box regression efficiency, mitigating challenges posed by overlapping targets and positional deviations. Experimental results demonstrate that RDM-YOLO achieves 99% mAP@0.5 accuracy and 150 FPS inference speed on the datasets, significantly outperforming baseline YOLOv5s while reducing the model parameters by 24%. Specifically designed for deployment on resource-constrained devices, the model ensures real-time monitoring capabilities in practical sericulture environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)

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23 pages, 6745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crushing Modeling and Crushing Characterization of Silage Caragana korshinskii Kom.

by Wenhang Liu, Zhihong Yu, Aorigele, Qiang Su, Xuejie Ma and Zhixing Liu

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131449 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Caragana korshinskii Kom. (CKB), widely cultivated in Inner Mongolia, China, has potential for silage feed development due to its favorable nutritional characteristics, including a crude protein content of 14.2% and a neutral detergent fiber content below 55%. However, its vascular bundle fiber structure [...] Read more.

Caragana korshinskii Kom. (CKB), widely cultivated in Inner Mongolia, China, has potential for silage feed development due to its favorable nutritional characteristics, including a crude protein content of 14.2% and a neutral detergent fiber content below 55%. However, its vascular bundle fiber structure limits the efficiency of lactic acid conversion and negatively impacts silage quality, which can be improved through mechanical crushing. Currently, conventional crushing equipment generally suffers from uneven particle size distribution, high energy consumption, and low processing efficiency. In this study, a layered aggregate model was constructed using the discrete element method (DEM), and the Hertz–Mindlin with Bonding contact model was employed to characterize the heterogeneous mechanical properties between the epidermis and the core. Model accuracy was enhanced through reverse engineering and a multi-particle-size filling strategy. Key parameters were optimized via a Box–Behnken experimental design, with a core normal stiffness of 7.37 × 10¹¹ N·m⁻¹, a core shear stiffness of 9.46 × 10¹⁰ N·m⁻¹, a core shear stress of 2.52 × 10⁸ Pa, and a skin normal stiffness of 4.01 × 10⁹ N·m⁻¹. The simulated values for bending, tensile, and compressive failure forces had relative errors of less than 10% compared to experimental results. The results showed that rectangular hammers, due to their larger contact area and more uniform stress distribution, reduced the number of residual bonded contacts by 28.9% and 26.5% compared to stepped and blade-type hammers, respectively. Optimized rotational speed improved dynamic crushing efficiency by 41.3%. The material exhibited spatial heterogeneity, with the mass proportion in the tooth plate impact area reaching 43.91%, which was 23.01% higher than that in the primary hammer crushing area. The relative error between the simulation and bench test results for the crushing rate was 6.18%, and the spatial distribution consistency reached 93.6%, verifying the reliability of the DEM parameter calibration method. This study provides a theoretical basis for the structural optimization of crushing equipment, suppression of circulation layer effects, and the realization of low-energy, high-efficiency processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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16 pages, 1190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Standardized Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extract on Gut Morphology, Microbiota Composition, and Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens

by Martina Đurić Jarić, Željko Gottstein, Silvijo Vince, Ivona Žura Žaja, Maksimiljan Brus, Dražen Đuričić, Marko Samardžija and Hrvoje Valpotić

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131448 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

With increasing concerns over antibiotic resistance in livestock, there is an urgent need for sustainable alternatives to enhance health and productivity in poultry production. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a phytobiotic recognized for its diverse health benefits, including growth promotion and the [...] Read more.

With increasing concerns over antibiotic resistance in livestock, there is an urgent need for sustainable alternatives to enhance health and productivity in poultry production. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a phytobiotic recognized for its diverse health benefits, including growth promotion and the improvement of intestinal function, was evaluated for its efficacy. This study investigated the effects of standardized ginger extract on gut morphology, microbiota composition, and growth performance in broiler chickens. A total of 200 day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary groups: a control group receiving a basal diet and three experimental groups receiving a basal diet supplemented with 2.5 g/kg, 5 g/kg, and 10 g/kg of ginger extract. The performance results demonstrated that dietary ginger supplementation at 5 g/kg significantly improved feed efficiency without adversely affecting final body weight (p < 0.01). Feed intake in broilers was significantly reduced by higher doses of ginger extract (p < 0.01). Broiler chickens supplemented with 5 g/kg of ginger exhibited a significantly higher villous height-to-crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05). Groups supplemented with 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg of ginger extract demonstrated a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and an increase in the proportion of Firmicutes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of ginger extract at 5 g/kg resulted in improved feed efficiency, intestinal morphology, and microbiota composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

