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23 pages, 4920 KB  
Article
Exploring Coastal Tourism Experience Through Social Media Text Mining: Sentiment and Thematic Patterns
by Yu Wang, Zhiyu Zhang and Zhijun Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11721; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111721 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Research on coastal recreational activities has grown substantially, yet studies focusing on user perceptions of these spaces—critical for optimizing tourism experiences and management—remain fragmented and underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by examining tourist sentiment in Xiamen, a renowned coastal city in China, [...] Read more.
Research on coastal recreational activities has grown substantially, yet studies focusing on user perceptions of these spaces—critical for optimizing tourism experiences and management—remain fragmented and underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by examining tourist sentiment in Xiamen, a renowned coastal city in China, using social media data. Text mining tools were utilized to process the Weibo contents through text segmentation, frequency analysis and cluster analysis. The Two-way Neural Network Fusion Model Based on the BERT (TNNFMB) deep learning approach was employed using transfer learning for sentiment analysis, while the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model was used to uncover latent thematic patterns. Sentiment polarity analysis revealed that positive comments constituted 56.47%, negative comments only 16.3%, and neutral comments 27.2%, confirming a generally positive perception of visitors’ coastal experiences. Tourists’ social media posts primarily revolve around five core themes in coastal areas: coastal waters, waterfronts, adjacent environments, culture and creativity, and reputation and expectation. The spatial and temporal changes in sentiment scores were discovered. Areas emphasizing sea–land landscapes, cultural theme reinforcement, and open public activities generally achieved high and stable sentiment scores. Natural and natural–artificial mixed coastlines experienced significant seasonal variations in sentiment. The recommendations of this study, generated from a sentiment perspective, include shaping a harmonious coastal environment by improving coastal management and support services to enhance the comfort of the tourist experience. This study advances understanding of user-centric coastal tourism dynamics, providing evidence-based tools for managers to enhance tourist experiences and spatial quality. Full article
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19 pages, 4290 KB  
Article
ADAM10 Knockout from Human Glioblastoma and Colon Cancer Cells Modulates Diverse Signalling Networks and Inhibits Tumour Growth In Vivo
by Hengkang Yan, Sakshi Arora, Linda Hii, Carmen Llerena, Mary E. Vail, Amr Allam, James R. W. Conway, Joel R. Steele, Han-Chung Lee, Ralf B. Schittenhelm, Andrew M. Scott and Peter W. Janes
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110684 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
ADAM10 is a transmembrane metalloprotease that regulates diverse signalling functions via the shedding of membrane protein ectodomains, and is implicated in tumour development, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, where high ADAM10 expression is associated with poor prognosis. We assessed the [...] Read more.
ADAM10 is a transmembrane metalloprotease that regulates diverse signalling functions via the shedding of membrane protein ectodomains, and is implicated in tumour development, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, where high ADAM10 expression is associated with poor prognosis. We assessed the role of ADAM10 by gene knockout (KO) in U251 GBM cells, and its effects on protein shedding and protein expression on cell proliferation and on the growth of tumour xenografts in mice. The growth of tumours was severely delayed, relative to modest effects on proliferation in vitro, suggesting roles particularly in the context of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Proteomics analysis of KO cell-conditioned medium showed decreased levels of known ADAM10 targets such as Notch and Eph receptors and ligands, as well as other proteins involved in cell–cell adhesion, migration, signalling, metabolism, differentiation, and development, including angiogenesis. KO cell and tumour lysate analysis also showed modulation of proteins associated with metabolic and catalytic activity, cell–matrix organisation and differentiation. Similar effects were also observed in the SW620 colon cancer model, indicating broader significance. Furthermore, expression of the associated protein sets also correlated with ADAM10 expression in human GBM and colon cancer specimens (TCGA datasets), indicating clinical relevance. Collagens and proteins associated with matrix deposition and fibril organisation were notably reduced in ADAM10 KO GBM tumours, and histology confirmed decreased collagen fibrils and blood vessels. Unexpectedly, increased chondrocyte differentiation was evident in ADAM10 KO U251 tumours, suggesting a role for ADAM10 in maintaining an undifferentiated phenotype in vivo. Together, our data indicate the importance of ADAM10 in diverse signalling mechanisms in tumours and the TME that promote tumour development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Molecular Research in Brain Tumors)
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62 pages, 2365 KB  
Review
Securing the SDN Data Plane in Emerging Technology Domains: A Review
by Travis Quinn, Faycal Bouhafs and Frank den Hartog
Future Internet 2025, 17(11), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110503 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Over the last decade, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has garnered increasing research interest for networking and security. This interest stems from the programmability and dynamicity offered by SDN, as well as the growing importance of SDN as a foundational technology of future telecommunications networks [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has garnered increasing research interest for networking and security. This interest stems from the programmability and dynamicity offered by SDN, as well as the growing importance of SDN as a foundational technology of future telecommunications networks and the greater Internet. However, research into SDN security has focused disproportionately on the security of the control plane, resulting in the relative trivialization of data plane security methods and a corresponding lack of appreciation of the data plane in SDN security discourse. To remedy this, this paper provides a comprehensive review of SDN data plane security research, classified into three primary research domains and several sub-domains. The three primary research domains are as follows: security capabilities within the data plane, security of the SDN infrastructure, and dynamic routing within the data plane. Our work resulted in the identification of specific strengths and weaknesses in existing research, as well as promising future directions, based on novelty and overlap with emerging technology domains. The most striking future directions are the use of hybrid SDN architectures leveraging a programmable data plane, SDN for heterogeneous network security, and the development of trust-based methods for SDN management and security, including trust-based routing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for a Hyperconnected World)
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13 pages, 272 KB  
Article
Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Eating Disorders: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study with Case Series
by Bárbara César Machado, Sónia Gonçalves, Sofia Duarte, Isabel Brandão, António Roma-Torres and Filipa Soares
Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(6), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17060114 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) often affect fertility, yet many women with ED still become mothers. The pattern of ED symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum, along with their effects on maternal and child health, is not yet fully understood. This longitudinal study aimed to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) often affect fertility, yet many women with ED still become mothers. The pattern of ED symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum, along with their effects on maternal and child health, is not yet fully understood. This longitudinal study aimed to (1) examine the course of ED symptoms from conception to postpartum, (2) evaluate pregnancy outcomes and children’s health and developmental milestones, and (3) assess ED status approximately four years after the initial evaluation. Methods: Thirty women with a prior ED diagnosis (21 with anorexia nervosa, 9 with bulimia nervosa) were evaluated at two time points. Time 1 with the Eating Disorders Examination and the Oxford Risk Factors for Eating Disorders: Interview Schedule; Time 2, approximately four years later, with the Eating Disorders Examination and the Clinical Interview on Reproductive History and Eating Behavior that also included clinical data related to mother’s health and baby’s health and development accessed through the Pregnant Women’s Health Bulletin and the Child and Youth Health Bulletin using the national health records. Results: ED symptoms (dietary restriction, self-induced vomiting, laxative misuse) persisted from conception through postpartum. BN participants reported more severe symptoms and higher rates of pregnancy complications (hyperemesis gravidarum, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia), while premature births occurred only in AN participants. Children of mothers with AN more frequently showed delays in developmental milestones (sitting, walking, speaking, sphincter control) compared to those of BN mothers. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of women with prior ED continued to experience symptoms during and after pregnancy, and nearly half still met diagnostic criteria four years later and are still in treatment. Cognitive features such as body dissatisfaction persisted despite partial symptom remission. These findings highlight the chronicity of ED and underscore the need for systematic screening, psychological support, and interdisciplinary follow-up during pregnancy and early motherhood. Full article
18 pages, 1540 KB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review of Advanced Algorithms for Brain Mapping in Stereotactic Neurosurgery: Integration of fMRI and EEG Data
by Saleha Redžepi, Eldin Burazerović, Salim Redžepi, Emina Husović and Mirza Pojskić
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15111188 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: Advances in stereotactic neurosurgery rely on precise brain mapping, which allows the identification of functional regions for safer and more effective surgical interventions. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness, challenges, and clinical applicability of algorithms used for [...] Read more.
Background: Advances in stereotactic neurosurgery rely on precise brain mapping, which allows the identification of functional regions for safer and more effective surgical interventions. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness, challenges, and clinical applicability of algorithms used for multimodal data integration. Methodology: Databases were searched for studies published in the last 13 years. Studies that integrate fMRI and EEG data for brain mapping, quantitatively assess the performance of algorithms, and have potential applications in stereotactic neurosurgery were included. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic, and the results were analyzed by thematic synthesis and meta-analysis. Results: The average accuracy of the algorithms was 90.2% (±5.0%). Key challenges include computational requirements, susceptibility to artifacts, and limited clinical applicability. Heterogeneity analysis showed significant methodological variability (I2 = 71.90%), with greater heterogeneity among highly relevant algorithms (I2 = 79.64%). Conclusions: Advanced algorithms offer significant potential to improve precision, safety, and applicability in stereotactic neurosurgery. Key recommendations include standardization of protocols, expansion of clinical validation, and optimization of algorithms for real-time application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Perspectives in Stereotactic Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery)
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41 pages, 797 KB  
Systematic Review
Applications of Machine Learning in Assessing Cognitive Load of Uncrewed Aerial System Operators and in Enhancing Training: A Systematic Review
by Qianchu Li, Oleksandra Molloy, Heba El-Fiqi and Gary Eves
Drones 2025, 9(11), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9110760 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
This research is based on a systematic review of machine learning (ML) approaches for the cognitive load (CL) assessment of applications for unmanned aerial system (UAS) operator training. The review synthesises evidence on how ML techniques have been applied to assess CL using [...] Read more.
This research is based on a systematic review of machine learning (ML) approaches for the cognitive load (CL) assessment of applications for unmanned aerial system (UAS) operator training. The review synthesises evidence on how ML techniques have been applied to assess CL using diverse data sources, including physiological signals (e.g., EEG, HRV), behavioural measures (e.g., eye-tracking), and performance indicators. It highlights the effectiveness of models such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Random Forests (RFs), and advanced deep learning (DL) architectures such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), as well as how the use of different methods affects the performance of ML models, with studies reporting accuracies of up to 98%. The findings also indicate that, compared with traditional UAS training approaches, ML approaches can enhance training by providing adaptive assessment, with methodological factors such as model selection, data preprocessing, and validation being central to ML assessment performance. These findings highlight the value of accurate CL assessment as a foundation for adaptive training systems, supporting enhanced UAS operator performance and operational safety. By consolidating the methodological insights and identifying research gaps, this review provides valuable background information for advancing ML-based CL assessment and its integration into adaptive UAS operator training systems to enhance UAS operator training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue UAV Piloting, Training, Cooperation, and Interaction)
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25 pages, 20039 KB  
Article
Buoyant Convective Thermal Transport in a Discretely Heated–Cooled Porous Parallelogrammic Configuration Saturated with Nanofluids: A Tiwari and Das Approach
by Vishwanatha Shivakumar, Vinay C. Veeranna, Mani Sankar, Sebastian A. Altmeyer and Abdulrahman Al Maqbali
Mathematics 2025, 13(21), 3516; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13213516 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
The strategic positioning of heating and cooling segments within complex non-rectangular geometries has emerged as a critical engineering challenge across multiple industries in thermal management systems for electronic components. This analysis presents a numerical inspection of buoyancy-driven convective flow and thermal transport mechnisms [...] Read more.
