Nutrients

26 pages, 387 KB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Status Evaluation and Intervention in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Practical Approach

by Donghyuk Kang, Sojung Youn, Ji Won Min and Eun Jeong Ko

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203264 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Malnutrition is a common and serious complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), significantly impacting morbidity, mortality, and health-related quality of life. Recognizing the close association between nutritional status and clinical outcomes, recent clinical practice guidelines have emphasized proactive nutritional assessment and [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a common and serious complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), significantly impacting morbidity, mortality, and health-related quality of life. Recognizing the close association between nutritional status and clinical outcomes, recent clinical practice guidelines have emphasized proactive nutritional assessment and individualized intervention as key components of CKD management. Accurate nutritional assessment remains challenging in CKD patients due to fluid shifts, altered body composition, and laboratory variability. While various nutritional assessment tools are available, their interpretation requires careful consideration due to each tool’s characteristics and patient’s CKD stage. Nutritional interventions must be tailored to the patient’s CKD stage, dialysis status, and comorbidity profile. Strategies include individualized dietary counseling and oral nutritional supplements. Also, patient education and multidisciplinary collaboration—particularly involving nephrologists and renal dietitians—are essential to improving adherence and long-term outcomes. This review focuses on evaluating the nutritional status and intervention of CKD patients, highlighting key aspects based on the latest literature and clinical guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and the Risk of Malnutrition in People with Kidney Failure)

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9 pages, 563 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Donor Human Milk and Formula Supplementation on Bone Metabolism and Clinical Outcomes in Preterm Infants Receiving Mother’s Own Milk

by Jacky Herzlich, Bar Frumer, Dror Mandel, Sharon Morag, Ariel Halperin and Laurence Mangel

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203263 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Human milk (HM) is the optimal nutrition for preterm infants, but supplementation is often required to meet their unique nutritional needs. Donor human milk (DHM) and preterm formula are commonly used alternatives, yet their impacts on bone metabolism and clinical outcomes remain [...] Read more.

Background: Human milk (HM) is the optimal nutrition for preterm infants, but supplementation is often required to meet their unique nutritional needs. Donor human milk (DHM) and preterm formula are commonly used alternatives, yet their impacts on bone metabolism and clinical outcomes remain incompletely defined. Objective: To compare the effects of exclusive mother’s own milk (MOM), MOM supplemented with DHM, and MOM supplemented with preterm formula on bone metabolism markers, growth milestones, and clinical outcomes in very preterm and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records for infants born at <32 weeks’ gestation or <1500 g birth weight between January 2018 and June 2023. Feeding groups included exclusive MOM (N = 135), MOM + DHM (N = 74), and MOM + Formula (N = 54). Biochemical markers were assessed at baseline and on days 7, 14, and 28. Multivariate regression analyses evaluated predictors of growth and clinical outcomes. Results: Infants in the MOM group had significantly lower gestational age and birth weight, with higher rates of respiratory morbidity. Time to full enteral feeding and duration of parenteral nutrition were longer in the MOM group, but feeding regimen was not an independent predictor of these outcomes. By day 14, the MOM group had higher alkaline phosphatase levels and lower phosphorus levels compared to mix feeding groups, but these differences resolved by day 28. Calcium levels varied between groups but remained within normal ranges. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) incidence did not differ significantly across feeding regimens and was primarily associated with longer parenteral nutrition duration. Conclusions: Supplementation of MOM with either DHM or preterm formula supported adequate growth and bone metabolism without increasing NEC risk. Feeding regimen did not independently influence time to full enteral feeding or length of hospitalization, which were driven primarily by infant maturity and clinical status. Both DHM and preterm formula are viable supplements to MOM, ensuring nutritional adequacy without adverse bone health effects. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate long-term outcomes of these feeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Donor Milk and Human Milk Banks in Promoting Maternal and Infant Health)

