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22 pages, 4016 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating VNIR–SWIR Spectroscopy and Handheld XRF for Enhanced Mineralogical Characterization of Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks in Benguerir, Morocco: Implications for Sustainable Mine Reclamation

by Abdelhak El Mansour, Ahmed Najih, Jamal-Eddine Ouzemou, Ahmed Laamrani, Abdellatif Elghali, Rachid Hakkou and Mostafa Benzaazoua

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010002 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Phosphate is a crucial non-renewable mineral resource, mainly utilized in producing fertilizers that support global agriculture. As phosphorus is an indispensable nutrient for plant growth, phosphate holds a key position in ensuring food security. While deposits are distributed worldwide, the largest reserves are [...] Read more.

Phosphate is a crucial non-renewable mineral resource, mainly utilized in producing fertilizers that support global agriculture. As phosphorus is an indispensable nutrient for plant growth, phosphate holds a key position in ensuring food security. While deposits are distributed worldwide, the largest reserves are concentrated in Morocco. The Benguerir phosphate mining in Morocco generates heterogeneous waste (i.e., including overburden, tailings, and phosphogypsum) that complicates management and valorization, which is the beneficial reuse or value recovery from waste materials (e.g., use in cover systems, buffering, or other engineered applications). Therefore, it is essential to characterize their mineralogical properties to evaluate their environmental impact and possibilities for reuse or site revegetation. To do so, we integrate VNIR–SWIR reflectance spectroscopy with HandHeld X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF) to characterize phosphate waste rock and assess its reuse potential. For this purpose, field samples (n = 104) were collected, and their spectral reflectance was measured using an ASD FieldSpec 4 spectroradiometer (350–2500 nm) under standardized laboratory conditions. Spectra were processed (Savitzky–Golay smoothing, convex-hull continuum removal) and matched to ECOSTRESS library references; across the dataset, library matching achieved mean RMSE = 0.15 ± 0.053 (median 0.145; 0.085–0.350), median SAM = 0.134 rad, median SID = 0.029, and mean R² = 0.748 ± 0.170, with 84% of spectra yielding R² > 0.70. In parallel, HHXRF major and trace elements were measured on all samples to corroborate spectral interpretations. Together, these analyses resolve carbonate–clay–phosphate assemblages (dolomite commonly dominant, with illite/smectite–kaolinite, quartz, and residual carbonate-fluorapatite varying across samples). Elemental ratios (e.g., Mg/Ca distinguishing dolomite from calcite; K/Al indicating illite) reinforce spectral trends, and phosphate indicators delineate localized enrichment (P₂O₅ up to 23.86 wt % in apatite-rich samples). Overall, the combined workflow is rapid, low-impact, and reproducible, yielding coherent mineralogical patterns that align across spectroscopic and geochemical lines of evidence and providing actionable inputs for selective screening, targeted material reuse, and more sustainable mine reclamation planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Smart Sensing and Intelligent Sensors 2025)

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24 pages, 12344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Evolution of Reservoir Characteristics and Geochemical Reactions of Compressed Air Energy Storage in Aquifers

by Bingbo Xu and Keni Zhang

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010004 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Compressed air energy storage in aquifers presents a promising approach for large-scale energy storage, yet its implementation is complicated by geochemical reactions, such as pyrite oxidation, which can impact reservoir integrity and operational efficiency. This study numerically investigates the evolution of reservoir characteristics [...] Read more.

Compressed air energy storage in aquifers presents a promising approach for large-scale energy storage, yet its implementation is complicated by geochemical reactions, such as pyrite oxidation, which can impact reservoir integrity and operational efficiency. This study numerically investigates the evolution of reservoir characteristics and geochemical processes during CAESA operations to address these challenges. Using the TOUGHREACT simulator, we developed one-dimensional and two-dimensional reactive transport models based on the Pittsfield aquifer field test parameters to simulate coupled thermal-hydrological–chemical processes under varying injection rates, temperatures, reservoir depths, and operational cycles. The results demonstrate that higher injection rates induce greater near-well pressure buildup and extended thermal zones, while deeper reservoirs exhibit abrupt declines in pressure and gas saturation due to formation constraints. Geochemical analyses reveal that pyrite oxidation dominates, leading to oxygen depletion, groundwater acidification (pH reduction), and secondary mineral precipitation, such as goethite and hematite. These findings underscore the critical interplay between operational parameters and geochemical reactions, highlighting the need for optimized design to ensure long-term stability and efficiency of aquifer-based energy storage systems. Full article

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24 pages, 1816 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Regional Atmospheric Models for Air Quality Simulations in the Winter Season in China

by Fan Meng, Xiaohui Du, Wei Tang, Jing He, Yang Li, Xuesong Wang, Shaocai Yu, Xiao Tang, Jia Xing, Min Xie, Limin Zeng and Huabin Dong

Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study conducted an intensive air quality model evaluation as a response to the urgent need to understand the reliability, consistency, and uncertainty of air quality models supporting the implementation of the PM_2.5 Air Pollution Control Action Plan in China. Five regional [...] Read more.