The strategic positioning of heating and cooling segments within complex non-rectangular geometries has emerged as a critical engineering challenge across multiple industries in thermal management systems for electronic components. This analysis presents a numerical inspection of buoyancy-driven convective flow and thermal transport mechnisms of nanofluids in a parallelogrammic porous geometry. A single discrete heating–cooling segment has been placed along the slanting surfaces of the geometry. The mathematical model is formulated utilizing Darcy’s law, incorporating the Tiwari and Das approach to characterize the thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. The governing model equations corresponding to the physical process are solved numerically using finite-difference-based alternating direction implicit (ADI) and successive line over-relaxation (SLOR) techniques. Computational simulations are performed for various parametric conditions, including different nanoparticle volume fractions (ϕ=0–0.05), Rayleigh numbers (Ra=101–103), and parallelogram geometry (α) and sidewall (γ) tilting angles (−45°≤α≤+45° and −45°≤γ≤+45°), while examining the effect of discrete thermal locations. The results reveal a significant decrement in thermal transfer rates with an increasing nanoparticle concentration, particularly at higher Rayleigh numbers. The skewness of the parallelogrammic boundaries is found to substantially influence flow patterns and thermal transport characteristics compared to conventional rectangular enclosures. Further, the discrete placement of heating and cooling sources creates unique thermal plumes that modify circulation patterns within the domain. The predictions suggest profound insights for optimizing thermal management systems by employing nanofluids in non-rectangular porous configurations, with potential applications in geothermal energy extraction, electronic cooling systems, and thermal energy storage devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation and Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics)
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27 pages, 1134 KB  
Article
Translating Sustainability into Customer-Perceived Value: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective on Pro-Environmental Work Behavior in Ghana’s Hospitality Sector
by Hayford Asare Obeng, Abdullah Sarwar, Richard Arhinful and Leviticus Mensah
Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(5), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050229 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Sustainability has become a significant concern in the tourism and hospitality industries. There is an increasing emphasis on how a company’s operations and employees influence customer experiences and value. This study employed the Social Exchange Theory to investigate the impact of sustainability-oriented practices [...] Read more.
Sustainability has become a significant concern in the tourism and hospitality industries. There is an increasing emphasis on how a company’s operations and employees influence customer experiences and value. This study employed the Social Exchange Theory to investigate the impact of sustainability-oriented practices on customer-perceived values, with pro-environmental work behavior serving as a mediator. Data obtained from employees in the tourism and hospitality sector in Ghana were analyzed using Harman’s single factor test in SPSS version 24 and partial least squares structural equation model in SMARTPLS version 4. The study revealed that sustainability-oriented practices significantly enhance both perceived customer values and pro-environmental work behavior. Further, pro-environmental work behavior was found to have a significant influence on customer-perceived values. Finally, the study revealed that pro-environmental work behavior partially mediated the positive relationship between sustainability-oriented practices and customer-perceived values. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating employee-driven environmental behaviors into sustainability initiatives, offering both theoretical insights through the Social Exchange Theory and practical guidance for enhancing customer value in the hospitality industry. Full article
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14 pages, 258 KB  
Review
Breast-Conserving Surgery in BRCA Mutation Carriers: A Paradigm Shift Toward Individualized, Multidisciplinary Care
by Calogero Cipolla, Giuseppa Scandurra, Daniela Sambataro, Chiara Mesi, Martina Greco, Eleonora D’Agati, Vittorio Gebbia, Luca Giacomelli and Maria Rosaria Valerio
Life 2025, 15(11), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111701 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Breast cancer associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations presents unique therapeutic challenges, traditionally favoring mastectomy due to concerns over recurrence and new primaries. However, evolving evidence and advances in multimodal therapy have reshaped this paradigm, positioning breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as a viable option [...] Read more.
Breast cancer associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations presents unique therapeutic challenges, traditionally favoring mastectomy due to concerns over recurrence and new primaries. However, evolving evidence and advances in multimodal therapy have reshaped this paradigm, positioning breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as a viable option for selected carriers. This narrative review synthesizes current data from meta-analyses, retrospective cohorts, and pivotal studies, including a multicenter analysis which affirmed oncologic equivalence between BCS and mastectomy when combined with radiotherapy and systemic therapy. While meta-analyses confirm higher local events following BCS, survival remains comparable, indicating that recurrence reflects genetic predisposition rather than surgical inadequacy. Optimized systemic treatments, including chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy, and PARP inhibitors, further mitigate recurrence risk. Meanwhile, patient-centered outcomes favor BCS: studies consistently link it to improved body image, psychosocial well-being, and quality of life, especially for younger BRCA carriers. Fertility-preserving options remain viable, with evidence supporting the safety of pregnancy, breastfeeding, and assisted reproductive technologies in BRCA-mutated survivors. These findings support individualized surgical planning for BRCA carriers within multidisciplinary care, balancing oncologic safety, systemic strategies, and psychosocial priorities. BCS should be considered a standard option for well-selected patients in hereditary breast cancer management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breast Cancer: Current Controversies and Future Perspectives)
30 pages, 4629 KB  
Review
Design and Electrochemical Performance of One-Dimensional Polyaniline Anode Materials: A Review
by Guangyu Lu, He Zhang and Ge Cao
Coatings 2025, 15(11), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15111283 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI), as a classical conducting polymer, has attracted significant attention in the field of energy storage due to its low cost, facile synthesis, environmental stability, and unique dual electronic/ionic conductivity. Particularly, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of PANI, such as nanowires and nanorods, exhibit [...] Read more.
Polyaniline (PANI), as a classical conducting polymer, has attracted significant attention in the field of energy storage due to its low cost, facile synthesis, environmental stability, and unique dual electronic/ionic conductivity. Particularly, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of PANI, such as nanowires and nanorods, exhibit superior electrochemical performance and cycling stability, attributed to their high surface area and efficient charge transport pathways. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in 1D PANI-based anode materials for lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and other types of rechargeable batteries. The specific capacity, rate performance, and long-term cycling behavior of these materials are discussed in detail. Moreover, strategies for performance enhancement through combination with carbon materials, metal oxides, and silicon, as well as chemical doping and structural modification, are systematically reviewed. Key challenges including electrochemical stability, structural durability, and large-scale fabrication are analyzed. Finally, the future directions in structural design, composite engineering, and commercialization of 1D PANI anode materials are outlined. This review aims to provide insight and guidance for the further development and practical application of PANI-based energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coating Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for Enhancing Robotic Capabilities)
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13 pages, 1609 KB  
Article
A Multi-Mode Wireless Power Transfer System Based on a Reconfigurable Transmitter for Charging Electric Bicycles
by Dongshuai Ding, Yongqi Zang, Xiteng Chen and Shujia Xu
Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4315; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214315 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Due to the diverse needs of users, such as the requirement for rapid charging in time-sensitive situations and the need to minimize battery power consumption to extend battery life when the device is idle, a wireless charging system that combines fast and slow [...] Read more.
