Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation

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21 pages, 3177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modal Passport Concept for Enhanced Non-Destructive Monitoring and Diagnostics of Wind Turbine Blades

by Aleksey Mironov, Pavel Doronkin and Aleksejs Safonovs

NDT 2025, 3(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt3020009 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 118

Abstract

One of the most sensitive parts of a wind turbine to environmental influences are the rotating blades. Today, there are many technologies available to assess blade condition, but they all need to be developed to become more cost-effective and more sensitive to fault detection. The algorithms and methods of the modal passport discussed in this paper propose a non-destructive technique already used for helicopter blade condition monitoring and diagnostics. This technique requires adaptation to wind turbine blades because they have larger dimensions, other materials and design, and operate under other conditions. To provide this adaptation, computational and experimental data on the modal properties of the blades must be obtained. The first stage of the study is planned to be performed on a scale model on stationary and rotating test rigs. At this stage of the study, algorithms and methods for the formation of a roadmap to develop a modal passport for a series of composite models of a wind turbine blade are considered. The initial stage of modal passport development included FE modeling of the blade model, calculation of modal parameters, fabricating the blades, and preparing the test equipment. Quantitative assessment of modal tests volume made it possible to plan the step-by-step execution of the roadmap for development and experimental application of the modal passport of wind turbine blade models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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58 pages, 25512 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Non-Destructive Testing of Composite Materials for Aerospace Applications

by Thiago Luiz Lara Oliveira, Maha Hadded, Saliha Mimouni and Renata Brandelli Schaan

NDT 2025, 3(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt3010003 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 4753

Abstract

This review examines the essential application of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques in assessing the integrity and damage of composite materials used in aerospace engineering, focusing on polymer matrix composites (PMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs), and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). As these materials increasingly replace traditional metallic and alloy components due to their advantageous properties, such as light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance, ensuring their structural integrity becomes paramount. Here, various NDT techniques were described in detail, including ultrasonic, radiographic, and acoustic emission, among others, highlighting their significance in identifying and evaluating damages that are often invisible, yet critical, to parts safety. It stresses the need for innovation in NDT technologies to keep pace with the evolving complexity of composite materials and their applications. The review underscores the ongoing challenges and developments in NDT, advocating for enhanced techniques that provide accurate, reliable, and timely assessments to ensure the safety and durability of aerospace components. This comprehensive analysis not only illustrates current capabilities but also directs future research pathways for improving NDT methodologies in aerospace material engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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15 pages, 59170 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Investigating Defect Detection in Advanced Ceramic Additive Manufacturing Using Active Thermography

by Anthonin Demarbaix, Enrique Juste, Tim Verlaine, Ilario Strazzeri, Julien Quinten and Arnaud Notebaert

NDT 2024, 2(4), 504-518; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2040031 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1215

Abstract

Additive manufacturing of advanced materials has become widespread, encompassing a range of materials including thermoplastics, metals, and ceramics. For the ceramics, the complete production process typically involves indirect additive manufacturing, where the green ceramic part undergoes debinding and sintering to achieve its final mechanical and thermal properties. To avoid unnecessary energy-intensive steps, it is crucial to assess the internal integrity of the ceramic in its green stage. This study aims to investigate the use of active thermography for defect detection. The approach is to examine detectability using two benchmarks: the first focuses on the detectability threshold, and the second on typical defects encountered in 3D printing. For the first benchmark, reflection and transmission modes are tested with and without a camera angle to minimize reflection. The second benchmark will then be assessed using the most effective configurations identified. All defects larger than 1.2 mm were detectable across the benchmarks. The method can successfully detect defects, with transmission mode being more suitable since it does not require a camera angle adjustment to avoid reflections. However, the method struggles to detect typical 3D-printing defects because the minimum defect size is 0.6 mm, which is the size of the nozzle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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16 pages, 4386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave Imaging and Non-Destructive Testing of Bituminous Mix Binder-Aggregate Behavior Using Log-Periodic Feedline-Based Microstrip Filter

by Amartya Paul, Hemant Kumari, Rinaldo Snaitang, Pradeep Kumar Gautam and Shubhankar Majumdar