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16 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between 24-h Movement Behaviors and Macronutrient Intake Among Students Aged 6–17 Years: Insights from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

by Zekai Chen, Lin Zhu, Ziqi Chen, Jialin Quan and Zhuofan Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3262; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203262 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aims to examine the relationships between 24-h movement guideline (24HMG) adherence and macronutrient intake, as well as assess dose–response relationships between 24-h movement behaviors and macronutrient intake among students aged 6–17 years. Methods: The study included 3624 participants aged 6 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aims to examine the relationships between 24-h movement guideline (24HMG) adherence and macronutrient intake, as well as assess dose–response relationships between 24-h movement behaviors and macronutrient intake among students aged 6–17 years. Methods: The study included 3624 participants aged 6 to 17 years from four rounds (2004–2011) of the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Participants’ 24-h movement behaviors and dietary intakes were evaluated. Results: Adherents to physical activity (PA) guideline had higher carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake (all p < 0.05). Those following the screen time (ST) guideline had a higher percentage of dietary energy intake (E%) from carbohydrates but a lower percentage from fat (all p < 0.05). Sleep (SLP) guideline adherents demonstrated lower protein intake and E% (all p < 0.05). PA guideline adherents were less likely to exceed carbohydrate Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69–0.99), but more likely to surpass fat DRIs (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02–1.40). ST guideline adherents were more likely to exceed carbohydrate DRIs (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11–1.56) and less likely to surpass fat DRIs (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.68–0.91). Dose–response analyses showed that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and ST had positive linear associations with carbohydrate intake below DRIs. ST also showed positive linear associations with fat intake above DRIs. MVPA showed a nonlinear relationship with fat intake above DRIs. Conclusions: Among Chinese children and adolescents aged 6–17 years, those who meet the PA guideline should be cautious about the risk of excessive fat intake, while those adhering to the ST guideline should be aware of the risk of excessive carbohydrate intake in their daily diet. For promoting health and maintaining balanced macronutrient intake, MVPA should range from 60 to 90 min per day. This study underscores the importance of adjusting macronutrient intake according to levels of 24-h movement behaviors, especially MVPA and ST. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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25 pages, 1093 KB

Open AccessReview

Unveiling Dietary Complexity: A Scoping Review and Reporting Guidance for Network Analysis in Dietary Pattern Research

by Rebecca M. J. Taylor, Jack A. Moore, Amy R. Griffiths, Alecia L. Cousins and Hayley A. Young

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3261; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203261 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dietary patterns play a crucial role in health, yet most research examines foods individually, overlooking how they interact. This approach provides an incomplete picture of how diet influences health outcomes. Network analysis (e.g., Gaussian graphical models, mutual information networks, mixed graphical [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dietary patterns play a crucial role in health, yet most research examines foods individually, overlooking how they interact. This approach provides an incomplete picture of how diet influences health outcomes. Network analysis (e.g., Gaussian graphical models, mutual information networks, mixed graphical models) offers a more comprehensive way to study food co-consumption by capturing complex relationships between dietary components. However, while researchers have applied various network algorithms to explore food co-consumption, inconsistencies in methodology, incorrect application of algorithms, and varying results have made interpretation challenging. The objectives of this scoping review were to systematically map and synthesise studies that have applied network analysis to dietary data, and to establish guiding principles for future research in this area. Methods: Using PRISMA-ScR criteria, our scoping review identified 171 articles published from inception up to 7 March 2025, of which 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Gaussian graphical models were the most frequent approach, used in 61% of studies, and were often paired with regularisation techniques (e.g., graphical LASSO) to improve clarity (93%). The analysis revealed significant methodological challenges across the literature: 72% of studies employed centrality metrics without acknowledging their limitations, there was an overreliance on cross-sectional data limiting the ability to determine cause and effect, and difficulties in handling non-normal data. While most studies using GGM addressed the issue of non-normal data, either by using the nonparametric extension, Semiparametric Gaussian copula graphical model (SGCGM), or log-transforming the data, 36% did nothing to manage their non-normal data. Conclusions: To improve the reliability of network analysis in dietary research, this review proposes five guiding principles: model justification, design–question alignment, transparent estimation, cautious metric interpretation, and robust handling of non-normal data. To facilitate their adoption, a CONSORT-style checklist is introduced—the Minimal Reporting Standard for Dietary Networks (MRS-DN)—to help guide future studies. This review was preregistered on Open Science Framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Dietary Assessment)

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18 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessReview

The Athlete Gut Microbiome: A Narrative Review of Multi-Omics Insights and Next-Generation Probiotic Strategies

by Zhiwei Li, Youqiang Li, Yufei Wang, Jinjin Chen and Yilan Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3260; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203260 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in athletic health and performance by influencing metabolism, immunity, gastrointestinal integrity, and recovery. Advances in high-throughput sequencing and integrative multi-omics approaches have provided unprecedented insights into how microbial communities adapt to the physiological demands of training [...] Read more.