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18 pages, 2894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Deep Rotary Tillage and Microbial Decomposition Agents on Straw Decomposition, Soil Nutrient Dynamics, and Microbial Communities in Rice Systems

by Xinyue Wang, Jie Huang, Yanting Tan, Lili Yang, Yuanhuan Li, Bing Xia, Hailin Li and Xiaohua Deng

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131447 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the synergistic effects of microbial decomposition agents and deep rotary tillage on rice straw decomposition, soil nutrient dynamics, and microbial communities in paddy fields of southern China. A two-factor randomized block experiment was conducted, with straw decomposition dynamics modeled using [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the synergistic effects of microbial decomposition agents and deep rotary tillage on rice straw decomposition, soil nutrient dynamics, and microbial communities in paddy fields of southern China. A two-factor randomized block experiment was conducted, with straw decomposition dynamics modeled using a modified Olson decay model, and microbial communities were assessed via high-throughput sequencing and network analysis. The combined treatment significantly increased the decomposition rate constant, reduced the time for 50% decomposition to 81 days, and enhanced soil nutrient availability, especially total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Microbial richness, diversity, and network complexity were also improved. Structural equation modeling indicated that nutrient availability, rather than microbial α-diversity, was the main driver of decomposition processes. These findings suggest that integrating microbial agents with deep tillage offers an effective strategy for optimizing straw return, improving soil fertility, and enhancing microbial functional resilience in rice systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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21 pages, 3541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought Resistance Physiological Responses of Alfalfa to Alternate Partial Root-Zone Drying Irrigation

by Qunce Sun, Ying Wang, Shuzhen Zhang, Xianwei Peng, Xingyu Ge, Binghan Wen, Youping An, Guili Jin and Yingjun Zhang

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131446 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

In arid agricultural production, exploring suitable water-saving irrigation strategies and analyzing their water-saving mechanisms are of great significance. Alternating partial root-zone drying irrigation (APRI), a water-saving strategy, enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) This paper aims to [...] Read more.

In arid agricultural production, exploring suitable water-saving irrigation strategies and analyzing their water-saving mechanisms are of great significance. Alternating partial root-zone drying irrigation (APRI), a water-saving strategy, enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) This paper aims to clarify the physiological mechanisms by which the APRI method enhances the physiological WUE of alfalfa, as well as the differences between this water-saving irrigation strategy, conventional irrigation (CI), and their water deficit adjustments, in order to seek higher water use efficiency for alfalfa production in arid regions. In this experiment, alfalfa was used as the research subject, and three irrigation methods, CI, fixed partial root-zone drying (FPRI), and APRI, were set up, each paired with three decreasing moisture supply gradients of 90% water holding capacity (WHC) (W1), 70% WHC (W2), and 50% WHC (W3). Samples were taken and observed once after every three complete irrigation cycles. Through a comparative analysis of the growth status, leaf water status, antioxidant enzyme activity, and osmotic adjustment capabilities of alfalfa under different water supplies for the three irrigation strategies, the following conclusions were drawn: First, the APRI method, through artificially created periodic wet–dry cycles in the rhizosphere soil, provides pseudo-drought stress that enhances the osmotic adjustment capabilities and antioxidant enzyme activity of alfalfa leaves during the early to middle phases of irrigation treatment compared to CI and FPRI methods, resulting in healthier leaf water conditions. Secondly, the stronger drought tolerance and superior growth conditions of alfalfa under the APRI method due to reduced water availability are key factors in enhancing the water use efficiency of alfalfa under this strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Conservation Cropping Systems and Practices—2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hematological Parameters of Clinically Healthy Indigenous Greek Goats (Capra prisca) and Their Associations with Parasitological Findings, Age and Reproductive Stage

by Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos, Eleni Michalopoulou, Eleftherios Triantafyllou, George C. Fthenakis and Elias Papadopoulos

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131445 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the reference intervals for complete blood count and total protein parameters in Greek indigenous Capra prisca goats and to evaluate their associations with parasitic burden, age and reproductive stage. Methods: Two-hundred clinically health goats were grouped [...] Read more.

Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the reference intervals for complete blood count and total protein parameters in Greek indigenous Capra prisca goats and to evaluate their associations with parasitic burden, age and reproductive stage. Methods: Two-hundred clinically health goats were grouped by parasite status (gastrointestinal nematodes, Eimeria spp., and lungworm infection), age (3–6-month-old growing kids; lactating non-pregnant goats ≤ 3 or >3 years old) and reproductive stage (non-lactating pregnant goats; lactating non-pregnant goats). Blood samples were analyzed for erythrogram, leukogram and megakaryocytic parameters using an automated analyzer and manual blood smears. Total plasma proteins were measured using refractometry. Results: Gastrointestinal nematode-infected animals (>300 eggs per gram of feces) were associated with a significant reduction in red blood cell counts and hematocrit estimation, and an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, while lungworm-infected animals were associated with decreased red blood cells, red cell distribution width and neutrophils, and increased lymphocytes compared to non-infected animals. Eimeria spp. affected only basophils in growing kids. Age influenced all erythrocytic and leukocytic parameters (apart from neutrophils and monocytes), as well as all megakaryocytic parameters and total proteins, with younger animals showing higher red and white blood cell counts and platelets compared to adults. Pregnant does had elevated hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils and monocytes compared with lactating non-pregnant does. Conclusions: The calculated 95% reference intervals for our demographic groups of animals provide a useful diagnostic framework for assessing Capra prisca health in Greek goat farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

21 pages, 939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping QTLs for Stripe Rust Resistance and Agronomic Traits in Chinese Winter Wheat Lantian 31 Using 15K SNP Array

by Xin Li, Wenjing Tan, Junming Feng, Qiong Yan, Ran Tian, Qilin Chen, Qin Li, Shengfu Zhong, Suizhuang Yang, Chongjing Xia and Xinli Zhou

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131444 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) resistance and agronomic traits are crucial determinants of wheat yield. Elucidating the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these essential traits can furnish valuable genetic resources for improving both the yield [...] Read more.

Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) resistance and agronomic traits are crucial determinants of wheat yield. Elucidating the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these essential traits can furnish valuable genetic resources for improving both the yield potential and disease resistance in wheat. Lantian 31 is an excellent Chinese winter wheat cultivar; multi-environment phenotyping across three ecological regions (2022–2024) confirmed stable adult-plant resistance (IT 1–2; DS < 30%) against predominant Chinese Pst races (CYR31–CYR34), alongside superior thousand-kernel weight (TKW) and kernel morphology. Here, we dissected the genetic architecture of these traits using a total of 234 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Lantian 31 and the susceptible cultivar Avocet S (AvS). Genotyping with a 15K SNP array, complemented by 660K SNP-derived KASP and SSR markers, identified four stable QTLs for stripe rust resistance (QYrlt.swust-1B, -1D, -2D, -6B) and eight QTLs governing plant height (PH), spike length (SL), and kernel traits. Notably, QYrlt.swust-1B (1BL; 29.9% phenotypic variance) likely represents the pleiotropic Yr29/Lr46 locus, while QYrlt.swust-1D (1DL; 22.9% variance) is the first reported APR locus on chromosome 1DL. A pleiotropic cluster on 1B (670.4–689.9 Mb) concurrently enhanced the TKW and the kernel width and area, demonstrating Lantian 31’s dual utility as a resistance and yield donor. The integrated genotyping pipeline—combining 15K SNP discovery, 660K SNP fine-mapping, and KASP validation—precisely delimited QYrlt.swust-1B to a 1.5 Mb interval, offering a cost-effective model for QTL resolution in common wheat. This work provides breeder-friendly markers and a genetic roadmap for pyramiding durable resistance and yield traits in wheat breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)

13 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Grape Pomace on Sow Blood, Colostrum and Milk Parameters

by Michal Rolinec, Eva Mixtajová, Branislav Gálik, Ondrej Hanušovský, Milan Šimko, Zuzana Schubertová, Anton Kováčik, Renata Vargová, Viera Madajová and Miroslav Juráček

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131443 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study was performed to assess the effects of grape pomace feeding on the immunoglobulin concentration in mammary gland secretions and the biochemical parameters of sows’ blood. This study presents unique results of sow blood parameters obtained during the first day postpartum. [...] Read more.

