Food Processing and Preservation

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Natural food products are complex mixtures of vitamins, phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, proteins, lipids, minerals, fibers, and antioxidant compounds. Before products can be commercialized, they have to be processed and preserved for food-ready meals and/or extracted for natural food ingredients. However, increasing the shelf life of natural food products without compromising the compounds is still critical and challenging. Different food-processing methods can be used for this purpose; nevertheless, many food ingredients and products are well known to be sensitive and vulnerable to chemical, physical, and microbiological changes. In recent years, the techniques to combat spoilages and increase the shelf life have been extensively investigated. Scientific advancements and progresses are contributing to the evolution of existing technologies and innovation of new ones. This Topic on “Food Processing and Preservation” intends to present innovative solutions and integrated approaches to preserve natural food products. The main topics are related to advances in food processing and preservation, emerging technologies, green and innovative techniques in food processing, and consumer acceptance, and it is crucial that the nutritional, chemical, physical, and quality properties of food products be encompassed within. Therefore, we cordially invite authors to contribute original research articles and reviews.

Dr. Ângela Fernandes
Dr. Eliana Pereira
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Agriculture agriculture	3.3	4.9	2011	19.2 Days	CHF 2600
Beverages beverages	3.0	6.1	2015	19.1 Days	CHF 1600
Dairy dairy	-	4.4	2020	27.8 Days	CHF 1200
Fermentation fermentation	3.3	3.8	2015	15.4 Days	CHF 2100
Foods foods	4.7	7.4	2012	14.5 Days	CHF 2900

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Published Papers (39 papers)

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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 291 KiB)

13 pages, 592 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Italian Consumers’ Perception of Safety in Animal Food Products

by Maria Piochi, Michele Filippo Fontefrancesco and Luisa Torri

Foods 2022, 11(22), 3739; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223739 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2188

Abstract

The concept of food safety is still underexplored among consumers, especially in relationship with the perception of food technology. Through an online survey (n = 489), this study explored: I, how perceived safety is related to products obtained with different technological treatments [...] Read more.

The concept of food safety is still underexplored among consumers, especially in relationship with the perception of food technology. Through an online survey (n = 489), this study explored: I, how perceived safety is related to products obtained with different technological treatments and described with different commercial information; II, the role of food technology neophobia (FTN) in consumers’ safety perception of animal food products. The technological transformation and commercial information significantly affected the perceived safety in all product categories. Milk and eggs were associated with a high number of perceived hazards (with similar patterns), while honey to the lowest. The certification ‘organic’ positively affected the safety perception of eggs and honey. With the increase of the distance in product origin (local/regional vs. Extra-European) the perceived safety consistently decreased. FTN affected the perceived safety of milk and eggs, depending on the degree of familiarity with the technologies of production. Highly FT neophobic people are perceived as less safe than low FT neophobic people with few familiar products with a higher technological degree of transformation. Results expand the knowledge in people’s attitude towards animal products, particularly considering the technology perception. The outputs may interest policy-makers and food companies, in rethinking the communication strategy concerning food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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12 pages, 2708 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Phosphorylated Trehalose Suppresses the Denaturation of Myofibrillar Proteins in Peeled Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during Long-Term Frozen Storage

by Shanshan Shui, Huicheng Yang, Baiyi Lu and Bin Zhang

Foods 2022, 11(20), 3189; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203189 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

The protective effects of phosphorylated trehalose on the quality and characteristics of peeled shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were determined. Quality changes in treated samples were evaluated by assessing the physicochemical properties of myofibrillar proteins (MP) and compared to fresh water-, sodium tripolyphosphate-, [...] Read more.

The protective effects of phosphorylated trehalose on the quality and characteristics of peeled shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were determined. Quality changes in treated samples were evaluated by assessing the physicochemical properties of myofibrillar proteins (MP) and compared to fresh water-, sodium tripolyphosphate-, and trehalose-treated samples during 12 weeks of frozen storage. The sensitivity of MP to oxidation and denaturation was increased during frozen storage. Phosphorylated trehalose significantly improved the quality of shrimp by increasing water-holding capacity. Further analysis showed that the addition of phosphorylated trehalose reduced the decrease in soluble MP content, Ca²⁺-ATPase activity, and total sulfhydryl contents and also effectively inhibited the increase in the surface hydrophobicity of MP. In addition, atomic force microscopy and hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that phosphorylated trehalose preserved the integrity of the myofibril microstructure. Thermal stability results further confirmed that the denaturation temperature and denaturation enthalpy of MP were improved by phosphorylated trehalose. Overall, phosphorylated trehalose suppresses the denaturation of MP in peeled shrimp during long-term frozen storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 774 KiB)

14 pages, 4059 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Wheat Starch Modified with Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume Extract and Its Action Mechanism

by Nan Chen, Hao-Xiang Gao, Qiang He and Wei-Cai Zeng

Foods 2022, 11(20), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203187 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2184

Abstract

We investigated the modification of wheat starch with Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume extract (LRE) and determined the action mechanism. Based on differential scanning calorimetry, LRE decreased the gelatinization enthalpy of wheat starch from 19.14 to 7.15 J/g and changed gelatinization temperatures (including the [...] Read more.