The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in athletic health and performance by influencing metabolism, immunity, gastrointestinal integrity, and recovery. Advances in high-throughput sequencing and integrative multi-omics approaches have provided unprecedented insights into how microbial communities adapt to the physiological demands of training and competition. Key microbial taxa, including short-chain fatty acid producers, lactate utilizers, and carbohydrate fermenters, have been linked to enhanced endurance, reduced inflammation, and improved recovery, opening exciting opportunities for targeted probiotic interventions. While conventional probiotics remain valuable, next-generation engineered strains hold particular promise, supported by recent regulatory milestones such as FDA approvals of engineered probiotics and gene-edited livestock. In this narrative review, we synthesize recent multi-omics research to examine mechanistic links between the athlete gut microbiome and performance, evaluate current and emerging probiotic strategies, and highlight challenges related to personalization, standardization, and regulation. With longitudinal, performance-oriented trials and harmonized frameworks, microbiome-targeted interventions are poised to move beyond exploratory research toward evidence-based, precision tools that optimize athletic performance and recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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15 pages, 500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Economic Impact in Dysphagia Management: A Preliminary Economic Evaluation for the WeanCare-Dysphameal Approach

by Chiara Monti, Paolo Landa, Antonio Rosario Romano, Marco Di Nitto, Axsinia Torsello, Stefania Ripamonti, Gianluca Catania, Annamaria Bagnasco and Milko Zanini

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3259; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203259 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a frequent condition among older adults in long-term care facilities, often leading to malnutrition, dehydration, and increased mortality. Modified-texture diets (MTDs) are used to address these risks, though traditional preparation methods often compromise nutritional density and standardization. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a frequent condition among older adults in long-term care facilities, often leading to malnutrition, dehydration, and increased mortality. Modified-texture diets (MTDs) are used to address these risks, though traditional preparation methods often compromise nutritional density and standardization. The WeanCare protocol with Dysphameal^® technology introduces an innovative solution by offering IDDSI-compliant, high-density, freeze-dried meals. This study assesses its clinical effectiveness and economic impact. Methods: A six-month quasi-experimental pre–post study was conducted in two Italian nursing homes involving 13 older participants with diagnosed OD. Participants received all meals and hydration through Dysphameal^®, and data were collected on anthropometry, biochemical markers, care workload, and economic parameters. Statistical analyses included regression, correlations, and pre–post comparisons. Results: Improvements were noted in fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in all participants. Albumin and lymphocyte counts improved, as did participant autonomy at mealtime. Operational time per participant dropped by 44% in kitchen and by 7 min/day in wards. Supplement use decreased, leading to significant cost savings and improved staff allocation. Conclusions: The WeanCare–Dysphameal^® system improves nutritional status, reduces caregiver workload, and enhances economic efficiency in institutional settings. It represents a scalable solution for OD management, ensuring consistency, safety, and sustainability in dysphagic care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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32 pages, 2410 KB

Open AccessReview

Mentha Essential Oils: Unraveling Chemotype-Dependent Biosynthesis and Assessing Evidence for Health-Promoting Activities

by Yifan Yu, Yalin Ma, Zhen Ouyang and Luqi Huang

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203258 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Mentha essential oils (EOs), renowned for their distinctive aromas and diverse biological activities, represent a key focus in phytochemical and pharmacological research. While numerous reviews have documented the general properties of mint EOs, a systematic and critical synthesis of recent advances linking chemotypic [...] Read more.

Mentha essential oils (EOs), renowned for their distinctive aromas and diverse biological activities, represent a key focus in phytochemical and pharmacological research. While numerous reviews have documented the general properties of mint EOs, a systematic and critical synthesis of recent advances linking chemotypic diversity to biosynthetic mechanisms and evidence-based health benefits remains lacking. This review aims to address this gap by comprehensively analyzing the structural variability of EOs across major Mentha species, elucidating the chemotype-dependent enzymatic and genetic regulation within the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, and evaluating preclinical and clinical evidence supporting their health-promoting activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, digestive, respiratory, cognitive-enhancing, and anticancer effects. By integrating findings from cutting-edge transcriptomic and genomic studies, we highlight how genetic variations and epigenetic factors influence monoterpene biosynthesis and ultimately shape bioactivity profiles. Furthermore, we critically assess challenges related to EO standardization, bioavailability, and clinical translation, and propose interdisciplinary strategies, such as metabolic engineering, nano-delivery systems, and structured clinical trial designs to overcome these barriers. This review not only consolidates the current understanding of Mentha Eos, but also provides a forward-looking perspective on their potential applications in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and personalized health products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Bioactive Components and Lipid Metabolic Diseases: A Comprehensive Exploration)