This study was performed to assess the effects of grape pomace feeding on the immunoglobulin concentration in mammary gland secretions and the biochemical parameters of sows’ blood. This study presents unique results of sow blood parameters obtained during the first day postpartum. Sixteen gestating sows were included in the experiment. The experimental group (DGP) received a supplement of dried grape pomace in the amount of 1% of the basal diet from the 7th day antepartum until the end of lactation. Blood, colostrum, and milk were taken from the sows. On the 1st day postpartum, in the sows’ blood, higher values of total proteins and globulins, as well as lower values of aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and the albumin/globulin ratio, were recorded in DGP. There were no significant differences in the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood of sows between the groups. Also, differences in the concentrations of immunoglobulins in the colostrum and milk of sows throughout lactation were not statistically significant. It can be stated that the feeding of dried grape pomace did not have a negative effect on the biochemical parameters of the sows’ blood, colostrum, and milk. In addition, there is a potential suggestion that the addition of dried grape pomace could have a positive effect on the antioxidant status of sows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Novel and Alternative Sources of Feed for Animal Production)

23 pages, 6580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Soil Water Resources and Coupling of Crop Water Demand Under Dryland Conditions

by Yaoyu Li, Kaixuan Li, Xifeng Liu, Zhimin Zhang, Zihao Gao, Qiang Wang, Guofang Wang and Wuping Zhang

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131442 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Efficient water management is critical for sustainable dryland agriculture, especially under increasing water scarcity and climate variability. Shanxi Province, a typical dryland region in northern China characterized by pronounced climatic variability and limited soil water availability, faces severe challenges due to uneven precipitation [...] Read more.

Efficient water management is critical for sustainable dryland agriculture, especially under increasing water scarcity and climate variability. Shanxi Province, a typical dryland region in northern China characterized by pronounced climatic variability and limited soil water availability, faces severe challenges due to uneven precipitation and restricted water resources. This study aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil water resources and their coupling with crop water demand under different hydrological year types. Using daily meteorological data from 27 stations (1963–2023), we identified dry, normal, and wet years through frequency analysis. Soil water resources were assessed under rainfed conditions, and water deficits of major crops—including millet, soybean, sorghum, winter wheat, maize, and potato—were quantified during key reproductive stages. Results showed a statistically significant declining trend in seasonal precipitation during both summer and winter cropping periods (p < 0.05), which corresponds with the observed intensification of crop water stress over recent decades. Notably, more than 86% of daily rainfall events were less than 5 mm, indicating low effective rainfall. Soil water availability closely followed precipitation distribution, with higher values in the south and west. Crop-specific analysis revealed that winter wheat and sorghum had the largest water deficits in dry years, necessitating timely supplemental irrigation. Even in wet years, water regulation strategies were required to improve water use efficiency and mitigate future drought risks. This study provides a practical framework for soil water–crop demand assessment and supports precision irrigation planning in dryland farming. The findings contribute to improving agricultural water use efficiency in semi-arid regions and offer valuable insights for adapting to climate-induced water challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Soil Health and Water Use Efficiency in Sustainable Agriculture)

20 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis to Evaluate the Comprehensive Effects of Trichoderma and 6PP on Vineyard Ecosystems

by Irene Dini, Giada d’Errico, Elisa Troiano, Claudio Gigliotti, Anastasia Vassetti, Daria Lotito, Alessia Staropoli, Giuseppe Parrella, Francesco P. d’Errico, Matteo Lorito and Francesco Vinale

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131441 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Viticulture is vital to Italy’s agricultural sector, since it significantly contributes to the global wine industry. Microflora and microfauna are considered important factors for soil quality, improving grapevine growth, and promoting resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study examined the impact of [...] Read more.