NDT 2024, 2(3), 347-362; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2030021 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1122

Abstract

This research investigates the characterization of bituminous mixes utilizing microwave imaging and non-destructive testing. We studied the electromagnetic characteristics of various samples, including bituminous concrete (BC) and open-grade friction course (OGFC) samples. A novel ring filter with log-periodic feedlines, designed on the RT/Duroid 5880 substrate, was utilized within the frequency range of 0.3–0.7 GHz. The samples were assessed using average attenuation and group delay measures, which detailed clear electromagnetic characteristics. The samples’ flow value and specific gravity were correlated to these parameters. The calculated flow value and specific gravity (using the filter) and measured flow value and specific gravity (using the conventional method) coincided well. The filter could predict the parameters of the samples with a high accuracy of roughly 99.8% for the flow value and specific gravity, whereas the OGFC sample displayed an accuracy of 99.7%, correspondingly, as shown in high R² values. This demonstrates that the filter can precisely measure the parameters required for studying the interaction between the binder and aggregate in bituminous mixes without being invasive. The findings indicate a significant disparity between OGFC and BC samples in their responses to electromagnetic fields and their characteristics. This demonstrates the high sensitivity and significant value of microwave techniques in the study of bitumen and the construction of roadways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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19 pages, 45392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology to Manage and Correlate Results of Non-Destructive and Destructive Tests on Ancient Timber Beams: The Case of Montorio Tower

by Anna Marzo, Bruno Carpani, Giuseppe Marghella and Concetta Tripepi

NDT 2024, 2(3), 311-329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2030019 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 976

Abstract

Intending to safeguard architectural heritage, the assessment of the health of timber structures is crucial, though challenging, due to the organic nature of wood and to the uncertainties of its preservation state. To this end, useful support is provided by the ICOMOS guidelines, which provide conservation strategies based on thorough diagnosis and safety evaluations. In this context, the study summarized in this paper focuses on the medieval Tower of Montorio, which suffered considerable damage due to the strong earthquake that occurred in those area in September 2003. Its subsequent process of rehabilitation and restoration involved a widespread experimental campaign and the substitution of some timber beams. This circumstance has offered a rare opportunity to study these ancient elements in detail, although they are limited in number. Six beams made of oak and removed from an intermediate floor of the tower were evaluated through a comprehensive approach that included both non-destructive tests (NDT) and destructive tests (DT). Particularly, they were subjected to visual inspections, ultrasonic, sclerometric, and resistographic methods, and destructive four-point bending tests. Overall, the study presented here provides a useful qualitative comparison between them. Results highlighted that relying only on NDT might lead to an overestimation of mechanical properties and that combining NDT with DT is crucial for a more accurate assessment. Therefore, the need to deepen the research on correlations between NDT and DT to obtain reliable values of mechanical properties while respecting the conservation aim was confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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6 pages, 885 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The INFN-LNF Astrophysics and Cosmology Integrated Test Facility Startup

by Luca Porcelli, Sultan Dabagov, Giovanni Delle Monache, Dariush Hampai, Giuseppina Modestino and Sandra Savaglio

NDT 2024, 2(3), 249-254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2030015 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1143