Due to the diverse needs of users, such as the requirement for rapid charging in time-sensitive situations and the need to minimize battery power consumption to extend battery life when the device is idle, a wireless charging system that combines fast and slow charging capabilities is crucial for adapting to various usage scenarios. This paper proposes a multi-mode wireless charging system based on a reconfigurable transmitter, which can simultaneously charge different types of batteries with both fast and slow charging capabilities. By applying different control logic to the power devices in the reconfigurable inverter, the system can achieve four operating modes: two different constant current (CC) modes and two different constant voltage (CV) modes. Furthermore, the system can switch between these modes by configuring the MOSFETs operating states: two three-coil configurations are used for the two CC modes, while two two-coil configurations are used for the two CV modes. Therefore, the system exhibits high versatility. To verify the theoretical analysis of the proposed system, an experimental prototype with an output specification of 3 A/2.2 A/78 V/65 V is built. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer and Hybrid Energy Harvesting)
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23 pages, 17626 KB  
Article
Assessment of AlTiN/TiSiXN Coating Characteristics in Selected Tribological Systems
by Joanna Kowalczyk and Monika Madej
Coatings 2025, 15(11), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15111279 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study examines the effect of an AlTiN/TiSiXN two-layer coating on the tribological performance of HS6-5-2C steel under dry friction conditions. Tribological assessments were conducted using a tribometer and a calotester with a ball-on-disc configuration, involving HS6-5-2C steel discs (both uncoated and coated [...] Read more.
This study examines the effect of an AlTiN/TiSiXN two-layer coating on the tribological performance of HS6-5-2C steel under dry friction conditions. Tribological assessments were conducted using a tribometer and a calotester with a ball-on-disc configuration, involving HS6-5-2C steel discs (both uncoated and coated with AlTiN/TiSiXN) and 100Cr6 steel balls. Analyses, including surface topography, microstructure, and chemical composition, were performed utilising confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness and elastic modulus of the coating and substrate were determined through nanoindentation techniques. The coating exhibited a hardness of approximately 38 GPa and high elasticity, substantially enhancing the tribological characteristics of the system. Notably, the coated specimens exhibited friction coefficients approximately 10% lower than those of the uncoated steel, while wear on the coated discs was reduced by more than 90% in comparison to their uncoated counterparts. Wear rate evaluations of the counter-samples indicated a slightly increased wear of the balls—approximately 21%—when in contact with the coated discs, which can be attributed to the high hardness of the coating. These results substantiate the superior efficacy of the AlTiN/TiSiXN coating in improving wear resistance and reducing friction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Interfaces and Surfaces Engineering)
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16 pages, 4835 KB  
Article
Transcriptome–Metabolome Integration Reveals Mechanisms of Leaf Color Variation in Leafy Vegetable Sweet Potato
by Shenglin Wang, Ming Chen, Qinghong Zhou, Yingjin Huang and Wei Zheng
Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111317 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Leaf color, as a key ornamental and quality trait in leafy vegetable sweet potato, is controlled by the coordinated regulation of multiple pigment metabolic pathways. To dissect the mechanisms underlying leaf color variation, the integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on three [...] Read more.
Leaf color, as a key ornamental and quality trait in leafy vegetable sweet potato, is controlled by the coordinated regulation of multiple pigment metabolic pathways. To dissect the mechanisms underlying leaf color variation, the integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on three contrasting phenotypes: green (G), yellow (Y), and purple-red (R). The results showed that purplish-red leaves accumulated the highest levels of anthocyanins (16.36 mg·g−1) and total chlorophyll (2.54 mg·g−1), indicating that the synergistic accumulation of anthocyanins and chlorophyll contributes to their dark pigmentation. In contrast, yellow leaves contained the lowest carotenoid content yet displayed the highest carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio (6.44), suggesting that reduced chlorophyll levels coupled with a relatively higher carotenoid proportion underlie the yellow phenotype. Green leaves exhibited a more balanced pigment profile, with a total chlorophyll content of 1.94 mg·g−1. Transcriptomic profiling revealed elevated expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes CHS, CHI, F3H, and chlorophyll metabolism-related genes CHLG and CAO in purplish-red leaves, whereas carotenoid biosynthesis genes LCY and CYP97A3 showed specific regulation in yellow leaves. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that leaf color formation in leafy vegetable sweet potato is determined by the relative accumulation of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, together with differential regulation of their biosynthetic pathways. This work provides novel insights into the molecular basis of leaf color variation and offers a theoretical foundation for genetic improvement of leafy vegetable sweet potato. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)
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21 pages, 2746 KB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Regression Methods for Solving the Timepix Calibration Task
by Jan Broulím, Matěj Prokop, Libor Nouzák and Pavel Smrčka
Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6714; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216714 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
In this article, we provide a study of the energy calibration model used for Timepix-type detectors. The Timepix detectors, operating in Time-over-Threshold mode, measure information that needs to be mapped into the corresponding energies using a non-linear function. We consider three iterative algorithms, [...] Read more.
In this article, we provide a study of the energy calibration model used for Timepix-type detectors. The Timepix detectors, operating in Time-over-Threshold mode, measure information that needs to be mapped into the corresponding energies using a non-linear function. We consider three iterative algorithms, Gradient-Descent, Gauss–Newton and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, which we modify according to the calibration model constraints to perform better in terms of the convergence properties. Moreover, based on the variable projection method, we suggest a partial linearization of the calibration problem and provide results for this novel method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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17 pages, 680 KB  
Article
Perceiving Digital Threats and Artificial Intelligence: A Psychometric Approach to Cyber Risk
by Diana Carbone, Francesco Marcatto, Francesca Mistichelli and Donatella Ferrante
J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2025, 5(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040093 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
The rapid digitalization of work and daily life has introduced a wide range of online threats, from common hazards such as malware and phishing to emerging challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI). While technical aspects of cybersecurity have received extensive attention, less is [...] Read more.