We investigated the modification of wheat starch with Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume extract (LRE) and determined the action mechanism. Based on differential scanning calorimetry, LRE decreased the gelatinization enthalpy of wheat starch from 19.14 to 7.15 J/g and changed gelatinization temperatures (including the variation in gelatinization onset temperature, peak temperature and conclusion temperature in different degrees). Moreover, LRE affected the pasting viscosity curve of wheat starch, and changed its rheological parameters (including the decrease in storage modulus and loss modulus, as well as the increase in loss tangent). Based on the analysis of scanning electron microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, LRE increased the hole size and the roughness of the gel microstructure, and decreased the crystallinity of wheat starch. Meanwhile, the evaluation results of the texture analyzer and the colorimeter showed that LRE could change the quality properties (including decrease hardness, fracturability and L* values, as well as increase a* and b* values) of wheat starch biscuits after hot air baking (170 °C). Furthermore, with molecular dynamics simulation analysis, phenolic compounds of LRE combined with starch molecules via H-bonds and affected the formation of molecular bonds (including intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds), so as to change the spatial conformation and properties of wheat starch during gelatinization and retrogradation. The present results suggest that LRE can modify the physicochemical properties of wheat starch and further improve its processing properties, indicating its potential in the design and development of starch foods (such as steamed buns, bread, biscuits, etc.). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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25 pages, 1425 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Strategies to Reduce Salt Content and Its Effect on Food Characteristics and Acceptance: A Review

by Siti Nurmilah, Yana Cahyana, Gemilang Lara Utama and Abderrahmane Aït-Kaddour

Foods 2022, 11(19), 3120; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193120 - 7 Oct 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 10610

Abstract

Sodium is a necessary nutrient for regulating extracellular fluid and transferring molecules around cell membranes with essential functions. However, the prevalence of some diseases is related to unnecessary sodium intake. As a result, a particular problem for the food industry remains a matter [...] Read more.

Sodium is a necessary nutrient for regulating extracellular fluid and transferring molecules around cell membranes with essential functions. However, the prevalence of some diseases is related to unnecessary sodium intake. As a result, a particular problem for the food industry remains a matter of sodium content in foods. It is considered that customer acceptance is associated with salt perception dynamics related to the evolution of food production. It is a significant challenge and technique to minimize the salt content of various foods and provide replacement products with substantial reductions in salt levels. This review summarizes salt reduction strategies related to health problems based on traditional review methodology, with practical and methodological screening performed to determine the appropriate reference sources. Various technological (salt replacement, food reformulation, size and structural modifications, alternative processing, and crossmodal odor interaction) and behavioral strategies (memory process, gradual salt reduction, and swap) are identified in this work, including a deeper understanding of the principles for reducing sodium content in foods and their effect on food characteristics and potential opportunities for the food industry. Thereby, the food industry needs to find the proper combination of each strategy’s advantages and disadvantages to reduce salt consumption while maintaining product quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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13 pages, 2943 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Chitosan with Different Molecular Weights on Barley-Borne Fusarium graminearum during Barley Malting Process for Improving Malt Quality

by Jing Luan, Xu Wei, Zhefeng Li, Wenzhu Tang, Fan Yang, Zhimin Yu and Xianzhen Li

Foods 2022, 11(19), 3058; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193058 - 1 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1933

Abstract

There are many Fusarium graminearum contaminations in barley that are often associated with malt and beer quality issues. Thus, it is important to find a biological antifungal agent to prevent the growth of F. graminearum during malting. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of chitosan [...] Read more.

There are many Fusarium graminearum contaminations in barley that are often associated with malt and beer quality issues. Thus, it is important to find a biological antifungal agent to prevent the growth of F. graminearum during malting. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of chitosan for mycelial growth and spore germination of F. graminearum was 2.6 g/L and 1.6 g/L, respectively, indicating that the F. graminearum strain was highly sensitive toward chitosan. Chitosan with a molecular weight of 102.7 kDa was added at 0.5 g/kg during the first steeping stage, resulting in the maximum inhibition rate of F. graminearm in barley. The biomass of F. graminearm and deoxynivalenol content in the infected barley at the end of germination with 0.5 g/kg chitosan treatment were decreased by 50.7% and 70.5%, respectively, when compared with the infected barley without chitosan. Chitosan could remove the negative effects of F. graminearm infection on barley germination and malt quality, which makes the application of chitosan during the steeping process as a potential antifungal agent in the malting process to protect from F. graminearum infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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18 pages, 2057 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Changes in Volatile Flavor Compounds, Amino Acids, Organic Acids, and Soluble Sugars in Lemon Juice Vesicles during Freeze-Drying and Hot-Air Drying

by Huanxiong Xie, Ru Zhao, Chunju Liu, Yulong Wu, Xiaojie Duan, Jiaqi Hu, Feifei Yang and Haiou Wang

Foods 2022, 11(18), 2862; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182862 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2984

Abstract

Lemon juice vesicles have abundant flavor components that can undergo complex changes during drying. Three drying methods, including integrated freeze-drying (IFD), conventional freeze-drying (CFD), and hot-air drying (AD), were studied to determine their effects on the dynamic changes in the flavor compounds in [...] Read more.