Viticulture is vital to Italy’s agricultural sector, since it significantly contributes to the global wine industry. Microflora and microfauna are considered important factors for soil quality, improving grapevine growth, and promoting resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study examined the impact of selected Trichoderma strains (T. harzianum M10 and T. afroharzianum T22) and their secondary metabolite 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) on the soil microbiome, the metabolome, and physiological changes of grapevines. Before treatment application, low levels of plant-parasitic nematodes (Rotylenchulus spp., Xiphinema pachtaicum) were found in the soil, together with pathogens (Fusarium spp., Neonectria spp.) and beneficial microbes (Clonostachys rosea, Pseudomonas spp.). Metagenomic analysis revealed significant treatment impacts in the soil microbiome, with T22 and 6PP treatments increasing Proteobacteria abundance, while slight variations of fungal communities and no significant differences in nematofauna were found. Metabolomic analysis showed that treatments induced grapevines to produce antioxidant secondary metabolites able to boost plant defense against abiotic and biotic stresses and increase nutraceutical grapes’ value. Finally, T22 treatment increased the grapes’ winemaking value, raising their Brix grade. Our results demonstrate that microbial or metabolite-based treatments could affect the soil microbiome composition, grapevine health and resilience, and grapes’ oenological and nutraceutical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

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17 pages, 4351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soybean Fermentation Broth Value-Added Phosphorus Fertilizer Boosts Crop Growth via Improved Soil Phosphorus Availability and Rhizosphere Microbial Activity

by Xinyi Zhang, Danyi He, Wuzhihui Huang, Tingyi Wang and Lansheng Deng

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131440 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Excessive application of phosphate fertilizers exacerbates water pollution, while the low phosphorus availability in acidic soils results in diminished phosphorus utilization efficiency of crops. This study conducted a maize pot experiment to investigate the effects of soybean fermentation broth value-added phosphorus fertilizer (SFB-VAPF) [...] Read more.

Excessive application of phosphate fertilizers exacerbates water pollution, while the low phosphorus availability in acidic soils results in diminished phosphorus utilization efficiency of crops. This study conducted a maize pot experiment to investigate the effects of soybean fermentation broth value-added phosphorus fertilizer (SFB-VAPF) on soil phosphorus availability and microbial communities in acidic lateritic red soils during the 31-day seedling stage to determine its growth promotion efficacy. Conducted in Guangzhou, China, under greenhouse conditions, the experimental design comprised 11 treatments: CK (no fertilizer), treatments with P alone at two levels (0.05 and 0.15 g·kg⁻¹), and eight SFB-VAPF treatments combining each P level with four dilutions of soybean fermentation broth (SFB; 100-, 300-, 500-, and 700-fold dilutions). Each treatment had five replications. Application of SFB-VAPF significantly improved the soil chemical attributes, enzyme activities, and promoted maize growth and nutrient accumulation. Compared to the high-P treatments (0.15 g·kg⁻¹ P), low-P SFB-VAPF demonstrated superior enhancement of the soil organic matter (SOM), available nutrients, maize biomass, and nutrient accumulation. The treatment combining 0.05 g·kg⁻¹ P and 100-fold diluted SFB significantly increased the acid phosphatase activity (ACP) by 28.01% and the AP content by 69.63%, while achieving the highest maize biomass. Although SFB-VAPF application reduced the microbial species richness, the combinations of low P with high SFB and high P with low SFB enhanced both the community structural diversity and distribution evenness. SFB-VAPF application reduced the abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, while the Gammaproteobacteria abundance significantly increased in the low-P SFB-VAPF groups. The microbial beta diversity analysis demonstrated that combining 0.05 g·kg⁻¹ P with SFB significantly altered the microbial community structure. The key driving factors included soil EC and SOM, AP, Al-P, and Fe-P contents, with AP content exerting an extremely significant influence on the bacterial community composition and structure (p ≤ 0.001). This study demonstrates that SFB-VAPF enhances soil phosphorus availability, and improves the structural diversity and distribution evenness of microbial communities, thereby promoting crop growth. Critically, SFB synergistically enhances the efficiency of low-concentration phosphorus fertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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18 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential for Enhancing Forage Sorghum Yield and Yield Components in a Changing Pannonian Climate

by Anja Dolapčev Rakić, Slaven Prodanović, Vladimir Sikora, Sanja Vasiljević, Vesna Župunski, Radivoje Jevtić and Ana Uhlarik

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131439 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Climatic variability, particularly fluctuating precipitation and rising temperatures, poses a significant threat to crop productivity and stability. Forage sorghum hybrids are a promising alternative for fodder and bioenergy due to their high level of drought tolerance. This study evaluated genotypic variation and environmental [...] Read more.