This study conducted an intensive air quality model evaluation as a response to the urgent need to understand the reliability, consistency, and uncertainty of air quality models supporting the implementation of the PM_2.5 Air Pollution Control Action Plan in China. Five regional air quality models of CMAQ version 5.02, CMAQ version 5.3.2, CAMx version 6.2, CAMx version 7.1, and NAQPMS have been evaluated for the CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 concentration and components. A unified statistical method and the same observational data set of 2017, comprising 17 air pollution episodes collected from four super monitoring stations in the regions of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu–Chongqing in China, have been used for the evaluation. All the participating models performed well in simulating the mean PM_2.5 concentrations, with an NMB ranging from −0.29 to −0.04, showing that the participating models are basically suitable for simulation and as evaluation tools for PM_2.5 in regulatory applications. However, the participating models showed a great variability for PM_2.5 components, with the NME ranging from 0.48 to 0.53. The models performed reasonably well in simulating the mean sulfate, nitrate, BC, and NH₄⁺ concentration in PM_2.5, while they were diversified in simulating the mean OC concentrations. The participating models also consistently performed well in simulating the concentration of NO₂, CO, and O₃. However, the models generally overestimated SO₂ concentrations, and to some extent underestimated PM₁₀ concentrations, which is likely attributable to uncertainties in emission sources and the rapid implementation of strict control policies for SO₂. The evaluation work of this study shows that there remains significant potential for further enhancement. Updating and improving the emission inventory should be prioritized to achieve better results, and further investigations into the uncertainties associated with the meteorological simulations, chemical mechanisms, and physical parameterization options of air quality models should also be conducted in future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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19 pages, 4075 KB

Open AccessArticle

Through the Eye: Retinal Changes of Prenatal Mercury Exposure in Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada

by Véronique Small, Aline Philibert, Annie Chatillon, Judy Da Silva, Myriam Fillion, Donna Mergler and Benoit Tousignant

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Since the 1960s, Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada, has been exposed to methylmercury (MeHg) from fish consumption following Hg discharge from a chloralkali plant. Prenatal exposure to MeHg is known to affect the neurodevelopment of fetuses and the retina is sensitive to neurodevelopmental [...] Read more.

Since the 1960s, Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada, has been exposed to methylmercury (MeHg) from fish consumption following Hg discharge from a chloralkali plant. Prenatal exposure to MeHg is known to affect the neurodevelopment of fetuses and the retina is sensitive to neurodevelopmental damage. The multidisciplinary, cross-sectional Niibin study, developed with Grassy Narrows First Nations, included visual examinations with retinal evaluation using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The present analyses focused on the 59 participants (116 eyes) with umbilical cord Hg measurements, sampled between 1971 and 1992. Associations between cord blood Hg and retinal thickness layers surrounding the optic nerve head (RNFL) and inner macula (GC-IPL) were examined using mixed-effect models. Higher cord blood Hg was significantly associated with reduced thickness of GC-IPL layers across all macular sectors; less pronounced associations were observed for RNFL. A qualitative clinical assessment of the OCT results showed that persons with cord blood Hg concentrations ≥ 5.8 µg/L were more likely to present bilateral abnormal retinal thinning (OR = 3.51; [95% CI: 1.06–11.53]). These findings suggest that, in this Indigenous community, prenatal MeHg exposure may have enduring effects on retinal thickness and underline the importance of OCT technology in providing tailored eye care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impacts Associated with Dietary Exposure to Chemical Contaminants and Residues)

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14 pages, 8292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dummy Templated Receptors Showing Enhanced Affinity for Vitamin D3

by Abed Abdel Qader, Musa I. El-Barghouthi, Börje Sellergren, Ali I. Ismail, Lubna Alrawashdeh, Talah Salman, Moh’d Moahand Ahmad Al-Dabet and Eman Zmaily Dahmash

Molecules 2026, 31(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Vitamin D₃ (VD3) is an essential micronutrient, but its analytical determination in biological matrices is often hindered by structurally related metabolites and the limited selectivity of conventional analytical sorbents. The preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) using VD3 as a template [...] Read more.

Vitamin D₃ (VD3) is an essential micronutrient, but its analytical determination in biological matrices is often hindered by structurally related metabolites and the limited selectivity of conventional analytical sorbents. The preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) using VD3 as a template is challenging due to its hydrophobic structure and lack of polar groups. Therefore, in this work, MIPs were prepared using the closely related structure hyodeoxycholic acid methyl ester as a template and tested for their adsorption capacity toward VD3. Several MIPs were first prepared using different functional monomers, and the results showed that 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) monomer in combination with divinylbenzene (DVB) as a crosslinker exhibited a relatively high binding capacity and imprinting factor. UV spectroscopy indicated an optimal VD3–monomer ratio of 1:4, while computational modeling further confirmed favorable interactions between VD3 and 4VP. The effect of incorporating styrene as a co-monomer with 4VP was also investigated, showing an enhancement in adsorption capacity with a slight increase in the imprinting factor. However, TGA analysis revealed that the thermal stability of the MIPs decreased with higher styrene content. Overall, the prepared MIPs demonstrated improved selectivity and recognition of VD3 compared to the non-imprinted polymers, offering a promising approach for its selective extraction and quantification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)

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16 pages, 2558 KB

Open AccessReview

Applications and Uses of Moringa Oleifera Seeds for Water Treatment, Agricultural Fertilization, and Nutraceuticals

by Diana J. Moreno, Consuelo C. Romero and Daniel F. Lovera

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010003 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Moringa oleifera has been recognized for its adaptability, nutritional richness, and multipurpose potential, particularly in resource-limited regions. While most research has focused on its leaves, moringa seeds remain underutilized despite their broad applicability in the environmental, agricultural, and food sectors. This review systematically [...] Read more.