Lemon juice vesicles have abundant flavor components that can undergo complex changes during drying. Three drying methods, including integrated freeze-drying (IFD), conventional freeze-drying (CFD), and hot-air drying (AD), were studied to determine their effects on the dynamic changes in the flavor compounds in lemon juice vesicles. Compared with the fresh samples, the final dried samples that underwent IFD, CFD, and AD lost seven, seven, and six volatile flavor compounds and three, four, and five amino acids, respectively; the order of the loss ratios with respect to the volatile compound content was: 82.73% in CFD > 71.22% in IFD > 28.78% in AD. AD resulted in the highest total amino acid content (10.83 ± 0.20 mg/g), which was 1.39 and 5.54 mg/g higher than that of IFD and CFD, respectively; CFD resulted in the highest total organic acid content (45.94 ± 0.34 mg/g), which was 8.01 and 7.87 mg/g higher than that of IFD and AD, respectively; and AD contributed to the highest total soluble sugars (17.12 ± 0.20 mg/g), which was 1.24 and 1.49 mg/g higher than that of IFD and CFD, respectively. A correlation analysis demonstrated that most of the amino acids and the soluble sugars were closely related to the profiles of the volatile compounds in the lemon juice vesicles during drying. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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11 pages, 1802 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Improved Tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in the Presence of Acid by the Heterologous Expression of trxA from Oenococcus oeni

by Longxiang Liu, Xinyu Yu, Ming Wu, Keying Zhang, Shuai Shang, Shuai Peng and Weiyu Song

Fermentation 2022, 8(9), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8090452 - 11 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2375

Abstract

Oenococcus oeni is the main microorganism that undergoes malolactic fermentation (MLF) in the winemaking industry due to its excellent adaptability to harsh wine environments. The start of MLF is often delayed or even fails, and low pH appears to be a crucial parameter. [...] Read more.

Oenococcus oeni is the main microorganism that undergoes malolactic fermentation (MLF) in the winemaking industry due to its excellent adaptability to harsh wine environments. The start of MLF is often delayed or even fails, and low pH appears to be a crucial parameter. To study the function of the trxA gene in acid stress, a plasmid containing the trxA gene of O. oeni SD-2a was heterologously expressed in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1. The recombinant strain (WCFS1-trxA) grew better than the control strain (WCFS1-Vector) under acid stress. The expression of thioredoxin system genes was much higher in the recombinant strain compared with the control strain under acid stress. In addition, a series of physiological and biochemical assays were conducted. The ATP content was lower in the recombinant strain, while the cell membrane fluidity and integrity improved in the recombinant strain. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, intracellular GSH level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays showed that the recombinant strain decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by improving the SOD activity. In conclusion, heterologous expression of trxA improves the SOD activity of L. plantarum WCFS1, reducing bacterial ROS and increasing cell membrane fluidity and integrity, enhancing the tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1 under acid stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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17 pages, 2345 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Vacuum Impregnation Process Optimization for Tilapia with Biopreservatives at Ice Temperature

by Yan Liu, Min Li, Zhi Jin, Jing Luo, Biao Ye and Jianwen Ruan

Foods 2022, 11(16), 2458; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162458 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

The vacuum impregnation (VI) process was used to pretreat tilapia fillets with biopreservatives at −2 °C. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilised to optimize processing conditions, including vacuum pressure (p_v), vacuum maintenance time (t₁), and atmospheric pressure recovery time [...] Read more.

The vacuum impregnation (VI) process was used to pretreat tilapia fillets with biopreservatives at −2 °C. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilised to optimize processing conditions, including vacuum pressure (p_v), vacuum maintenance time (t₁), and atmospheric pressure recovery time (t₂), which were determined to be 67.73 kPa, 23.66 min, and 8.87 min, respectively. The anticipated values for the aerobic plate count (APC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and comprehensive score (CS) were 5.17 lg CFU/g, 14.04 mg/100 g, and 0.98, respectively. Verification experiments were conducted, and the experimental results for APC and TVB-N deviated from the predicted values by 0.19% and 0.64%, respectively. After 30 days of storage following VI and atmosphere impregnation (AI) pretreatment, the water-holding capacity (WHC), APC, TVB-N, hardness, and whiteness were determined. On the 30th day, the results for VI pretreatment were 63.38%, 6.27 lg CFU/g, 17.41 mg/100 g, 3.11 N, and 47.73, respectively. Compared with AI pretreatment, WHC, hardness, and whiteness increased by 14.8%, 18.6%, and 6.3%, respectively, whereas APC and TVB-N decreased by 11.3% and 29.6%, respectively. This study demonstrates that when biopreservatives are applied during the pretreatment process, VI technology can be utilised to facilitate their penetration into the interior of tilapia, hence significantly enhancing the effect of ice-temperature preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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16 pages, 2143 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Convective Drying of Quince Fruit (Cydonia oblonga) on Color, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds under Various Fruit Juice Dipping Pre-Treatments

by Hasmet Emre Akman, Ismail Boyar, Sadiye Gozlekci, Onur Saracoglu and Can Ertekin