Climatic variability, particularly fluctuating precipitation and rising temperatures, poses a significant threat to crop productivity and stability. Forage sorghum hybrids are a promising alternative for fodder and bioenergy due to their high level of drought tolerance. This study evaluated genotypic variation and environmental adaptability of 60 forage sorghum genotypes: 13 parental lines, their 40 crosses and seven commercial hybrids, to identify high-yielding, stable hybrids for biomass production under changing agroecological conditions. Field trials conducted over two contrasting years revealed significant genotype-by-environment interactions (p < 0.05), highlighting the need for multi-year evaluations. While favorable rainfall in 2020 enhanced vegetative traits (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area), biomass yield variability increased, emphasizing that favorable vegetative development does not necessarily correlate with yield stability. Principal component analysis indicated that plant height, stem diameter and leaf-related traits contributed most to genotypic differentiation. However, no single trait emerged as a reliable predictor of yield, suggesting complex trait interaction. These findings underscore the importance of integrative breeding strategies that combine phenotypic trait assessment with environmental adaptability to ensure sustainable biomass production. Sorghum’s drought tolerance and resilience make it a promising crop for future food and feed security in regions prone to climatic stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)

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46 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessReview

Improving Forage Quality from Permanent Grasslands to Enhance Ruminant Productivity

by Barbara Wróbel, Waldemar Zielewicz and Anna Paszkiewicz-Jasińska

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131438 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Permanent grasslands play a crucial role in ruminant nutrition, providing cost-effective and nutritionally rich forage. Their effective management is essential for improving agricultural productivity and sustainability. This review examines factors affecting forage quality, including environmental conditions, botanical composition, conservation methods, and fertilization strategies. [...] Read more.

Permanent grasslands play a crucial role in ruminant nutrition, providing cost-effective and nutritionally rich forage. Their effective management is essential for improving agricultural productivity and sustainability. This review examines factors affecting forage quality, including environmental conditions, botanical composition, conservation methods, and fertilization strategies. The impact of grassland management practices, such as cutting frequency, grazing systems, and soil fertility enhancement, on forage nutritional value is discussed. Advances in breeding, including genomic selection and molecular techniques, offer opportunities to improve digestibility and resistance to environmental stress. Furthermore, conservation methods, including haymaking and silage production, significantly influence forage quality. Special attention is given to the role of legumes and multi-species swards in enhancing protein content and mineral composition. The review highlights that optimizing forage quality requires an integrated approach, combining agronomic practices, genetic improvements, and sustainable management strategies. Future research should focus on developing resilient forage systems that maintain high nutritional value while adapting to changing climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Improving the Nutritional Status of Forage Crops for Better Livestock Productivity)

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12 pages, 6934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Segmentation of Plant Roots and Soil Constituents Through X-Ray Computed Tomography and Image Analysis to Reveal Plant Root Impacts on Soil Structure

by Yuki Kojima, Takeru Toda, Shoichiro Hamamoto, Yutaka Ohtake and Kohji Kamiya

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131437 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Plant roots influence various soil physical properties by altering the soil structure and pore configuration; however, a detailed understanding of these effects remains limited. In this study, we applied a relatively simple approach for segmenting plant roots and soil constituents using X-ray computed [...] Read more.

Plant roots influence various soil physical properties by altering the soil structure and pore configuration; however, a detailed understanding of these effects remains limited. In this study, we applied a relatively simple approach for segmenting plant roots and soil constituents using X-ray computed tomography (CT) images to evaluate root-induced changes in soil structure. The method combines manual initialization with a layer-wise automated region-growing approach, enabling the extraction of the root systems of soybean, Italian ryegrass, and Guinea grass. The method utilizes freely available software with a simple interface and does not require advanced image analysis skills, making it accessible to a wide range of researchers. The soil particles, pore water, and pore air were segmented using a Kriging-based thresholding technique. The segmented four-phase images allowed for the quantification of the volume fractions of soil constituents, pore size distributions, and coordination numbers. Furthermore, by separating the rhizosphere and bulk soil, we found that the root presence significantly reduced solid fractions and increased water content, particularly in the upper soil layers. Macropores and fine pores were observed near the roots, highlighting the complex structural impacts of root growth. While further validation is needed to assess the method’s applicability across different soil types and imaging conditions, it provides a practical basis for visualizing and quantifying root–soil interactions, and could contribute to advancing our understanding of how plant roots influence key soil hydraulic and thermal properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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20 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimental Investigation of a Non-Contact Tomato Pollination Device Based on Pulse Airflow