The rapid digitalization of work and daily life has introduced a wide range of online threats, from common hazards such as malware and phishing to emerging challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI). While technical aspects of cybersecurity have received extensive attention, less is known about how individuals perceive digital risks and how these perceptions shape protective behaviors. Building on the psychometric paradigm, this study investigated the perception of seven digital threats among a sample of 300 Italian workers employed in IT and non-IT sectors. Participants rated each hazard on dread and unknown risk dimensions and reported their cybersecurity expertise. Optimism bias and proactive awareness were also detected. Cluster analyses revealed four profiles based on different levels of dread and unknown risk ratings. The four profiles also differed in reported levels of expertise, optimism bias, and proactive awareness. Notably, AI was perceived as the least familiar and most uncertain hazard across groups, underscoring its salience in shaping digital risk perceptions. These findings highlight the heterogeneity of digital risk perception and suggest that tailored communication and training strategies, rather than one-size-fits-all approaches, are essential to fostering safer online practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Security Engineering & Applications)
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23 pages, 2693 KB  
Article
Deep Learning for Student Behavior Detection in Smart Classroom Environments
by Jue Wang, Yuchen Sun and Shasha Tian
Information 2025, 16(11), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110949 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
The ongoing integration of information technology in education has rendered the monitoring of student behavior in smart classrooms essential for improving teaching quality and student engagement. Classroom environments frequently provide many problems, such as heterogeneous student behaviors, significant obstructions, loss of intricate details, [...] Read more.
The ongoing integration of information technology in education has rendered the monitoring of student behavior in smart classrooms essential for improving teaching quality and student engagement. Classroom environments frequently provide many problems, such as heterogeneous student behaviors, significant obstructions, loss of intricate details, and complications in recognizing diminutive targets. These limitations lead to current approaches remaining inadequate in accuracy and stability. This paper enhances YOLOv11 with the following improvements: developed the CSP-PMSA module to enhance contextual modeling in complex backgrounds, developed a scale-aware head (SAH) to improve the perception and localization of small targets via channel unification and scale adaptation, and introduced a Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHSA) mechanism to model global dependencies and positional bias across various subspaces, thereby enhancing the discrimination of visually analogous behaviors. The experimental findings indicate that in intricate classroom settings, the model attains mAP@50 and mAP@50–95 scores of 91.6% and 75.7%, respectively. This indicates enhancements of 2.7% and 2.6% compared to YOLOv11, and 4.6% and 3.6% relative to DETR, demonstrating remarkable detection precision and dependability. Additionally, the model was implemented on the Jetson Orin Nano platform, confirming its viability for real-time detection on edge devices and offering substantial assistance for practical implementations in smart classrooms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing AI Applications in Education and Engineering: A Multidisciplinary Perspective)
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25 pages, 2322 KB  
Article
Enhancing Cyberattack Prevention Through Anomaly Detection Ensembles and Diverse Training Sets
by Faisal Saleem S Alraddadi, Luis F. Lago-Fernández and Francisco B. Rodríguez
Computers 2025, 14(11), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110477 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
A surge in global connectivity has led to an increase in cyberattacks, creating a need for improved security. A promising area of research is using machine learning to detect these attacks. Traditional two-class machine learning models can be ineffective for real-time detection, as [...] Read more.
A surge in global connectivity has led to an increase in cyberattacks, creating a need for improved security. A promising area of research is using machine learning to detect these attacks. Traditional two-class machine learning models can be ineffective for real-time detection, as attacks often represent a minority of traffic (anomaly) and fluctuate with time. This comparative study uses an ensemble of one-class classification models. First, we employed an ensemble of autoencoders with randomly generated architectures to enhance the dynamic detection of attacks, enabling each model to learn distinct aspects of the data distribution. The term ‘dynamic’ reflects the ensemble’s superior responsiveness to different attack rates without the need for retraining, offering enhanced performance compared to a static average of individual models, which we refer to as the baseline approach. Second, for comparison with the ensemble of autoencoders, we employ an ensemble of isolation forests, which also improves dynamic attack detection. We evaluated our ensemble models using the NSL-KDD dataset, testing them without the need for retraining with varying attack ratios, and comparing the results with the baseline method. Then, we investigated the impact of training data overlap among ensemble components and its effect on the detection of extremely low attack rates. The objective is to train each model within the ensemble with the minimal amount of data necessary to detect malicious traffic across varying attack rates effectively. Based on the conclusions drawn from our initial study using the NSL-KDD dataset, we re-evaluated our strategy with a modern dataset, CIC_IoT-2023, which also achieved good performance in detecting various attack rates using an ensemble of simple autoencoder models. Finally, we have observed that when distributing normal traffic data among ensemble components with a small overlap, the results show enhanced overall performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Using New Technologies in Cyber Security Solutions (2nd Edition))
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11 pages, 736 KB  
Article
Effect of Ageratum Conyzoides on Osteoarthritis in an Ageing Adult Population: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Parallel Study
by Amanda Rao, Alanna Gorman, Silma Subah, Sedratul Muntha, Nathasha Bogoda and David Briskey
Nutraceuticals 2025, 5(4), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals5040035 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated Ageratum conyzoides (A. conyzoides) for alleviating osteoarthritis symptoms and improving quality of life. Conducted in Australia between 2021 and 2024, the study included 70 adults aged ≥45 years with clinically diagnosed osteoarthritis. Participants consumed 250 [...] Read more.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated Ageratum conyzoides (A. conyzoides) for alleviating osteoarthritis symptoms and improving quality of life. Conducted in Australia between 2021 and 2024, the study included 70 adults aged ≥45 years with clinically diagnosed osteoarthritis. Participants consumed 250 mg of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-free A. conyzoides extract or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. Pain and function were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) every three weeks. Secondary measures included pain assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the SF-36 quality-of-life questionnaire, inflammatory markers, and safety parameters. A. conyzoides supplementation resulted in significant reductions in total WOMAC scores at weeks 9 and 12 (p < 0.05) compared to placebo. VAS pain scores were significantly lower at weeks 9 and 12 (p < 0.05). SF-36 scores improved significantly in the pain and role limitations due to physical health domains (p < 0.05). Plasma inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 showed significant reductions compared with placebo (p < 0.05). No between-group differences were observed for adverse events. These findings demonstrate that A. conyzoides supplementation is a safe and effective option for reducing osteoarthritis symptoms, with significant improvements observed in pain, function, and inflammatory markers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects)
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15 pages, 1029 KB  
Article
Climate-Crisis Landscapes in VR: Effects on Distance and Time Estimation
by Tina Iachini, Alessandro Troise, Angela Sole Rega, Angelo Lucio Silvino, Mariachiara Rapuano and Francesco Ruotolo
Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9778; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219778 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
The Climate Crisis is reshaping not only ecosystems but also human cognition. While its psychological impact is increasingly acknowledged, little is known about how environmental degradation influences basic cognitive functions. Since spatial and temporal cognition provide the perceptual scaffolding for orientation and various [...] Read more.