Agriculture 2022, 12(8), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081224 - 14 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2710

Abstract

In this study, 3 mm thick quince slices were dipped in bitter orange (BO), tangerine (Citrus deliciosa Mediterranean) (CDM), orange (O), tangerine (Citrus reticulata Owari) (CRO), pomegranate (P) juices and a non-pre-treatment (control) dried at an air temperature of 70 °C [...] Read more.

In this study, 3 mm thick quince slices were dipped in bitter orange (BO), tangerine (Citrus deliciosa Mediterranean) (CDM), orange (O), tangerine (Citrus reticulata Owari) (CRO), pomegranate (P) juices and a non-pre-treatment (control) dried at an air temperature of 70 °C and air velocity of 1.5 m/s. According to the results of the pre-treatment trials, drying time was found to be a minimum of 121 min in pomegranate at 5 min dipping time to reach a safe moisture content of 10% (w.b.). The lowest total color change (∆E) values were observed in orange juice dipped samples (10.19). We found the highest total phenolics (TP) (16.77 mg GAE/g d.w.) in CDM, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (32.49 µmol TE/g d.w.) in P and total flavonoid (TF) (2018.15 mg GAE/kg d.w.) in BO for 5 min dipping time values. As a result, pomegranate juice pre-treatment in all dipping times improved the biocompounds for quince slices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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18 pages, 937 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Proteolytic Development and Volatile Compounds Profile of Domiati Cheese under Modified Atmosphere Packaging

by Atallah A. Atallah, Elsayed A. Ismail, Hany M. Yehia, Manal F. Elkhadragy and El-Sayed G. Khater

Fermentation 2022, 8(8), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080358 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

This study explored the impacts of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatment on the proteolytic development and volatile compounds of Domiati cheese during storage. Domiati cheese samples were kept for 75 days at refrigerator temperature, under aerobic packaging (C1) or vacuum (C2). In parallel, [...] Read more.

This study explored the impacts of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatment on the proteolytic development and volatile compounds of Domiati cheese during storage. Domiati cheese samples were kept for 75 days at refrigerator temperature, under aerobic packaging (C1) or vacuum (C2). In parallel, other Domiati cheese samples were kept under MAP, at different levels of CO₂ and N₂, as follows: 10% CO₂/90% N₂ (D1), 15% CO₂/85% N₂ (D2), 25% CO₂/75% N₂ (D3), 100% CO₂ (D4), and 100% N₂ (D5). The normal control (C1) treatment showed the highest reduction in pH from 6.64 at zero time to 6.23 and 6.01 after 40 and 75 days of storage, respectively. On the other hand, the under-vacuum samples (C2) showed the lowest reduction in pH, from 6.64 at zero time to 6.49 and 6.28 after 40 and 75 days of storage, respectively. Proteolysis during cheese storage was lower in MAP of cheeses than in the C1 treatment. Total free amino acids (FAAs) were higher in C1 treatment than other cheeses during the whole storage period. The lowest level of total FAA was detected in D4 treatment after 75 days of storage. Volatile acids, aldehydes, ketones, and esters compounds were detected in all treatments during storage, but particularly higher in aerobic packaging than the other treatments after 75 days. The level of each acid compound increased with storage period, and the increases were particularly clear in pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, benzoic acid, and n-decanoic acid. The normal control (C1) showed high contents of the different volatile ketone compounds. However, the samples packaged under 100% N₂ (D5) showed the significantly highest levels of all the volatile ketones after 75 days of storage, particularly 2-pentanone, acetoin, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, and 2-undecanone. Some important compounds contributing to the good flavor of the cheese are acetic acid, butanoic acid, pentanal, benzaldehyde, acetoin, and 2,3-butanedione. The CO₂ and N₂ treatments exerted significant changes in all groups during the storage of cheese. All cheese samples showed gradual increases in CO₂ co-occurring with parallel decreases in N₂ during refrigerated storage periods, except for D4 treatment (100% CO₂), which showed a decrease. A significant decrease in O₂ level occurred in C1 treatment during cold storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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14 pages, 14771 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Newly Developed Chitosan/Oleic Acid Edible Coating for Extending Shelf-Life of Fresh Pork

by Van-Ba Hoa, Dong-Heon Song, Kuk-Hwan Seol, Sun-Moon Kang, Hyun-Wook Kim, Jin-Hyoung Kim, Sung-Sil Moon and Soo-Hyun Cho

Foods 2022, 11(13), 1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131978 - 4 Jul 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3636

Abstract

This study aimed at evaluating the applicability of a newly-developed chitosan/oleic acid edible coating for extending the shelf-life of fresh pork under aerobic-packaging conditions. Various coating formulations were used: 2% chitosan alone (CHI), 0.5% (v/v) oleic acid in 2% [...] Read more.