Moringa oleifera has been recognized for its adaptability, nutritional richness, and multipurpose potential, particularly in resource-limited regions. While most research has focused on its leaves, moringa seeds remain underutilized despite their broad applicability in the environmental, agricultural, and food sectors. This review systematically and critically examines recent scientific literature on the use of M. oleifera seeds across these fields, emphasizing their functional value, applications, and challenges for sustainable use. The review follows the SALSA methodology (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis), a structured and iterative framework designed to identify, evaluate, and integrate scientific evidence from diverse sources. The analysis encompasses three main areas: (i) water treatment, where moringa seed extracts have achieved turbidity removal efficiencies above 90% and effective adsorption of dyes and potentially toxic elements; (ii) agriculture, where seed-derived fertilizers improve soil fertility, nutrient availability, and crop yield compared to conventional inputs; and (iii) the food industry, where moringa seed derivatives enhance the nutritional, functional, and antioxidant properties of bakery, beverage, and oil-based products. Overall, M. oleifera seeds emerge as a versatile and sustainable resource with proven potential as a natural coagulant, biofertilizer, and nutraceutical ingredient. By integrating findings from both English and Spanish language studies, this work highlights their contribution to sustainable water management, agricultural productivity, and food innovation, while emphasizing the need for further safety evaluation and process optimization to support large-scale application. Full article

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17 pages, 1098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of a Bioinformatic Approach to Identify Emulsifying Peptides Embedded in Brewers’ Spent Grain Proteins and Characterization of Their Emulsifying Properties

by Rasmus Kranold Mikkelsen, Ioanna Fragkaki, Simon Gregersen Echers, Naim Abdul-Khalek, Michael Toft Overgaard, Charlotte Jacobsen and Betül Yesiltas

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) represents the major byproduct of the brewing industry and remains largely underutilized. While BSG contains a rather high amount of protein, poor functional properties limit its use as a functional ingredient for foods without additional processing. In this work, [...] Read more.

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) represents the major byproduct of the brewing industry and remains largely underutilized. While BSG contains a rather high amount of protein, poor functional properties limit its use as a functional ingredient for foods without additional processing. In this work, we investigate emulsifying peptides embedded in the major BSG proteins based on a mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis and subsequent bioinformatic prediction to explore the utilization of BSG as a raw material for the production of protein-based emulsifying ingredients. Forty-eight peptides were selected based on EmulsiPred score, amino acid sequence, and protein abundance for evaluation. All peptides effectively reduced the interfacial tension between oil–water, but only 15 could produce and stabilize emulsions with droplet sizes below 5 µm. Some peptides were able to produce stable emulsions with sub-micron droplet sizes, implying very promising emulsifying properties. This study demonstrated promising emulsifying properties of BSG peptides and suggested that the functionality could be predicted using bioinformatic tools. However, the used tool needs to be further optimized for higher success rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Colloids: 4th Edition)

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24 pages, 2000 KB

Open AccessReview

Remotely Operated and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles in Offshore Wind Farms: A Review on Applications, Challenges, and Sustainability Perspectives

by Rodolfo Augusto Kanashiro, Juliani Chico Piai Paiva, Willian Ricardo Bispo Murbak Nunes and Leonimer Flávio de Melo

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010002 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

The use of underwater vehicles, either remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), has become increasingly relevant in the operation and maintenance (O&M) routines of offshore wind farms. This article provides a critical review of how these platforms are being integrated [...] Read more.

The use of underwater vehicles, either remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), has become increasingly relevant in the operation and maintenance (O&M) routines of offshore wind farms. This article provides a critical review of how these platforms are being integrated into inspection and maintenance tasks, contributing not only to safer and more precise operations but also to greater autonomy in challenging marine environments. Beyond the technical and operational aspects, this review highlights their growing connection with artificial intelligence, digital twins, and multi-robot collaboration. The studies analyzed indicate a progressive shift away from conventional methods, traditionally dependent on crewed vessels and manual inspections, toward more automated, sustainable, and integrated approaches that align with the environmental and social commitments of the offshore wind sector. Finally, emerging trends and persisting obstacles, notably energy autonomy, are discussed, outlining the requirements for consolidating a robust, connected, and sustainability-oriented model for offshore maintenance. Full article

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25 pages, 4630 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landslide Occurrence and Mitigation Strategies: Exploring Community Perception in Kivu Catchment of Rwanda

by Ma-Lyse Nema, Bachir Mahaman Saley, Arona Diedhiou and Assiel Mugabe

GeoHazards 2026, 7(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards7010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Landslides are among the most significant disasters that threaten communities worldwide. This study sampled 384 respondents, using standardized interviews and field observations, to analyze how they perceived the factors influencing the incidence of landslides in the Kivu catchment of Rwanda, especially in landslide-prone [...] Read more.

Landslides are among the most significant disasters that threaten communities worldwide. This study sampled 384 respondents, using standardized interviews and field observations, to analyze how they perceived the factors influencing the incidence of landslides in the Kivu catchment of Rwanda, especially in landslide-prone areas. This study employs a mixed-methods approach that combines household surveys and interviews with key informants to assess how residents perceive landslide causes, warning signs, and impacts, which were analyzed statistically using SPSS. For further analysis, a binary logistic regression model and chi-square tests were used. The chi-square test findings highlighted that heavy rainfall, inappropriate agricultural practices, steep slopes, deforestation, road construction, earthquakes, and climate change were strongly correlated with landslide occurrence, with a p < 0.05 level of significance, while mining activities were not correlated with landslides. On the other hand, a binary logistic regression model revealed that, among the selected factors influencing landslide occurrence in the Kivu catchment, road construction (B = −0.644; p = 0.014), inappropriate agriculturalpractices (−1.177; p = 0.000), steep slopes (B = −0.648; p = 0.018), deforestation (B = −0.854; p = 0.007), and earthquakes (B = −1.59; p = 0.008) were negatively correlated, while heavy rainfall (B = 1.686; p = 0.000) and climate change (B = 1.784; p = 0.001) were positively correlated, and this was statistically significant for landslide occurrence at a p-value < 0.05. In contrast, mining activities (B = −0.065; p = 0.917) showed a negative coefficient that was statistically insignificant with respect to landslide occurrence in the study area. Future studies should integrate surveys with landslide hazard modeling tools for better spatial prediction of vulnerability and economic losses. Therefore, the findings from this study will contribute to sustainable natural disaster management planning in the western region of Rwanda. Full article