Abstract

Starting from January 2023, Permanent Staff Personnel and Associated Personnel of INFN-LNF (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare—Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati) have founded, and are setting up, the local Astrophysics and Cosmology Team (ACT). The INFN-LNF ACT joined the initial development phases of one of the forthcoming (early 2030) next-generation cosmology space-borne probes, with particular emphasis on (1) thermal balance tests (and correlation to models) of the electronics of interest; (2) (non)destructive irradiation tests of the electronics of interest and X-ray circuitry diagnostics on a specifically dedicated and instrumented optical bench; and (3) joining the simulation-related, and data analysis-related, activities, at both the cosmological and instrumental levels. The INFN-LNF ACT has constituted an Integrated Test Facility (ITF), which is being instrumented in a dedicated space and will also make use of the pre-existing INFN-LNF infrastructures. In the following, as a first contribution, mainly related to what was completed in late 2023 and early 2024, the activities of the commissioning and setup of the so-called ‘pocket’ cryostat are described, linking them to the envisaged thermal balance tests (and correlation to the models) of the electronics of interest. While mainly devoted to cosmology-oriented tasks, the INFN-LNF ACT ‘pocket’ cryostat will, in principle, be available to the wider community for other dedicated activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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14 pages, 6607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Coconut Fiber in Corroded Reinforced Self-Healing Concrete Using NDT Methods

by Ahmad Zaki, Nabilah Cantika Aprilia, Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi and Khairil Mahbubi

NDT 2024, 2(3), 214-227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2030013 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

The incorporation of natural fibers into concrete has recently emerged as a popular approach in the field of construction materials due to its sustainability and environmental friendliness. In comparison to artificial fibers, natural fibers are more cost-effective and widely available globally. Among the various natural fibers, coconut fiber (CF) stands out for its unique set of advantages. This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties and durability of coconut-fiber-reinforced self-healing concrete (CFR-SHC) in the context of corrosion resistance. Additionally, Bacillus subtilis bacteria (10% by mass) was incorporated into the CFR-SHC. The impact of ±50 mm long CF with varying contents of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% by mass was examined. Specimens were subjected to corrosion acceleration for 48, 96, and 168 h. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods of Electrical Resistivity (ER) and Impact Echo (IE) were conducted to test the corrosion resistance. The experimental results demonstrate that CFR-SHC increased the compressive strength by 6% and the flexural strength by 40%. CFR-SHC also exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion, characterized by low inrush current, high ER value, and high IE frequency. The most favorable overall outcomes were observed for the CFR-SHC sample containing 0.5% of the cement mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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14 pages, 3967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Pavement Density Profiling Systems

by Fabricio Leiva-Villacorta and Adriana Vargas-Nordcbeck

NDT 2024, 2(3), 190-203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2030011 - 22 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1447

Abstract

The work conducted in this study was designed to establish achievable testing tolerances for non-destructive pavement density measurements using Density Profiling Systems (DPSs). Nine and six sensors were used to determine the precision of repeatability and reproducibility in the laboratory and the field, respectively. A minimum of six sensors (considered in this study as independent laboratories) were needed to comply with the minimum number of participants required in the current ASTM standard practice (ASTM E691). The methodology included the development of laboratory precision evaluation with a total of nine sensors and two different mixtures (9.5 mm fine-graded mix, 19.0 mm coarse-graded mix) compacted at four density levels (97%, 94%, 91%, and 88% of G_mm). For the field portion of this study, pavement sections built at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Test Track in 2021 served as experimental variables. These sections were built with fine-graded asphalt mixtures and open-graded mixes as wearing courses. Additionally, the pavement sections included three underlying materials: new asphalt (binder layer), milled asphalt surface, and granular base, with thicknesses ranging from 3.8 to 13.9 cm. Density profile testing was conducted at two locations: within the mat (center of the lane) and along the joint. Computed precision statements regarding dielectric values within and between laboratories were about double for field results compared to laboratory results. However, when converted to density, the statements were significantly below the reported statements for Bulk Specific Gravity and Vacuum Sealing in the laboratory and Nuclear and Electromagnetic density gauges in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation)

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Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Journal of Imaging jimaging	2.7	5.9	2015	18.3 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Journal of Nuclear Engineering jne	-	-	2020	38.3 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
NDT ndt	-	-	2023	21.2 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
Radiation radiation	-	-	2021	24.6 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
Buildings buildings	3.1	3.4	2011	15.3 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

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