This study aimed at evaluating the applicability of a newly-developed chitosan/oleic acid edible coating for extending the shelf-life of fresh pork under aerobic-packaging conditions. Various coating formulations were used: 2% chitosan alone (CHI), 0.5% (v/v) oleic acid in 2% chitosan (CHI/0.5%OA) and 1% (v/v) oleic acid in 2% chitosan (CHI/1%OA) were prepared. For coating, fresh pork slices were fully immersed in the coating solutions for 30 s and dried naturally at 4 °C for 30 min. The coated samples were placed on trays, over-wrapped with plastic film, stored at 4 °C for 21 days, and were analyzed for shelf-life stability. Samples without coating were used as control. It was found that the aerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. counts, and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) content were almost two to three times lower in the CHI/OA-coated samples compared to the control after 21 days of storage (p < 0.05). The CHI/OA coating combination completely inhibited growth of E. coli, and protected the meat from discoloration after 21 days of storage. In particular, the addition of OA increased the concentration of volatiles associated with pleasant aromas. This study provides an application potential of chitosan/oleic acid edible coating in preservation of fresh pork to prolong the shelf-life and improve safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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17 pages, 2898 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Storage Stability and Flavor Change of Marinated Pork

by Yin Zhang, Hui Li, Yingjie Zhang, Linguo Wang, Pengcheng Zhang, Jianlin Jia, Haichuan Peng, Qin Qian, Jiaming Zhang, Zhongli Pan, Dayu Liu and Liming Zhao

Foods 2022, 11(13), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131825 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3416

Abstract

To evaluate the storage stability and flavor changes of marinated pork treated with chili and pepper essential oils, the contents of total sulfhydryl, malondialdehyde, total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), Ca²⁺ATPase activity, and total viable counts of marinated pork were determined. Further, [...] Read more.

To evaluate the storage stability and flavor changes of marinated pork treated with chili and pepper essential oils, the contents of total sulfhydryl, malondialdehyde, total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), Ca²⁺ATPase activity, and total viable counts of marinated pork were determined. Further, the non-volatile (umami, numb, and spicy) and volatile flavor compounds of marinated pork were analyzed. Based on the results, the chili and pepper essential oils had limited effects on the storage stability of marinated pork. However, these essential oils could inhibit the oxidation of lipids and proteins and reduce the number of microorganisms and TVBN in marinated pork within 6 days. The non-volatile flavors of the marinated pork decreased as the refrigeration time increased. It was concluded that the decomposition of umami-enhancing nucleotides (GMP, IMP, XMP), the number of flavor substances (hydroxyl-α-sanshool, hydroxyl-β-sanshool), and spicy (capsaicin) tasting compounds caused the decrease in non-volatile flavors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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11 pages, 757 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Selenium Content of Fish Commonly Consumed in Thailand

by Alongkote Singhato, Kunchit Judprasong, Piyanut Sridonpai, Nunnapus Laitip, Nattikarn Ornthai, Charun Yafa and Chanika Chimkerd

Foods 2022, 11(12), 1808; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121808 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3320

Abstract

Although fish are good sources of selenium (Se), an essential trace element for the human body, very limited data exist on Se content in commonly consumed fish in Thailand. Consequently, this study investigated selenium content and the effect of cooking among 10 fish [...] Read more.

Although fish are good sources of selenium (Se), an essential trace element for the human body, very limited data exist on Se content in commonly consumed fish in Thailand. Consequently, this study investigated selenium content and the effect of cooking among 10 fish species (5 freshwater and 5 marine) most-commonly consumed by the Thai people. The fish were purchased from three representative wholesale markets within or nearby to Bangkok. All fish species were prepared to determine their edible portions (EP) and moisture contents. Total Se in fresh, boiled, and fried fish were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Triple Quadrupole-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-QQQ-MS). In general, higher levels of Se were found in marine fish (37.1–198.5 µg/100 g EP in fresh fish, 48.0–154.4 µg/100 g EP in boiled fish, and 52.9–262.4 µg/100 g EP in fried fish) compared to freshwater fish (6.9–29.4 µg/100 g EP in fresh fish, 10.1–26.5 µg/100 g EP in boiled fish, and 13.7–43.8 µg/100 g EP in fried fish). While Longtail tuna showed significantly higher Se content than other fish (p < 0.05), boiled Longtail tuna had significantly lower true retention of Se than the other fish (p < 0.05). Most fish species retained a high level of selenium (ranged 64.1–100.0% true retention in boiling and frying). Longtail tuna, Short-bodied mackerel, Indo-pacific Spanish mackerel, Nile tilapia, and red Nile tilapia–cooked by boiling and frying–are recommended for consumption as excellent sources of selenium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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9 pages, 568 KiB  

Open AccessBrief Report

Geospatial Fluid Milk Processing Preferences: Is Consumer Taste Perception the Key Factor?

by Kasey M. Schalich, Paul A. LaPierre and Vimal Selvaraj

Dairy 2022, 3(2), 413-421; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3020031 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2667

Abstract

Consumption of ultrapasteurized milk is marked by extensive global variability; in the U.S. and U.K., less than 10% of fluid milk is marketed as ultrapasteurized, compared to >80% in France, Spain and Portugal. Fluid milk taste perception amongst U.S. consumers is that high-heat [...] Read more.