by Siyao Liu, Subo Tian, Zhen Zhang, Lingfei Liu and Tianlai Li

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131436 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Planting tomatoes in enclosed facilities requires manual pollination assistance. Chemically-assisted pollination poses environmental pollution and food safety hazards. Contact vibration pollination is inefficient, ineffective, and prone to plant damage. This study developed a non-contact tomato pollination device based on pulse airflow, and conducted [...] Read more.

Planting tomatoes in enclosed facilities requires manual pollination assistance. Chemically-assisted pollination poses environmental pollution and food safety hazards. Contact vibration pollination is inefficient, ineffective, and prone to plant damage. This study developed a non-contact tomato pollination device based on pulse airflow, and conducted an experimental investigation on it. Firstly, a non-contact tomato pollination device based on pulse airflow was designed, based on the reciprocating motion of tomato flowers under the action of pulse airflow. Subsequently, this study took the coverage rate of pollen on the stigma as an indicator, and the optimal pulse airflow parameters were determined, which were a velocity of 1.22 m·s⁻¹, airflow angle of −19.69°, and pulse frequency of 25.64 Hz. Finally, comparative experiments were conducted between the pollination effect of tomatoes based on pulse airflow and other assisted pollination methods. The results show that tomato flowers produce a composite reciprocating vibration under the coupling effect of the inflorescence elastic force and the pulse airflow force, and the coverage of pollen on the stigma is 11.2% higher than assisted pollination using stable airflow. The use of a pulse airflow pollination method can increase the fruit setting rate by 13.21%, increase the weight per fruit by 11.46%, and increase the weight of fruits per bunch by 33.33%. Compared with chemically-assisted fruit setting, no chemical agents were used to ensure a fruit setting rate similar to chemical methods, and the number of seeds per fruit increased by 74.8. Compared with vibration pollination, it eliminated plant damage and increased the fruit setting rate by 4.45%, and improved efficiency by 18.6%. The results indicated that the pollination method based on pulse airflow is environmentally friendly, high-quality, and efficient. This study breaks through the theoretical and parameter limitations of traditional airflow pollination devices, and provides a theoretical base for the development of clean pollination equipment in facility agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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37 pages, 9958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Priestia megaterium KW16: A Novel Plant Growth-Promoting and Biocontrol Agent Against Rhizoctonia solani in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)—Functional and Genomic Insights

by Bożena Nowak, Daria Chlebek and Katarzyna Hupert-Kocurek

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131435 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Plant diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani present a significant challenge in agriculture. While chemical pesticides remain a common control strategy, their use leads to health and environmental problems. In contrast, endophytic bacteria with plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity offer a promising, sustainable alternative. In [...] Read more.

Plant diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani present a significant challenge in agriculture. While chemical pesticides remain a common control strategy, their use leads to health and environmental problems. In contrast, endophytic bacteria with plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity offer a promising, sustainable alternative. In this context, a novel endophytic Priestia megaterium strain, KW16, originated from the bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), demonstrated distinct biocontrol potential against R. solani. In vitro assays showed that KW16 inhibited R. solani growth by up to 58%, primarily by releasing volatile compounds. In planta experiments further highlighted KW16′s ability to colonize oilseed rape internal tissues, significantly enhancing its growth and development. In the presence of the pathogen, KW16 abolished the negative impact of R. solani and promoted plant growth, increasing shoot and root biomass by 216% and 1737%, respectively, when compared to the plants grown in fungal-infested soil. Biochemical and genome analyses confirmed the strain’s metabolic versatility, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, and a whole spectrum of PGP and biocontrol traits such as biofilm formation, production of phytohormones, and synthesis of lytic enzymes, siderophores, and volatiles, alongside its ability to survive in the presence of autochthonous soil microflora. These findings position KW16 as a potent biological alternative to synthetic fungicides, with significant potential for sustainable crop protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture: From Waste to Biostimulants, Biofertilisers and Bioenergy)

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