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34 pages, 9156 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Solid-State LiDAR Principles and Metasurface-Based LiDAR Sensors

by Elif Demirbas, Braden Boucher, Matthew Baker, Joshua Andrews, William Cruz, Sara Mueller and Samuel Serna-Otalvaro

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) has been a promising solution for autonomous vehicles. For beam-steering mechanisms, solid-state LiDAR with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and optical phased arrays (OPAs) have demonstrated robust and compact alternatives to mechanical LiDAR with 360° rotating mirrors. Two-dimensional optical metasurfaces [...] Read more.

Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) has been a promising solution for autonomous vehicles. For beam-steering mechanisms, solid-state LiDAR with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and optical phased arrays (OPAs) have demonstrated robust and compact alternatives to mechanical LiDAR with 360° rotating mirrors. Two-dimensional optical metasurfaces can be used for phase shift, deflecting the angle in LiDAR. If a LiDAR system only needs a fixed beam direction, then static metasurfaces can be used. If a LiDAR system requires beam scanning, dynamic (tunable) metasurfaces are necessary for efficient and adaptable operation. In this review article, we will discuss the principles of metasurface beam-steering mechanisms and discuss how metasurfaces can shift the incoming light’s phase and deflect the angle. LiDAR based on metasurfaces provides promising solutions due to its flat optics feature, robust nature, and non-moving parts. Additionally, we will discuss and compare the field of view (FOV) of LiDAR based on metasurfaces. Tunable metasurfaces in LiDAR systems are crucial for real-time beam scanning, and they have advantages over traditional mechanical scanning mechanisms like faster scanning rates, increased reliability, more compact form factors, and larger fields of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Metamaterial Sensors Across Frequency Domains)

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19 pages, 3916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery and Potential of CO₂ Storage Using CO₂ Pre-Fracturing Approach

by Qian Wang, Hong Dong, Yang Wu, Rui Liu, Xinqi Zhang, Haipeng Xu, Longgan Xie, Jianhao Liu and Xiang Zhou

Processes 2026, 14(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

To optimize enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques for pre-fractured heavy oil reservoirs, this research conducted long-core flooding experiments using three distinct injection media: CO₂, water, and CO₂/water alternate huff-n-puff. A 35 cm composite core was employed to simulate the [...] Read more.

To optimize enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques for pre-fractured heavy oil reservoirs, this research conducted long-core flooding experiments using three distinct injection media: CO₂, water, and CO₂/water alternate huff-n-puff. A 35 cm composite core was employed to simulate the reservoir conditions after pre-fracturing. Experimental results indicated that the CO₂ huff-n-puff process yielded the highest oil production, enhancing the overall recovery factor by 33.0% compared to depletion production, with a total recovery factor of 43.8% after four optimized cycles. The CO₂/water alternate huff-n-puff process increased the recovery factor by 28.3%, achieving a total of 41.9% after four cycles. In contrast, water injection improved the recovery factor by only 15.2%, reaching a total of 26.2% after three cycles. By evaluating both oil recovery efficiency and oil exchange ratio, the optimal cycle numbers were determined as four cycles for CO₂ huff-n-puff, four cycles for CO₂/water alternate huff-n-puff, and three cycles for water huff-n-puff. Based on these optimized parameters, the CO₂/water alternate huff-n-puff process was identified as the most effective EOR method for the target reservoir. Furthermore, this study assessed the potential for CO₂ storage in the reservoir post-production. Calculations of CO₂ storage ratios during the huff-n-puff process demonstrated the feasibility of integrating enhanced oil recovery with carbon sequestration. The findings provide a practical strategy for improving heavy oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs while concurrently exploring the benefits of CO₂ storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies, 4th Edition)

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28 pages, 99906 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of an Automated Thermal Imaging Device for Lower Limb Prosthetic Applications

by Daniel Pizarro, Joel C. Huegel, Elias Diaz, Beatriz Alemon, Hugh Herr and Luis C. Felix-Herran

Machines 2026, 14(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Since elevated temperature and humidity may occur at the prosthetic socket–skin interface, it is essential to collect thermal data from the residual limb, as this information serves as an indicator of adverse effects such as irritation, postural problems, and significant damage to health. [...] Read more.

Since elevated temperature and humidity may occur at the prosthetic socket–skin interface, it is essential to collect thermal data from the residual limb, as this information serves as an indicator of adverse effects such as irritation, postural problems, and significant damage to health. These data are obtained non-invasively through the execution of a thermal imaging (TI) procedure. However, the precision and repeatability of a TI procedure rely significantly on its execution technique. This work presents the design and implementation of a mechatronic device that automates a thermal imaging technique. The application of the device is in lower-limb prosthetics evaluation. The proposed system improves data acquisition consistency by reducing execution time and minimizing human error, thereby enhancing the reproducibility and reliability of thermal measurements. The introduced device, Thermal Imaging Booth, proposes an automated solution for TI standardization in clinical and research settings. By minimizing inconsistencies, this system improves the diagnostic potential of thermography, facilitating its adoption in biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Medical and Rehabilitation Robots)

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20 pages, 1113 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transition to a Sustainable Bioeconomy in Ecuador: Resource Efficiency of the Austrian Economy with Comparative Evidence from South America

by Juan Manuel García-Samaniego and Jhuliana Michelle Torres

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010001 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

This article analyzes how Austrian economic principles contribute to bioeconomic development in Ecuador, emphasizing key aspects such as property rights, spontaneous order, entrepreneurial innovation, institutional frameworks and decentralized knowledge. The relevance of incorporating an instrumental case was established, in which the scale, composition, [...] Read more.