Consumption of ultrapasteurized milk is marked by extensive global variability; in the U.S. and U.K., less than 10% of fluid milk is marketed as ultrapasteurized, compared to >80% in France, Spain and Portugal. Fluid milk taste perception amongst U.S. consumers is that high-heat treatment of milk, as in ultrapasteurization, generates undesirable differences in taste compared to low-temperature/conventional pasteurized treatment. Although highly trained experts can distinguish characteristics in controlled studies, it remains unknown if general consumers can detect a difference or are subject to confirmation bias. In testing sensory perception in a defined untrained population, our findings indicate that the general consumer is unable to distinguish ultrapasteurized from pasteurized milk. On this basis, we conclude that presumptive “consumer taste perception” that speciously impacts fluid milk processing types in the U.S. market precludes noted benefits to ultrapasteurization not only in flexibility for storage and distribution, but also in reduction of public health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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24 pages, 1769 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Relationship between Microstructure and Physicochemical Properties of Ultrafiltered Feta-Type Cheese Containing Saturea bachtiarica Leaf Extract

by Ali Alghooneh, Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani, Maryam Taghdir, Mojtaba Sepandi and Sepideh Abbaszadeh

Foods 2022, 11(12), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121728 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2359

Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized to prepare Satureja bachtiarica leaf (SBL) extract based on antimicrobial (IZD) and antioxidant activities (DPPH) and extraction yield (EY). At optimum condition, i.e., 800 W power and 8 min, the best extraction results with EY = 16%, IZD = [...] Read more.

Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized to prepare Satureja bachtiarica leaf (SBL) extract based on antimicrobial (IZD) and antioxidant activities (DPPH) and extraction yield (EY). At optimum condition, i.e., 800 W power and 8 min, the best extraction results with EY = 16%, IZD = 73.56 mm, and DPPH = 24.2% were obtained. To develop a novel Feta-cheese, the influence of SBL extract, rennet, and starter concentrations were evaluated in terms of rheological, textural, and sensorial properties. At the optimized condition, the acceptance, taste, the strength of the network (A), and the distance between sequential cross-linking points (ξ) were 8.13, 8.07, 34,036.12 Pa·s^1/z, and 5.41 nm, respectively. At the 60th day of storage time, the lowest z value (the network extensity parameter) of the cheese samples was observed. SEM image texture indices showed a good correlation with the studied instrumental texture parameters during 60 days of storage. The mold and yeast counts and their growth rate in the SBL extract-added cheese were lower than those for control one; whereas, the former cheese showed a greater LAB population between the 80th and 120th days. The antimicrobial and antioxidant qualities of SBL extract showed a significant influence on cheese properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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13 pages, 2426 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Commercial Yeast Starter Cultures on Cabernet Sauvignon Wine Aroma Compounds and Microbiota

by Meiqi Wang, Jiarong Wang, Jiawei Chen, Christian Philipp, Xiaoning Zhao, Jie Wang, Yaqiong Liu and Ran Suo

Foods 2022, 11(12), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121725 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3094

Abstract

Commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays an important role in the traditional winemaking industry. In this study, the correlation of microbial community and aroma compound in the process of alcohol fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon by four different commercial starters was investigated. The results showed that [...] Read more.

Commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays an important role in the traditional winemaking industry. In this study, the correlation of microbial community and aroma compound in the process of alcohol fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon by four different commercial starters was investigated. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the fermentation parameters of the four starters, but there were differences in microbial diversity among the different starters. The wine samples fermented by CEC01 had higher microbial abundance. GC-MS detected a total of 58 aromatic compounds from the fermentation process by the experimental yeasts. There were 25 compounds in the F6d variant, which was higher than in other samples. The PCA score plot showed that 796 and F15 yeast-fermented wines had similar aromatic characteristic compositions. According to partial least squares (PLS, VIP > 1.0) analysis and Spearman’s correlation analysis, 11, 8, 8 and 10 microbial genera were identified as core microorganisms in the fermentation of 796, CEC01, CECA and F15 starter, respectively. Among them, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas played an important role in the formation of aroma compounds such as Ethyl caprylate, Ethyl caprate and Ethyl-9-decenoate. These results can help us to have a better understanding of the effects of microorganisms on wine aroma and provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor quality of Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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23 pages, 5503 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Selection and Development of Nontoxic Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Surrogate Strains for Food Challenge Testing

by Marijke Poortmans, Kristof Vanoirbeek, Martin B. Dorner and Chris W. Michiels

Foods 2022, 11(11), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111577 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3310

Abstract

Clostridium botulinum causes severe foodborne intoxications by producing a potent neurotoxin. Challenge studies with this pathogen are an important tool to ensure the safety of new processing techniques and newly designed or modified foods, but they are hazardous and complicated by the lack [...] Read more.