The Climate Crisis is reshaping not only ecosystems but also human cognition. While its psychological impact is increasingly acknowledged, little is known about how environmental degradation influences basic cognitive functions. Since spatial and temporal cognition provide the perceptual scaffolding for orientation and various decision-making processes, distortions in these dimensions may hinder adaptive responses to ecological change. This study examined whether simulated climate-related degradation affects spatial-temporal cognition and whether interoceptive awareness predicts variability in these effects. Using immersive Virtual Reality combined with an omnidirectional treadmill, participants walked along paths in verdant and arid landscapes and then estimated the duration and distance travelled on each path. The results showed that arid environments led to longer time and distance estimates than verdant ones, although there were no objective differences in path length or actual walking time. Furthermore, temporal judgements, but not spatial ones, were predicted by interoceptive attention regulation: participants with a higher capacity to regulate attention towards bodily sensations consistently provided shorter temporal estimates across all contexts. These findings demonstrate that spatial-temporal representations are sensitive to ecological quality and that interoceptive processes contribute to individual differences in temporal perception. This highlights the value of integrating cognitive processes and interoception into sustainability science, suggesting that environmental preservation supports not only ecological well-being but also the cognitive foundations through which humans perceive and adapt to their surroundings. Full article
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28 pages, 5752 KB  
Article
Framing Evidence-Based Design and Planning: An Analytical, Multi-Scalar and Iterative Framework for Urban Design and Planning
by Kayvan Karimi, Sepehr Zhand, Gareth Simons, Walid Samir Abdeldayem, Nadia Charalambous and Iason Giraud
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110457 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
The increasing complexity of urban environments has exposed the limitations of prescriptive approaches in urban design and planning, highlighting the need for more adaptive, data-informed, and methodologically rigorous processes. Evidence-Based Design and Planning (EBDP) offers a promising response by embedding evidence as a [...] Read more.
The increasing complexity of urban environments has exposed the limitations of prescriptive approaches in urban design and planning, highlighting the need for more adaptive, data-informed, and methodologically rigorous processes. Evidence-Based Design and Planning (EBDP) offers a promising response by embedding evidence as a continuous and iterative element throughout design and decision-making. Yet, its adoption in practice remains uneven, constrained by project limitations, data availability, and the challenge of operationalising analytical workflows. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a transferable framework for EBDP, developed through the review of six realised projects, ranging from public space enhancements to metropolitan masterplans and policy studies, undertaken in both professional practice and academic research. Examined alongside existing theoretical models, these cases revealed recurring patterns that informed the framework. The resulting model consists of four interlinked phases: clarification and evidence-based project definition; integration of an evidence base through analysis and modelling; generation of options synthesising diverse evidence; and evaluations to guide adaptation and decision-making. Rather than a linear or prescriptive sequence of stages, the framework uses iteration and flexible feedback processes anchored by a unifying Hybrid Spatial Model to synthesise evidence, support the generation of design options, and underpin engagement and feedback processes considering project objectives. This paper offers a systematic yet flexible framework for EBDP that can be adapted across scales, project types, and contexts. Full article
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20 pages, 927 KB  
Article
Gamification in the Metaverse: How Design Attributes Shape User Preferences Across Age Groups
by Yunseul Choi, Dongnyok Shim, Yuri Park and Changjun Lee
J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(4), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20040310 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
We examine how gamification attributes shape user preferences for metaverse platforms and how these relationships vary across age groups. Using rank-ordered logit on 304 metaverse users from the Korean Media Panel Survey, we code platform features into four domains—character customization, experience/skill systems, social [...] Read more.
We examine how gamification attributes shape user preferences for metaverse platforms and how these relationships vary across age groups. Using rank-ordered logit on 304 metaverse users from the Korean Media Panel Survey, we code platform features into four domains—character customization, experience/skill systems, social networking, and economic systems—and link them to stated preference rankings of leading services. Results show that realistic avatars and expressive behaviors are positively associated with preference, whereas complex body/environment customization is not. Within experience/skill systems, quest presence, content creation, and real-world–mirroring quests relate positively to preference, while excessive freedom/option breadth does not. In social networking, close interactions and group conversation capacity are valued, but rigid chat-window styles are not. Users also prefer low device dependency and real-world task utility. Age heterogeneity emerges: teens show stronger interest in appearance customization, whereas users in their twenties and thirties value mirroring quests, conversational freedom, and monetization. We provide design guidelines for segment-sensitive gamification and discuss implications for inclusive metaverse retail and service strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Marketing and Consumer Experience)
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16 pages, 1814 KB  
Article
A Treatment-Resistant Severe Asthma Phenotype with Dysregulated Hippo Pathway as Shown by Sputum Transcriptomics and Proteomics
by Emília Ma. Medeiros de Andrade Belitardo, Paula C. Almeida, Flávia A. Sena, Eduardo S. Silva, Danilo J. P. G. Rocha, Juliana Mendonça, Carina S. Pinheiro, Peter Briza, Fatima Ferreira, Lúcio R. Queiroz, Eric R. G. R. Aguiar, Álvaro A. Cruz, Luis G. C. Pacheco and Neuza M. Alcantara-Neves
Allergies 2025, 5(4), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies5040038 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Severe asthma is a heterogeneous condition often resistant to conventional corticosteroid therapy, necessitating the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study investigates immunological, transcriptional, and proteomic biomarkers in severe asthma patients from the Brazilian ProAR cohort. Cytokines were measured using a [...] Read more.