This article analyzes how Austrian economic principles contribute to bioeconomic development in Ecuador, emphasizing key aspects such as property rights, spontaneous order, entrepreneurial innovation, institutional frameworks and decentralized knowledge. The relevance of incorporating an instrumental case was established, in which the scale, composition, and technology (SCT) effects model was applied to the comparative analysis of Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil during the 2000–2023 period. This study was complemented by multiple linear regression, which was used to evaluate the relationship between economic growth, CO₂ emissions, the agricultural industry, foreign direct investment, and a composite bioeconomy index. The results showed complete decoupling between GDP and emissions in Ecuador, driven by technological improvements and transformations in key sectors such as agriculture and renewable energy. Chile and Brazil also showed paths of complete decoupling, although to a lesser extent for the latter, while Argentina exhibited relative decoupling, in which bioeconomic growth continues to be associated with an increase in emissions. The estimated models present an R² (between 0.81 and 0.91). This study shows that it is possible to move towards a sustainable bioeconomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Developments on Biomass, Bio-Based Materials and Biorefinery Towards Sustainable Bioeconomy)

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16 pages, 680 KB

Open AccessArticle

Managing Food Waste in the Restaurant Sector: Comparative Insights from Greece and Armenia

by Vardan Aleksanyan, Sargis Gevorgyan, Davit Markosyan, Felix H. Arion, Karlen Khachatryan, Firuta Camelia Oroian, Iulia Cristina Muresan, Iulia Diana Arion and Sabin Chis

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11386; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411386 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Efforts to reduce food waste in restaurants are crucial for business efficiency, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility. Food waste varies by restaurant type, operations, menu offerings, and customer behavior, yet research on effective reduction strategies remains limited, particularly in Greece and Armenia. This [...] Read more.

Efforts to reduce food waste in restaurants are crucial for business efficiency, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility. Food waste varies by restaurant type, operations, menu offerings, and customer behavior, yet research on effective reduction strategies remains limited, particularly in Greece and Armenia. This study aims to identify key approaches to minimizing food waste in these countries. Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), a method for examining complex causal relationships, we analyzed multiple cases to determine conditions that lead to reduced food waste. Four main paths emerged: (1) digital inventory management combined with educational programs, excluding customer choice enhancement; (2) digital inventory management with flexible dining options, without customer choice enhancement; (3) educational programs with flexible dining, excluding customer choice enhancement; and (4) the combination of digital inventory management, educational programs, and flexible dining. Most cases demonstrating these paths were observed in Greece, indicating more advanced food waste management practices. Interviews highlighted recurring themes such as overordering, portion control, supplier challenges, and the importance of education and policy grounded in social responsibility. The findings provide actionable insights for restaurants and policymakers seeking effective strategies to reduce food waste and promote sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumer Behavior, Food Waste and Sustainable Food Systems)

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14 pages, 1066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interactions of the Invasive Fruit Flies Drosophila suzukii, Zaprionus indianus, Zaprionus tuberculatus and Ceratitis capitata with Their Hosts in the Brazilian Pampa Biome

by Karina Jobim, Bárbara Rafaela da Rosa, Pedro da Luz Kaster, Sergio Marcelo Ovruski and Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia

Insects 2025, 16(12), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16121285 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Several fruit fly species in the Drosophilidae and Tephritidae families are classified as invasive pests worldwide. However, limited information is available on the occurrence of those dipteran species, their interactions, and their host plants in the Pampa Biome of southern Brazil. Therefore, we [...] Read more.

Several fruit fly species in the Drosophilidae and Tephritidae families are classified as invasive pests worldwide. However, limited information is available on the occurrence of those dipteran species, their interactions, and their host plants in the Pampa Biome of southern Brazil. Therefore, we investigated interactions between invasive fruit flies and host plants. After two years (2022–2023) of fruit surveys, 3802 fruits from 16 plant species were harvested in the Pampa Biome’s urban and rural areas. The collected fruits were conditioned in the laboratory. Emerged adult flies were identified and associated with the respective fruit species. The most abundant species detected were Zaprionus indianus (Gupta), followed by Zaprionus tuberculatus (Malloch), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The invasive drosophilids D. suzukii, Z. indianus and Z. tuberculatus interacted with 10 host plant species each, whereas C. capitata was associated with seven host species. Zaprionus indianus showed the highest infestation rate on fruits collected from the ground, whereas D. suzukii had the highest infestation rate in fruits attached to plants. New host plants were identified for Z. tuberculatus and C. capitata. The findings of this study provide a valuable framework for more effective management and control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

16 pages, 877 KB

Open AccessArticle

Human Serum Albumin: 3D Insight on Protein Hydration

by Marina V. Fedotova and Sergey E. Kruchinin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 12192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412192 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the main proteins in human blood plasma and serves as a molecular “taxi” transporting various compounds, including organic compounds, drugs, metal ions, etc., through the circulatory system throughout the human body. As with any other proteins, [...] Read more.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the main proteins in human blood plasma and serves as a molecular “taxi” transporting various compounds, including organic compounds, drugs, metal ions, etc., through the circulatory system throughout the human body. As with any other proteins, HSA hydration plays an important role in maintaining its structure and functioning as well as influencing its ability to bind to ligands. This contribution presents, for the first time, a generalized picture of hydration of this biomacromolecule obtained within the framework of the 3D-RISM (three-dimensional Reference Interaction Site Model) theory of solvation. Based on 3D isodensity maps and structural parameters (hydration numbers, hydration layer thickness, fraction of hydrogen bonds, SASA, etc.), the most probable model of HSA hydration structure was reconstructed. With the description of HSA hydration, two important issues were also addressed in detail. The first is the correct determination of the hydration layer thickness, a common problem in protein science. The second is the possible state and behavior of hydration water in HSA–ligand binding. The presented results provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between solvent and HSA, which brings new knowledge to the understanding of protein hydration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection State-of-the-Art Macromolecules in Russia)