Clostridium botulinum causes severe foodborne intoxications by producing a potent neurotoxin. Challenge studies with this pathogen are an important tool to ensure the safety of new processing techniques and newly designed or modified foods, but they are hazardous and complicated by the lack of an effective selective counting medium. Therefore, this study aimed to develop selectable nontoxic surrogate strains for group II, or nonproteolytic, C. botulinum, which are psychotropic and hence of particular concern in mildly treated, refrigerated foods. Thirty-one natural nontoxic nonproteolytic strains, 16 of which were isolated in this work, were characterized in detail, revealing that 28 strains were genomically and phenotypically indistinguishable from toxic strains. Five strains, representing the genomic and phenotypic diversity of group II C. botulinum, were selected and successfully equipped with an erythromycin (Em) resistance marker in a defective structural phage gene without altering phenotypic features. Finally, a selective medium containing Em, cycloserine (Cs), gentamicin (Gm), and lysozyme (Ly) was developed, which inhibited the background microbiota of commercial cooked ham, chicken filet, and salami, but supported spore germination and growth of the Em-resistant surrogate strains. The surrogates developed in this work are expected to facilitate food challenge studies with nonproteolytic C. botulinum for the food industry and can also provide a safe alternative for basic C. botulinum research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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21 pages, 4740 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

How Different Are Industrial, Artisanal and Homemade Soft Breads?

by Bastien Maurice, Anne Saint-Eve, Aurélia Pernin, Pascal Leroy and Isabelle Souchon

Foods 2022, 11(10), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101484 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4996

Abstract

Soft bread has a significant relevance in modern diets, and its nutritional impact on human health can be substantial. Within this product category, there is an extensive range of ingredients, formulations, and processing methods, which all contribute to the vast diversity found in [...] Read more.

Soft bread has a significant relevance in modern diets, and its nutritional impact on human health can be substantial. Within this product category, there is an extensive range of ingredients, formulations, and processing methods, which all contribute to the vast diversity found in the final products. This work compared the impact of three different processing methods (industrial, artisanal, and homemade preparation) on the technological (formulation and processing, as they are interconnected in real-life conditions), nutritional, and physicochemical properties of soft bread. In total, 24 types of soft bread were analyzed: 10 industrial, 6 artisanal, and 8 homemade. Although production diagrams were similar among the three methods, industrial recipes contained on average more ingredients and more additives. Industrial bread was lower in saturated fat compared to the other two groups, but contained more sugar than homemade bread. The physical properties of all loaves were comparable, with the exception of higher crumb elasticity in industrial bread compared to homemade. An analysis of volatile molecules revealed more lipid oxidation markers in industrial bread, more fermentation markers in artisanal bread, and fewer markers of Maillard reactions in homemade bread. Chemical reactions during processing seem to be the principal criterion making possible to discriminate the different processing methods. These results offer a quantitative assessment of the differences within a single product category, reflecting the real-world choices for consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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16 pages, 2284 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Use of Autochthonous Lactic Acid Bacteria as Starter Culture of Pasteurized Milk Adobera Cheese

by José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez, Héctor Ruiz-Espinosa, María Dolores Méndez-Robles, Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay, Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza, Zuamí Villagrán and Raúl Jacobo Delgado-Macuil

Fermentation 2022, 8(5), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8050234 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3868

Abstract

Adobera, a genuine, brick-shaped, lightly ripened, unstretched pasta filata-like cheese from Western México, is one of the most important market-share wise but is usually made with raw milk and prepared following artisanal procedures. A pasteurized milk cheese is needed to assess its safety [...] Read more.

Adobera, a genuine, brick-shaped, lightly ripened, unstretched pasta filata-like cheese from Western México, is one of the most important market-share wise but is usually made with raw milk and prepared following artisanal procedures. A pasteurized milk cheese is needed to assess its safety and guarantee standardized quality features. However, no commercial Adobera cheese culture is available, as specific lactic acid bacteria relevant for its production have not been thoroughly identified. This study is aimed at comparing the technological and quality features of Adobera cheeses made with pasteurized milk inoculated with a mixture of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc strains) to those of traditional raw milk cheeses, hypothesizing that no significant differences would be found between them. Milk pasteurization promoted water retention into the cheese matrix, impacting its texture and color profiles. Raw milk cheeses were harder, more cohesive, and less elastic than pasteurized milk cheeses. Ripening markers were significantly higher in raw milk cheeses at all sampling times, although its evolution over time showed that the starter culture could exhibit similar proteolytic activity than that of native milk microbiota under favorable ripening conditions. The principal component analysis revealed apparent overall differences between raw Adobera cheeses and those made with pasteurized cheese milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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18 pages, 1185 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Optimisation of PLS Calibrations for Filtered and Untreated Samples towards In-Line Monitoring of Phenolic Extraction during Red-Wine Fermentations

by Kiera Lambrecht, Hélène Nieuwoudt, Wessel Du Toit and José Luis Aleixandre-Tudo

Fermentation 2022, 8(5), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8050231 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2511

Abstract

Infrared spectroscopy provides an efficient, robust, and multivariate means to measure phenolic levels during red-wine fermentations. However, its use is currently limited to off-line sampling. In this study, partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to investigate the possibility of using spectral data [...] Read more.