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16 pages, 976 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulatory Effect of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Fruit Extracts on Activated Macrophages and Dysfunctional Vascular Endothelial Cells

by Katarzyna Kowalska, Radosław Dembczyński and Anna Olejnik

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3257; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203257 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Growing evidence highlights the beneficial effects of flavonoids, including anthocyanins, as key components in reducing cardiovascular risk, and emphasizes that incorporating anthocyanin-rich fruits into the daily diet significantly impacts public health. Methods: The effect of bioactive polyphenols from raspberry fruit (RBF) on [...] Read more.

Background: Growing evidence highlights the beneficial effects of flavonoids, including anthocyanins, as key components in reducing cardiovascular risk, and emphasizes that incorporating anthocyanin-rich fruits into the daily diet significantly impacts public health. Methods: The effect of bioactive polyphenols from raspberry fruit (RBF) on molecular pathways in inflammation was studied in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and their protective potential against endothelial dysfunction was analyzed using TNF-α-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results: The results have shown that RBF extract, along with its anthocyanin and polyphenol fractions, has a significant anti-inflammatory effect in macrophage cell culture by inhibiting the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB. Moreover, RBF and both fractions have demonstrated a protective effect on endothelial function by decreasing the expression of several inflammation-related genes and adhesion molecules, such as IL-6, IL-1β, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and SELE, in TNF-α-induced HUVECs. Conclusions: The consumption of RBF and/or polyphenol-rich extracts may help prevent the onset of early atherosclerosis. This is attributed to their ability to improve inflammation status and enhance vascular endothelial function. Given the strong anti-inflammatory properties of RBF, incorporating them into a daily diet could significantly reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases related to inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Berry Phytochemicals in Treating Obesity, Inflammation and Associated Comorbidities)

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13 pages, 238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Mapping of Macronutrient Consumption Before Pregnancy Related to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Antigoni Tranidou, Aikaterini Apostolopoulou, Antonios Siargkas, Emmanuela Magriplis, Ioannis Tsakiridis, Georgia Koutsouki, Michail Chourdakis and Themistoklis Dagklis

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3256; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203256 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication, and maternal diet before conception may be an important modifiable risk factor. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy energy and macronutrient intake and the risk of GDM. Methods [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication, and maternal diet before conception may be an important modifiable risk factor. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy energy and macronutrient intake and the risk of GDM. Methods: Data from the BORN2020 cohort in Northern Greece were used. Women were recruited at their first trimester prenatal visit (11–13 weeks of gestation) and provided detailed dietary data via a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), reflecting intake in the six months prior to conception. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression models were applied to assess the joint effects of food-derived macronutrient mixtures on GDM risk. Analyses were adjusted for parity, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, thyroid disorders, smoking, energy intake, and physical activity. Results: In total, 797 women were included in the analyses. In normal-BMI women, higher pre-pregnancy intake of energy (aOR = 81.16, 95% CI: 4.55–1447.46), total carbohydrates (aOR = 50.66, 95% CI: 3.59–715.04), total fat (aOR = 9.35, 95% CI: 1.17–74.54), and total protein (aOR = 11.06, 95% CI: 1.14–107.09) were significantly associated with increased odds of GDM. The main contributing foods were energy-dense and processed items such as puff pastry, processed meats, potatoes, refined grains, and dairy products. In contrast, dietary fiber, vegetable protein, and animal protein were not significantly associated with GDM risk. Among overweight and obese women, none of the macronutrient or energy mixtures showed significant associations. Conclusions: For women of normal weight, a pre-conception diet high in energy and macronutrients from processed foods is a significant predictor of GDM risk. This association was not found in overweight or obese women, highlighting a critical window for targeted nutritional intervention for normal-weight individuals before pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Metabolism in Pregnancy)

12 pages, 221 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the Central Asia Stunting Initiative on Stunting Among Children Under Five Years Old in Gilgit Baltistan and Chitral, Pakistan

by Imtiaz Hussain, Imran A. Chauhadry, Muhammad Umer, Noor Nisa, Sanober Nadeem, Mushtaq Hassan, Asma A. Sattar, Muhammad Atif Habib, Shabina Ariff, Aminah Jahangir, Claudia Hudspeth, Sajid B. Soofi and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3255; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203255 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Stunting, a form of chronic malnutrition, is a global health concern, especially in South Asia. Stunting remains a significant public health issue in Pakistan, particularly in remote regions like Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral, where geographic isolation and socioeconomic challenges exacerbate malnutrition. The [...] Read more.