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14 pages, 4908 KB

Open AccessArticle

Demonstration of 2D Optoelectronic THz-Wave Beam Steering

by Bo Li, Hussein Ssali, Yuanhao Li, Ming Che, Shenghong Ye, Yuya Mikami and Kazutoshi Kato

Electronics 2025, 14(24), 4980; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244980 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Advanced two-dimensional (2D) beam steering is essential for unlocking the full potential of terahertz (THz) systems in future 6G communications and high-resolution imaging. However, achieving wide-angle, high-speed, and high-precision 2D beam control within a compact THz platform remains a significant challenge. In this [...] Read more.

Advanced two-dimensional (2D) beam steering is essential for unlocking the full potential of terahertz (THz) systems in future 6G communications and high-resolution imaging. However, achieving wide-angle, high-speed, and high-precision 2D beam control within a compact THz platform remains a significant challenge. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate an optoelectronic

2 \times 2

THz antenna array that enables flexible 2D beam steering, beam hopping, and beam scanning around the 300 GHz band. This work employs a

2 \times 2

microstrip patch antenna (MPA) array directly driven by InGaAs/InP UTC-PDs on a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate. The relative phases of the four radiating elements are precisely programmed using an optical phased array (OPA), which provides fully decoupled and low-latency phase control in the optical domain. Experimentally, we demonstrate 2D beam steering and 2D beam hopping among three representative directions at a polar angle of

25^{\circ}

and azimuth angles of

60^{\circ}

,

180^{\circ}

, and

300^{\circ}

. Furthermore, continuous 2D beam scanning at a fixed polar angle of

25^{\circ}

is achieved, enabling a full

360^{\circ}

azimuth sweep within 0.43 s while maintaining high beam quality. These results confirm that the proposed UTC-PD based

2 \times 2

MPA array provides a practical and robust approach for 2D THz beam manipulation, and offers strong potential for future 6G wireless links and THz imaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas and Systems for 5G and Beyond: Latest Advances and Prospects, 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 5846 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Surface Finishing on the Corrosion and Wear Behaviour of AISI 304 and AISI 436 Stainless Steels

by Silvia Gómez, Ismael Lamas, Alejandro Pereira and M. Consuelo Pérez

Metals 2025, 15(12), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15121390 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

The pitting corrosion resistance and the tribological behaviour of a ferritic stainless steel with high Mo content (AISI 436) and a commonly employed austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) are compared. Special attention was paid to the role of Mo in improving corrosion resistance [...] Read more.

The pitting corrosion resistance and the tribological behaviour of a ferritic stainless steel with high Mo content (AISI 436) and a commonly employed austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) are compared. Special attention was paid to the role of Mo in improving corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steels. Since the surface condition is an important parameter related to the onset of pitting corrosion in the presence of chlorides, three different surface finishes were tested for both steels. Two commercial finishing grades and laboratory polishing down to 1 µm were compared. Moreover, the influence of surface condition on the tribological properties for both steels was also evaluated. The study demonstrates that surface finishing plays a decisive role in both the electrochemical and mechanical response of stainless steels. A comprehensive microstructural and tribological analysis reveals not only how commercial finishing treatments modify passive film behaviour, but also how they affect friction stability and wear mechanisms. Special emphasis is placed on the synergistic effect between molybdenum content, passive film integrity and manufacturing processes. The obtained results provide valuable insight for industrial applications where durability against chloride exposure and abrasion is critical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments—3rd Edition)

26 pages, 12050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of the Angle of Repose of Coral Sands

by Zhen Yao, Jie Chen, Changbo Jiang, Zhiyuan Wu, Bin Deng, Yuannan Long, Hongtao Zou, Jinwei Zhang and Runze Bai

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2410; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122410 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

The angle of repose is a fundamental parameter for assessing the stability of coral reefs. However, predictive models for this angle are currently lacking. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were undertaken to investigate the angle of repose by varying moisture [...] Read more.

The angle of repose is a fundamental parameter for assessing the stability of coral reefs. However, predictive models for this angle are currently lacking. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were undertaken to investigate the angle of repose by varying moisture content, particle shape, and particle size. Based on our experimental data, variation in the angle of repose with moisture content is classified into five distinct zones. It is demonstrated that the range of moisture content for each zone varies with particle size. Coral sands of dendrite, flake, rod, and block particles have a descending order of angle of repose, as demonstrated for a sieve size of 4.5 mm. The angle of repose for dry, submerged, and steady coral sands exhibits a correlation with the nominal diameter of particle size. Finally, extended models are proposed for predicting the angle of repose of coral sands (R² = 0.8, D_n₅₀ = 0.317−5.470). To facilitate use of these models, a linear relationship between sieve particle size diameter, nominal particle size diameter, and Corey shape factor, allowing for conversion among these parameters, is established. This study thereby helps to enhance our understanding of how moisture content affects angle of repose and improve our ability to predict the angle for coral grains with intricate geometries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

17 pages, 671 KB

Open AccessReview

Long-Term Effects of Multiple-Micronutrient Supplementation During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Early Childhood on the Cognitive Development of Children Aged 4–14 Years: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Arnold William, Carl Lachat, Dimitrios Petalios, Alice Deshons, Kokeb Tesfamariam Hadush, Mélanie Broin and Souheila Abbeddou

Nutrients 2025, 17(24), 3966; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17243966 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Inadequate nutrition, poor health care, and limited stimulation constrain early childhood development and cognitive potential. Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and early life are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and may impair cognitive outcomes. Maternal multiple-micronutrient (MMN) and point-of-use micronutrient powder [...] Read more.