Severe asthma is a heterogeneous condition often resistant to conventional corticosteroid therapy, necessitating the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study investigates immunological, transcriptional, and proteomic biomarkers in severe asthma patients from the Brazilian ProAR cohort. Cytokines were measured using a multiplex technology and the differential sputum cell count was performed by cytospin preparations. Sputum transcriptomics was performed by RNA-seq using Ion S5 next-generation sequencing platform. The proteomic study of sputum was performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using Q Exactive Orbitrap technology. Compared to mild-to-moderate asthma (MMA) and treatment-controlled severe asthma (SAC), the treatment-resistant severe asthma (SAR) group exhibited increased sputum neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and elevated IL-6 and TNF levels, correlating with impaired lung function. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed a Th2-independent molecular signature characterized by downregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway and upregulation of JAK–STAT inflammatory cascades. Distinctive microRNA profiles suggest regulatory involvement in inflammatory and proliferative processes. These findings align with prior studies, reinforcing the presence of an IL-6- and TNF-high severe asthma phenotype across diverse populations. Our results highlight key inflammatory pathways that may underlie corticosteroid resistance, offering potential targets for personalized therapeutic interventions in severe asthma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Asthma/Respiratory)
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20 pages, 2869 KB  
Article
A Green Workflow to Determine Flavonoids from Physalis angulata L.: Extraction Optimization by Response Surface Method and Spectrophotometric Method Validation
by Huynh Tran Mai Lan Anh, Le Phan Minh My Kim Ngan, Vo Thi Kim Khuyen, Le Nguyen Hong Anh, Huynh Hoang Gia Bao, Huynh Le Bao Ngoc and Đinh Thi Quynh Anh
Spectrosc. J. 2025, 3(4), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/spectroscj3040027 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Wild Physalis angulata L. has promising medicinal potential due to its rich flavonoids. However, a green analytical approach for these compounds from this plant has not yet been thoroughly optimized. Therefore, this study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction using the response surface method for the [...] Read more.
Wild Physalis angulata L. has promising medicinal potential due to its rich flavonoids. However, a green analytical approach for these compounds from this plant has not yet been thoroughly optimized. Therefore, this study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction using the response surface method for the UV-VIS spectroscopic determination of the total flavonoid content in P. angulata in Vietnam. Notably, the greenness of the whole procedure was evaluated by AGREE, Eco-Scale, GAPI, BAGI methodologies. The Box–Behnken model was applied to design the experiments with four variables: ethanol concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and time. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric method was validated at 510 nm according to AOAC guidelines and met all the requirements, including specificity, linearity (R2 = 0.9996) in the working range of 15–120 µg/mL, repeatability (RSD = 1.89%), intermediate precision (RSD = 2.21%), and accuracy (recoveries from 99.52 to 104.06%). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 2.48 µg/mL and 7.52 µg/mL, respectively; however, to avoid noise signal at lower concentrations, the validated lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was set at 15 µg/mL. Data were analyzed using second-order regression. The R2 = 0.9726 shows a close correlation between variables and the experimental data. The optimal extraction conditions were 31.66% ethanol, 30:1 mL/g ratio, 80 °C and 48.73 min. The predicted values (38.09 ± 1.70 mg RU/g) were not statistically different from the experimental values (34.58 ± 0.87 mg RU/g), confirming the model’s accuracy and applicability in optimizing the extraction process. The ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized to enhance the flavonoid extraction yield from P. angulata, providing a solid scientific foundation for further pharmacological research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Spectroscopy Research)
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23 pages, 932 KB  
Article
Decreased Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and Function in Cord Blood Immune Cells from Preterm Neonates with Morbidity
by Nana A. O. Anti, Douglas D. Deming, Ciprian P. Gheorghe, Ashra Tugung, Nikia Gray-Hutto, Lubo Zhang and Eugenia Mata-Greenwood
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110686 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are essential for fetal organ maturation and form the basis of antenatal corticosteroid therapy that has significantly reduced preterm-related morbidity such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). However, neonatal morbidity remains a clinical challenge regardless of antenatal corticosteroid therapy. Currently, it is thought [...] Read more.