Background: Stunting, a form of chronic malnutrition, is a global health concern, especially in South Asia. Stunting remains a significant public health issue in Pakistan, particularly in remote regions like Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral, where geographic isolation and socioeconomic challenges exacerbate malnutrition. The Aga Khan Development Network is leading the implementation of a program, Central Asia Stunting Initiative (CASI), with an aim to reduce stunting through community-driven maternal and child health interventions in the targeted areas of Gilgit Baltistan and Chitral. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CASI in improving child nutritional outcomes in Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral. Methods: In this study, a single-group pre–post evaluation design was employed using baseline and midline cross-sectional surveys among households with children aged 0–59 months in Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral. Data on child anthropometry, household food security, maternal education, and child feeding practices were collected from over 500 households using stratified sampling. Results: Results showed improvement in child health indicators between baseline and midline. Between baseline and midline, stunting declined from 40.9% to 35.4% in GBC (p = 0.02), with severe stunting dropping significantly (17.8% to 10.9%, p < 0.001). Wasting and underweight rates also showed marked reductions. Improvements in breastfeeding rates (71.3% to 88.3%) and dietary diversity (4.0% to 26.8%) were observed. However, food security declined sharply from 95.2% to 11.9%, underscoring persistent economic stress. Conclusions: CASI interventions yielded substantial improvements in child nutrition and maternal behaviours. However, sustained progress requires integrated strategies addressing food insecurity, economic empowerment, and long-term resilience. Future programs should adopt a multi-sectoral approach to tackle chronic malnutrition comprehensively. Despite this, results indicated an overall improvement due to CASI interventions, signifying the importance of integrated, community-based approaches in addressing stunting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Children's Growth and Development)

25 pages, 1667 KB

Open AccessReview

Parenting Style and Social Media: Impact on Children’s Dietary Patterns

by Angelica Dessì, Silvia Petza, Alice Di Carlo, Federica Infantino, Federica Zanco, Lucrezia Galimberti, Vassilios Fanos and Alice Bosco

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3254; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203254 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Aim: Nutrition plays a pivotal role in development, not only in the early stages of life but also during adolescence, a period marked by vulnerability to the onset of overweight, obesity and eating disorders, with repercussions for reproductive and bone health. This narrative [...] Read more.

Background/Aim: Nutrition plays a pivotal role in development, not only in the early stages of life but also during adolescence, a period marked by vulnerability to the onset of overweight, obesity and eating disorders, with repercussions for reproductive and bone health. This narrative review aims to explore how parenting style, parental feeding practices and social media exposure influence eating behaviors in children and adolescents. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was performed through the PubMed and Scopus databases, including studies on participants aged 0–18 years. Both observational and interventional studies focusing on parenting approaches and the impact of social media on dietary behaviors were included. Given the narrative design, studies were selected based on conceptual relevance rather than formal inclusion or exclusion criteria, and on their contribution to understanding the multifactorial determinants of eating behavior. Results: A substantial body of research has demonstrated the critical influence of the family in cultivating positive eating habits and fostering a healthy relationship with food in children, serving as a role model and through responsive and authoritative parenting. Conversely, controlling or restrictive styles may contribute to dysfunctional eating patterns. Social media can positively and negatively influence children’s eating behaviors and parental feeding practices, promoting nutritional awareness or exposure to unhealthy food marketing and unrealistic body ideals. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals should promote an educational, trust-based approach to nutrition, empowering parents and youth for responsible digital engagement. Integrating family, school and media education is essential for preventing obesity and eating disorders in the digital age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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21 pages, 1311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Benefits of Behaviors and Lifestyle for Human Health and Well-Being