Background: Inadequate nutrition, poor health care, and limited stimulation constrain early childhood development and cognitive potential. Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and early life are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and may impair cognitive outcomes. Maternal multiple-micronutrient (MMN) and point-of-use micronutrient powder (MNP) supplements improve birth outcomes and iron status, but their long-term cognitive impact remains unclear. This systematic review assessed the long-term impact of maternal MMN and early-childhood MNP supplementation on cognitive development among children aged 4–14 years in LMICs. Method: Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42023459846), (cluster) randomized controlled trials were identified from six databases and gray literature (October 2023; updated July 2025). Records were managed in EndNote and screened in Covidence, and data were synthesized using Review Manager. Eligible studies examined MMN or MNP interventions during pregnancy, lactation, or early childhood, reporting cognitive, motor, or socio-emotional outcomes in children aged 4–14. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria: six on maternal supplementation, three on early childhood interventions, and one combining both. Most were conducted in Asia, with one in Tanzania and one in Peru. Although most findings were not statistically significant, two large UNIMMAP-based trials indicated modest long-term improvements in procedural memory and intelligence, while one early childhood point-of-use MNP trial suggested enhanced pre-academic skills. Conclusions: Maternal MMN supplementation may modestly enhance specific domains of cognitive development, whereas evidence on the long-term effects of MMN and point-of-use MNPs on cognitive development remain limited, highlighting the necessity for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementing and Evaluating Micronutrient Supplementation Interventions in Low and Middle Income Countries)

14 pages, 2754 KB

Open AccessArticle

Propofol-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Independent of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition

by Aya Kawachi, Shoichiro Shibata, Eskil Elmér and Hiroyuki Uchino

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 3125; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13123125 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In recent years, it has been suggested that sedatives may cause brain damage. One possible mechanism is interference with oxidative phosphorylation of brain mitochondria, but much remains unknown. In this study, we focused on dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol, essential sedatives in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In recent years, it has been suggested that sedatives may cause brain damage. One possible mechanism is interference with oxidative phosphorylation of brain mitochondria, but much remains unknown. In this study, we focused on dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol, essential sedatives in anesthesia and intensive care, and aimed to understand the effects of these drugs on mouse brain mitochondria. Methods: We measured changes in mitochondrial respiratory capacity and swelling rate upon exposure to these sedatives in a wide concentration range. For the sedative that demonstrated impaired mitochondrial function we explored the possible involvement of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening using brain mitochondria from cyclophilin D knockout (CypD KO) mice and detected cytochrome c (cyt c) release by Western blot. Results: Of the three sedatives, only high concentrations of propofol exhibited reduced respiratory capacity and mitochondrial swelling, toxicity which was not prevented by CypD KO. Furthermore, propofol did not induce cyt c release. Conclusions: These results suggest that propofol-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction is a mechanism independent of mPTP opening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Pathology)

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24 pages, 1202 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Hybrid Fertilization on Winter Triticale Yield and Its Stability Based on SVD Analysis

by Alicja Lerczak, Tomasz Prałat, Maciej Spychalski, Dariusz Kayzer, Rafał Kukawka and Renata Gaj

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11385; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411385 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Nitrogen fertilization is extensively applied in agricultural activities to improve food production. However, the applied dose of nitrogen is often higher than that required for the desired productivity level of a given crop. Thus, research on methods that could increase the uptake of [...] Read more.

Nitrogen fertilization is extensively applied in agricultural activities to improve food production. However, the applied dose of nitrogen is often higher than that required for the desired productivity level of a given crop. Thus, research on methods that could increase the uptake of nitrogen supplied with fertilizers by plants is of high significance. One way to achieve this goal is to employ a hybrid fertilization technique (a combination of the application of solid fertilizers in the first dose with foliar application of liquid fertilizers in the second and third doses), using reduced doses of nitrogen fertilizers as well as fertilizers enriched with 10% sulfur in the form of thiosulfate. The aim of our study was to assess the productivity resulting from different fertilization treatments and the stability of the resulting yield based on interactions between the method of fertilizer application and environmental conditions. To determine interaction patterns, an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model was employed. The key finding is that sulfur-enriched fertilizers can significantly increase yield, but at the expense of reduced stability. However, yield stability was more strongly related to meteorological conditions. Understanding of such interactions can help increase the efficiency of selection and accuracy of recommendations for new technologies of crop cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture: Soil, Water and Environmental Practices in Climate Change)

24 pages, 4525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Probabilistic Power Flow for Energy-Storage Planning Considering Interconnected Grids

by Tingting Cheng, Xirui Jiang, Zheng Fan, Yanan Wu, Ying Mu, Dashun Guan, Dongliang Zhang and Ying Bai

Energies 2025, 18(24), 6633; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246633 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

As renewable energy penetration increases, the volatility and uncertainty of photovoltaic generation and load demand pose significant challenges to power-system stability. This paper proposes a data-driven probabilistic load-flow method that employs a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to model uncertainties in photovoltaic generation and [...] Read more.