Glucocorticoids are essential for fetal organ maturation and form the basis of antenatal corticosteroid therapy that has significantly reduced preterm-related morbidity such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). However, neonatal morbidity remains a clinical challenge regardless of antenatal corticosteroid therapy. Currently, it is thought that adverse intrauterine environments dysregulate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) homeostasis, yet the biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to study ex vivo glucocorticoid sensitivity in cord blood immune cells from two independent preterm cohorts to identify associations with neonatal morbidity and uncover potential mechanisms of dysregulated glucocorticoid homeostasis. In the first cohort, thawed cord blood mononuclear cells were exposed to betamethasone in the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 4 h. In the second cohort, freshly isolated white blood cells were treated with dexamethasone under unstimulated and LPS-stimulated conditions for 48 h. GR isoform expression and regulation of transactivated and transrepressed genes were assessed via qPCR, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and ELISA. In both cohorts, reduced GR expression, particularly of the GRα isoform, was observed in neonates with morbidity, but only with culture time and not in freshly isolated cells. Ex vivo impaired glucocorticoid-mediated transrepression of proinflammatory genes IL6 and TNF was also observed in the morbidity groups. In contrast, all samples were comparable in basal immune cell distributions and transactivation of glucocorticoid response element (GRE)-dependent genes GILZ and FKBP5, irrespective of neonatal morbidity. These findings suggest that neonates that develop morbidities experience an early postnatal GR dysfunction that is potentially programmed in utero. Moreover, under conditions of decreased GR abundance, classical transactivation functions appear to be preserved at the expense of more complex regulatory mechanisms such as transrepression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
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21 pages, 2611 KB  
Article
Hydrogen-Rich Gaseous Mixture for Enhanced Combustion in a Flex-Fuel Engine: An Experimental Analysis
by Lucimar Venancio Amaral, Augusto César Teixeira Malaquias, Gabriel Heleno de Paula Faria, Marcos de Carvalho Torres Filho, Marco André Fraga, Ricardo Belchior Torres, Rita de Cássia de Oliveira Sebastião and Fabricio José Pacheco Pujatti
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040099 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
This experimental study examines the effect of adding a hydrogen-enriched synthetic gaseous mixture (HGM’) on the combustion and fuel conversion efficiency of a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE). The work assesses the viability of using this mixture as a supplemental fuel for flex-fuel engines [...] Read more.
This experimental study examines the effect of adding a hydrogen-enriched synthetic gaseous mixture (HGM’) on the combustion and fuel conversion efficiency of a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE). The work assesses the viability of using this mixture as a supplemental fuel for flex-fuel engines operating under urban driving cycling conditions. An SCRE, the AVL 5405 model, was employed, operating with ethanol and gasoline as primary fuels through direct injection (DI) and a volumetric compression ratio of 11.5:1. The HGM’ was added in the engine’s intake via fumigation (FS), with volumetric proportions ranging from 5% to 20%. The tests were executed at 1900 rpm and 2500 rpm engine speeds, with indicated mean effective pressures (IMEPs) of 3 and 5 bar. When HGM’s 5% v/v was applied at 2500 rpm, the mean indicated effective pressure of 3 bar was observed. A decrease of 21% and 16.5% in the ISFC was observed when using gasoline and ethanol as primary fuels, respectively. The usage of an HGM’ combined with gasoline or ethanol, proved to be a relevant and economically accessible strategy in the improvement of the conversion efficiency of combustion fuels, once this gaseous mixture could be obtained through the vapor-catalytic reforming of ethanol, giving up the use of turbochargers or lean and ultra-lean burn strategies. These results demonstrated the potential of using HGM’ as an effective alternative to increase the efficiency of flex-fuel engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen for a Clean Energy Future)
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15 pages, 1539 KB  
Article
Species Composition and Phylogenetic Diversity of Acetic Acid Bacteria Communities in Homemade Vinegars
by Bernarda Karničnik, Igor Jugović, Franc Janžekovič and Janja Trček
Diversity 2025, 17(11), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17110770 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Despite their significance, the diversity of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) in homemade vinegars remains understudied. This study aimed to explore the species-level diversity of AAB in homemade vinegars and to assess their community structure to better understand this microbial niche. To investigate the [...] Read more.
Despite their significance, the diversity of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) in homemade vinegars remains understudied. This study aimed to explore the species-level diversity of AAB in homemade vinegars and to assess their community structure to better understand this microbial niche. To investigate the diversity of these bacteria, we employed recently established customized 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon metagenomics to identify AAB at the species level. By applying Hill numbers, we calculated species richness, relative abundance, and dominance, providing a clearer understanding of the community structure of AAB in 11 homemade vinegars. Although species richness was relatively high, both relative abundance and dominance were considerably lower, suggesting a community structure dominated by a few highly abundant taxa, with most species being rare or low in abundance. The most dominant genera across most samples were Komagataeibacter and Acetobacter, both of which are known for their roles in oxidative fermentation. Several previously unreported, potentially novel species of AAB were identified, along with two potentially novel genera. This is one of the first studies to examine the diversity of AAB in homemade vinegars using a culture-independent amplicon metagenomic approach. Our findings suggest that the microbiota of homemade vinegars remains an underexplored niche and a source for novel species with biotechnological potential. The results provide valuable baseline data for future microbial studies and may help in the development of novel, customized starter cultures for the improvement and standardization of vinegar production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Diversity in Changing Ecosystems: From Environmental Adaptation Mechanisms to Applications)
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10 pages, 661 KB  
Article
Daily Movement Matters: Post-Exercise Hypotension in Peripheral Arterial Disease—A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study
by Saúl Peñín-Grandes, Susana López-Ortiz, Montserrat de la Fuente Gómez, Mª Lourdes del Río-Solá, Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Juan Martín-Hernández and José Pinto-Fraga
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(4), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040426 (registering DOI) - 3 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: Aerobic and resistance training have acute effects on blood pressure (BP) in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, the combined effect of both exercises in a single session is still unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of [...] Read more.
Background: Aerobic and resistance training have acute effects on blood pressure (BP) in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, the combined effect of both exercises in a single session is still unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a single exercise session combining walking and circuit-based training on BP in patients with PAD. Methods: Participants with PAD (n = 13; 65.0 ± 10.2 years; 76.9% male) underwent a supervised exercise therapy (SET) intervention (312 sessions, 24 sessions/patient) that included 15–30 min of walking, followed by 15 min circuit-based training. Clinic systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) were recorded 5 min before and after each exercise session. Longitudinal changes were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and categorical changes in blood pressure levels were evaluated with chi-square tests. Results: After each exercise session, clinic SBP decreased 4.87 mmHg (p < 0.001) and clinic DBP decreased 2.11 mmHg (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there were no differences between the initial stage of training (1–10 sessions) and late (14–24 sessions) for each time that SBD or DBP were measured. Conclusions: After an acute exercise session, both clinical SBP and DBP decreased in patients with PAD compared to pre-exercise values. However, no additional reductions in clinical BP were observed when comparing early (sessions 1–10) and late (sessions 14–24) stages of the full SET intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Risks Factors in Primary and Secondary Prevention)
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