by Łukasz Stachera, Karolina Góras, Klaudia Janowska, Erwina Muszkat-Pośpiech, Anna Wojciechowska, Grażyna Świderska-Kołacz, Szymon Zmorzyński and Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3253; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203253 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Proper nutrition and a balanced lifestyle are key determinants of overall human well-being, influencing both physical and mental health. Likewise, physical activity and daily lifestyle choices play a vital role in sustaining the proper functioning of physiological systems and preventing chronic diseases. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Proper nutrition and a balanced lifestyle are key determinants of overall human well-being, influencing both physical and mental health. Likewise, physical activity and daily lifestyle choices play a vital role in sustaining the proper functioning of physiological systems and preventing chronic diseases. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted between April and July 2025 among students and employees of the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at Jan Kochanowski University. Data were gathered using the standardized KomPAN^® 2.2 questionnaire, which assessed dietary habits, lifestyle behaviors, and demographic factors. Participants were selected according to defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, focusing on full-time students and research employees reporting well-being-related difficulties. Statistical analysis employed multivariate techniques, including Indicator Value Analysis in PAST 5.2.1 and Principal Component Analysis in Canoco 5.0, to identify significant differences between groups. Results: The results showed that students consumed more fruits and vegetables but also more fast food and sweetened beverages, while employees differed mainly in lifestyle characteristics such as urban residence and higher education level. Gender-related analyses indicated that women selected specific food products more often, whereas men were more physically active. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for targeted well-being and nutrition support programs within academic institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Subtypes Derived by Clustering Analysis Show Heterogeneity in Glucometabolic Parameters Already at Early Pregnancy

by Grammata Kotzaeridi, Benedetta Salvatori, Agnese Piersanti, Florian Heinzl, Sophie Zarotti, Herbert Kiss, Silke Wegener, Iris Dressler-Steinbach, Wolfgang Henrich, Micaela Morettini, Andrea Tura and Christian S. Göbl

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203252 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The classification of patients with diabetes into phenotypes with distinct risks and therapeutic needs is crucial for individualized care. We recently introduced a clustering model for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aims to further characterize the proposed clusters and to identify [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The classification of patients with diabetes into phenotypes with distinct risks and therapeutic needs is crucial for individualized care. We recently introduced a clustering model for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aims to further characterize the proposed clusters and to identify cluster-specific differences in glucometabolic parameters during early pregnancy in an independent cohort. The metabolic profiles and dietary habits of GDM clusters will be compared with those of a normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) control group. Methods: 1088 women (195 who developed GDM and 893 who remained NGT) underwent a broad risk evaluation at early pregnancy. GDM patients were further categorized into the three proposed GDM subtypes (CL1 to CL3). Results: Among GDM patients, 7.7% were classified as CL1, 35.9% as CL2, and 56.4% as CL3. CL1 showed higher age, pregestational BMI, and increased glucose concentrations both at fasting and during the diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test. CL2 was characterized by elevated BMI and fasting glucose, while CL3 showed higher glucose concentrations after the oral glucose load, with BMI levels comparable to NGT mothers. Women in the CL1 group exhibited impaired insulin sensitivity and β-cell function at early pregnancy and showed elevated lipid levels. Compared to NGT women, a positive family history of diabetes was more prevalent in CL1 and CL3, but not in CL2. Dietary patterns were similar across all groups. Conclusions: Our study showed distinct alterations in glucometabolic parameters already at early pregnancy among GDM subtypes. Patients in CL1 exhibited the most unfavorable risk constellation and could benefit from lifestyle changes and nutrition therapy in early pregnancy, despite showing similar dietary patterns as the NGT group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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27 pages, 590 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Inflammation Markers: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies

by Pauline Celine Raoul, Maurizio Romano, Francesca Sofia Galli, Marco Cintoni, Esmeralda Capristo, Vincenzina Mora, Maria Cristina Mele, Antonio Gasbarrini and Emanuele Rinninella

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3251; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203251 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Artificial sweeteners, widely used as non-nutritive sugar substitutes, are increasingly prevalent in ultra-processed products. Although promoted for weight management due to their minimal caloric content, their impact on systemic inflammation remains uncertain. This systematic review of animal studies aims to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial sweeteners, widely used as non-nutritive sugar substitutes, are increasingly prevalent in ultra-processed products. Although promoted for weight management due to their minimal caloric content, their impact on systemic inflammation remains uncertain. This systematic review of animal studies aims to evaluate the association between artificial sweetener consumption and inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted up to May 2025 across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251084004). Risk of bias was assessed using the ARRIVE guidelines and SCYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Results: Thirty-seven animal studies were included: aspartame (n = 17), sucralose (n = 16), acesulfame potassium (n = 5), and saccharin (n = 4). Protocols varied in terms of dosage, exposure duration, animal models, and assessment of inflammatory outcomes, including C-reactive protein, interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Aspartame and sucralose could elevate inflammatory markers, with sucralose also disrupting gut integrity and microbiota. Acesulfame K and saccharin showed variable, dose-dependent effects. Conclusions: This systematic review of animal studies suggests a possible mechanistic association between the consumption of certain artificial sweeteners and systemic inflammation. However, this relationship remains to be clarified and warrants exploration through well-designed, large-scale randomized controlled trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Clinical Nutrition (3rd Edition))