As renewable energy penetration increases, the volatility and uncertainty of photovoltaic generation and load demand pose significant challenges to power-system stability. This paper proposes a data-driven probabilistic load-flow method that employs a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to model uncertainties in photovoltaic generation and load demand. Cumulative quantity analysis is then applied to conduct probabilistic load-flow studies, quantifying the impact of these uncertainties on the power system. Building upon this foundation, a two-layer optimization model is constructed to optimize the siting, capacity, and operational strategies of energy storage systems. Experimental results demonstrate that this method effectively reduces the probability of voltage-limit violations, ensures the reliability of supply–demand balance, and enhances system stability and reliability even under fluctuating PV generation and load-demand conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System and Renewable Energy)

65 pages, 30886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Directional Solidification of a Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloy (RCCA) Using Optical Floating Zone (OFZ) Solidification Processing: Implications for Alloy Design and Development

by Nik Tankov, Claire Utton and Panos Tsakiropoulos

Alloys 2025, 4(4), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys4040029 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

Some cast metallic alloys for ultra-high-temperature structural applications can have better mechanical properties compared with Ni-based superalloys. Research on the directional solidification (DS) of such alloys is limited. The production of DS components of these alloys with “tailor-made” microstructures in different parts of [...] Read more.

Some cast metallic alloys for ultra-high-temperature structural applications can have better mechanical properties compared with Ni-based superalloys. Research on the directional solidification (DS) of such alloys is limited. The production of DS components of these alloys with “tailor-made” microstructures in different parts of the component has not been considered. This paper attempts to address these issues. A bar of the RCCA/RM(Nb)IC with nominal composition 3.5Al–4Crc6Ge–1Hf–5Mo–36Nb–22Si–1.5Sn–20Ti–1W (at.%) was directionally grown using OFZ processing, where the growth rate R increased from 1.2 to 6 and then to 15 cm/h. The paper studies how the macrosegregation of the elements affected the microstructure in different parts of the bar. It was shown that the synergy of macrosegregation and growth rate produced microstructures from the edge to the centre of the OFZ bar and along the length of the OFZ bar that differed in type and chemical composition as R increased. Contamination with oxygen was confined to the “root” of the part of the bar that was grown with R = 1.2 cm/h. The concentrations of elements in the bar were related (a) to each of the parameters VEC, Δχ, and δ for different sections, (i) across the thickness and (ii) along the length of the bar, or to each other for different sections of the bar, and demonstrated the synergy and entanglement of processing, parameters, and elements. In the centre of the bar, the phases were the Nb_ss and Nb₅Si₃ for all R values. In the bar, the silicide formed with Nb/(Ti + Hf) less or greater than one. There was synergy of solutes in the solid solution and the silicide for all R values, and synergy and entanglement of the two phases. Owing to the synergy and entanglement of processing, parameters, elements, and phases, properties would “emerge” in each part of the bar. The creep and oxidation properties of the bar were calculated as guided by the alloy design methodology NICE. It was suggested that, in principle, a component based on a metallic UHTM with “functionally graded” composition, microstructure and properties could be directionally grown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Paper Collection on Solidification, Deformation, and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)

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14 pages, 2239 KB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementary Cementitious Material from Epsom Salt Production Waste

by Rimvydas Kaminskas, Arijus Zuzevicius and Irmantas Barauskas

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(12), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9120708 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this study, the potential use of Epsom salt production waste as a supplementary cementitious material was investigated. This acidic waste was neutralized with lime milk and used to replace up to 25 wt.% of Portland cement. The following research methods were employed: [...] Read more.

In this study, the potential use of Epsom salt production waste as a supplementary cementitious material was investigated. This acidic waste was neutralized with lime milk and used to replace up to 25 wt.% of Portland cement. The following research methods were employed: XRD, XRF, SEM, DSC-TG, and isothermal calorimetry. The waste neutralization process was found to proceed consistently, producing a neutral material (pH = 7.5) composed of amorphous silicon compounds with a negligible impurity of crystalline antigorite. Consequently, this material exhibits very high pozzolanic activity. The neutralized Epsom salt production waste accelerates the early hydration of Portland cement and promotes an intense pozzolanic reaction. This new material is a highly effective supplementary cementitious material, capable of replacing up to 25 wt.% of Portland cement without reducing its strength class. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

21 pages, 5112 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Scalable Framework with Modified Loop-Based Multi-Initial Simulation and Numerical Algorithm for Classifying Brain-Inspired Nonlinear Dynamics with Stability Analysis

by Haseeba Sajjad, Adil Jhangeer and Lubomír Říha

Algorithms 2025, 18(12), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120805 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2025

Abstract

The principal problem with the analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems is that it is repetitive and inefficient to simulate every initial condition and parameter configuration individually. This not only raises the cost of computation but also constrains scalability in the exploration of a [...] Read more.

The principal problem with the analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems is that it is repetitive and inefficient to simulate every initial condition and parameter configuration individually. This not only raises the cost of computation but also constrains scalability in the exploration of a large parameter space. To solve this, we restructured and extended the computational framework so that variation in the parameters and initial conditions can be automatically explored in a unified structure. This strategy is implemented in the brain-inspired nonlinear dynamical model that has three parameters and multiple coupling strengths. The framework enables detailed categorization of the system responses through statistical analysis and through eigenvalue-based assessment of the stability by considering multiple initial states of the system. These results reveal clear differences between periodic, divergent, and non-divergent behavior and show the extent to which the strength of the coupling

k_{i j}

can drive transitions to stable periodic behavior under all conditions examined. This method makes the analysis process easier, less redundant, and provides a scalable tool to study nonlinear dynamics. In addition to its computational benefits, the framework provides a general method that can be generalized to models with more parameters or more complicated network structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Numerical Algorithms and Their Applications)

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