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16 pages, 1526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota Enterotype as a Predictor of Sarcopenia in the Japanese Elderly Population

by Sayaka Hotta, Michiko Matsunaga, Akimitsu Miyake, Aya K. Takeda, Satoshi Watanabe, Naoki Hosen and Keisuke Hagihara

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203250 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Frailty and sarcopenia are age-related conditions that impair quality of life in older adults. Although the gut microbiota affects muscle health, its role in sarcopenia remains unclear. This study investigated the association between gut microbiota enterotypes and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Frailty and sarcopenia are age-related conditions that impair quality of life in older adults. Although the gut microbiota affects muscle health, its role in sarcopenia remains unclear. This study investigated the association between gut microbiota enterotypes and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 322 community-dwelling adults from the Japanese Frailty Scale cohort aged ≥65 years were assessed for sarcopenia using standardized criteria. Physical measures included grip strength, gait speed, and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). Gut microbiota profiles were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and classified into four enterotypes (ET-B1, ET-B2, ET-R, ET-P). Associations with sarcopenia were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Participants with enterotype ET-B2 had significantly lower microbial diversity (p < 0.01) and reduced grip strength (p < 0.05), whereas the difference in SMI compared with ET-P individuals did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0625). Sarcopenia prevalence differed significantly between enterotypes (p < 0.01). A predictive model incorporating age and ET-B2 exhibited an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.795, significantly higher than the age-only model (AUC = 0.686, DeLong’s test, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Gut microbiota composition, especially enterotype ET-B2, is significantly associated with sarcopenia in older Japanese adults. These findings indicate the potential for using the gut microbiota as a biomarker and therapeutic target in treating age-related muscle decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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25 pages, 6753 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Digestive Characteristics, Effects of Prebiotic Properties on NC and T2DM Mice of Achyranthes bidentata Polysaccharide, and the Hypoglycemic Effect of Its Fermentation Products

by Ting Xia, Zhenjie Liu, Wenya Ding, Liting Deng, Xinyang Ning and Jianfang Feng

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203249 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Achyranthes bidentata (AB), recognized as a food and traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits notable biological activity. Our previous study showed the hypoglycemic effect of Achyrantha bidentata polysaccharide (ABP). The properties and digestion process of polysaccharides affect their pharmacological activities. The digestion characteristics [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Achyranthes bidentata (AB), recognized as a food and traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits notable biological activity. Our previous study showed the hypoglycemic effect of Achyrantha bidentata polysaccharide (ABP). The properties and digestion process of polysaccharides affect their pharmacological activities. The digestion characteristics of ABP are unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the characteristics of ABP’s simulated digestion and its prebiotic properties and hypoglycemic effects. Methods: We used simulated digestion methods to investigate the alterations in ABP levels in the process of digestion and fermentation. Animal experiments were used to compare the effects of the prebiotic properties of ABP on normal control (NC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. Then, in order to further verify the hypoglycemic effect of ABP after fermentation (ABPF), α-glucosidase activity and glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells were examined. Results: The results showed that ABP was anti-digestive and mainly degraded by the intestinal flora. Moreover, ABP showed a stronger promoting advantage against beneficial bacteria and inhibited harmful bacteria in the T2DM mice. Compared with NC mice, after ABP treatment, T2DM mice showed a higher increase in levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, the glucose uptake and α-glucosidase activity of Caco-2 cells were significantly decreased after treatment with ABPF. Conclusions: These results underscore the potential of ABP as a prebiotic candidate for gut health promotion and T2DM alleviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polysaccharides: Functional Properties and Health Implications)

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13 pages, 501 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitochondrial DNA DAMPs, Inflammation, and Insulin Sensitivity After Dietary Interventions in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

by Yenni E. Cedillo, Melissa J. Sammy, Meghan G. Taylor, Cody J. Hanick, Courtney M. Peterson and Barbara A. Gower

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3248; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203248 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mitochondrial damage is implicated in metabolic dysfunction and may contribute to inflammation and insulin resistance, key features of type 2 diabetes. This study examined the relationship among inflammatory markers, mtDNA DAMPs, and insulin sensitivity/resistance, and evaluated their response to three dietary [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mitochondrial damage is implicated in metabolic dysfunction and may contribute to inflammation and insulin resistance, key features of type 2 diabetes. This study examined the relationship among inflammatory markers, mtDNA DAMPs, and insulin sensitivity/resistance, and evaluated their response to three dietary interventions in type 2 diabetes. Methods: Data was pooled from two clinical trials involving adults aged 35 to 75 with type 2 diabetes (n = 39). Participants followed one of three 12-week diet interventions aimed at enhancing glucose metabolism without causing weight loss. The sample was 74% female and 64% African American with a mean age of 55.6 ± 7.7 years, and 92.3% (n = 36) had overweight/obesity. Participants were assigned to either a carbohydrate-restricted, low-fat, or fruit-rich Mediterranean diet. Primary outcomes included insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index), mtDNA DAMPs (ND1, ND6), pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), CRP, and cortisol. Associations among mtDNA DAMPs, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity/resistance were examined using regression analysis Results: The carbohydrate-restricted diet led to the greatest improvements in insulin sensitivity (72.7%) and reductions in HOMA-IR (41.3%) (p = 0.03). All diets increased mtDNA DAMPs, with most observed in the fruit-rich Mediterranean diet and low-fat diet groups and the smallest in the carbohydrate-restricted group. Total mtDNA DAMPs were associated with lower insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index: β = –0.77; SE = 0.31; p = 0.02), and ND6 mtDNA DAMP levels were associated with greater insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: β = 0.90; SE = 0.40; p = 0.03) and lower insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index: β = –0.86; SE = 0.33; p = 0.01), independent of BMI and race. Proinflammatory cytokines were associated with increased HOMA-IR (β = 0.45; p = 0.007) and reduced Matsuda index (β = –0.43; p = 0.009) and moderated effects of mtDNA DAMPs on insulin sensitivity/resistance. Conclusions: These findings highlight mtDNA DAMPs in metabolic dysfunction in the context of inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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1 pages, 344 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Xu et al. Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury by Improving Mitochondrial Function via Immunoproteasome-PP2A-AMPK Signalling. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1049

by Luo-Luo Xu, Hui-Xiang Su, Pang-Bo Li and Hui-Hua Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203247 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

21 pages, 2152 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides and Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials on Stool Frequency, Stool Consistency, and Fermentation Biomarkers

by Huiyu Chen, Jiale Ren, Langrun Wang, Wenyi Zhang, Sufang Duan, Jie Guo, Qingshan Chen, Ran Wang, Jian He, Jingjing He and Ruixin Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3246; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203246 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic constipation lacks effective long-term treatments. Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) are short-chain carbohydrates that resist digestion and may improve bowel function. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effect of NDOs on constipation-related outcomes in humans. Methods: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic constipation lacks effective long-term treatments. Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) are short-chain carbohydrates that resist digestion and may improve bowel function. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effect of NDOs on constipation-related outcomes in humans. Methods: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science (2010–May 2025) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing NDOs with placebo, reporting stool frequency, stool consistency, fecal pH, or short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. All effect estimates are reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroups were analyzed based on baseline constipation status and treatment duration. Results: We included 20 RCTs (1786 participants) evaluating seven NDO types. NDO supplementation significantly increased stool frequency overall, with larger effects in constipated individuals (SMD 0.99, 95% CI 0.58–1.28) than in non-constipated population (SMD 0.30, 95% CI 0.10–0.51). By duration, shorter interventions (≤3 weeks) yielded greater frequency gains (SMD 0.89, 95% CI 0.40–1.38) than longer ones (SMD 0.24, 95% CI 0.09–0.38). While the overall effect on stool consistency was non-significant, constipated patients (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.19–0.74) and short-term trials (SMD 0.20, 95% CI 0.03–0.37) showed modest improvements. NDOs also lowered fecal pH (SMD −1.02, 95% CI −1.25–−0.79). Data on SCFAs were inconclusive and based on very limited studies. Conclusions: NDOs modestly increase stool frequency and lower fecal pH, with greater effects in constipated individuals and short-term interventions. However, evidence certainty remains low due to heterogeneity and study limitations. Further studies are needed to establish clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology)

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