Infrared spectroscopy provides an efficient, robust, and multivariate means to measure phenolic levels during red-wine fermentations. However, its use is currently limited to off-line sampling. In this study, partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to investigate the possibility of using spectral data from minimally pre-treated or untreated samples for the optimisation of prediction calibrations towards an in-line monitoring set-up. The evaluation of the model performance was conducted using a variety of metrics. Limits of detection and quantification of the PLS calibrations were used to assess the ability of the models to predict lower levels of phenolics from the start of fermentation. The calibrations were shown to be useful for the quantification of phenolic compounds and phenolic parameters with minimal or no sample pre-treatment during red-wine fermentation. Upon evaluation of performance, the calibrations built for attenuated-transmission Fourier-transform mid-infrared (ATR-FT-MIR) and diffuse-reflectance Fourier-transform near-infrared (DR-FT-NIR) were shown to be the most suitable spectroscopy techniques for eventual application in an automated and in-line system with values for limits of detection and quantification being suitable for the entire duration of fermentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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16 pages, 2414 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Processing of Liquid Egg Yolks Modulates Physio-Chemical Properties of Mayonnaise

by Jou-Hsuan Ho, Tan-Ang Lee, Nobuaki Namai, Shunji Sakai, Siao-Syuan Lou, Akihiro Handa and Wan-Teng Lin

Foods 2022, 11(10), 1426; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101426 - 14 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3681

Abstract

In this study, the effect of various heating temperatures (61–70 °C) and times (1–10 min) on physical and chemical properties of liquid egg yolk (LEY) and mayonnaise were investigated. Initially, we found that the increase of LEY protein denaturation was highly correlated with [...] Read more.

In this study, the effect of various heating temperatures (61–70 °C) and times (1–10 min) on physical and chemical properties of liquid egg yolk (LEY) and mayonnaise were investigated. Initially, we found that the increase of LEY protein denaturation was highly correlated with the increase of temperature and time, without causing either protein degradation or aggregation. In addition, the viscosity and particle size of LEY were significantly increased with greater heating temperature and time. Furthermore, the emulsification stability of mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY were significantly better than that of the unheated control group, in particular, the emulsion stability of mayonnaise was higher at a temperature ranging from 62 °C to 68 °C, whereas the emulsion stability decreased above 69 °C. A rheological analysis showed that mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY has higher shear stress when compared with the control group. Indeed, a sharp increase in the shear stress was observed when LEY was heated above 67 °C. Results from storage behavior analysis suggest that mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY failed to affect the chemical qualities of mayonnaise, as evidenced by the fact that acid values and TBA values were not statistically significant with the unheated control group. Microscopic observation indicates that the number of complete oil droplets were significantly reduced at higher heating (70 °C/5 and 10 min) conditions. Finally, the sensory evaluation results suggest that mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY does not influence the appearance, aroma, taste, greasy feeling, and overall acceptance of mayonnaise, as indicated by there being no significant differences between the experimental group and the control group (p > 0.05). We conclude from our study that a combination of heating conditions over 67 °C/5 min can allow the mayonnaise to retain better quality in terms of stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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15 pages, 2352 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress Contributes to Cytoskeletal Protein Degradation of Esox lucius through Activation of Mitochondrial Apoptosis during Postmortem Storage

by Xue Li, Pingping Liu, Yunfeng Zhao, Lianfu Zhang and Jian Zhang

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091308 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2344

Abstract

This study investigated the role of oxidative stress in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and structural protein degradation of fish during postmortem storage by measuring oxidative stress levels, mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic factors, and structural protein degradation (n = 3). [...] Read more.

This study investigated the role of oxidative stress in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and structural protein degradation of fish during postmortem storage by measuring oxidative stress levels, mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic factors, and structural protein degradation (n = 3). The results revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased gradually within the first 12 h and then decreased (p < 0.05) in mitochondria. Lipid peroxidation was increased, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in mitochondria (p < 0.05). Furthermore, oxidative stress induced mitochondrial membrane opening, mitochondrial swelling, as well as the depolarization of mitochondrial potential. This led to an increase in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and caspase-3 activation. Ultimately, oxidative stress promoted small protein degradation (troponin-T and desmin) and induced myofibril susceptibility to proteolysis. These observations confirmed that oxidative stress mediated the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic factors-promoted protein degradation, initiating the deterioration of fish muscle through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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16 pages, 4003 KiB  

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) on Drying Kinetics and Quality Characteristics of Shiitake Mushroom

by Anjin Xiao and Changjiang Ding

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091303 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3350

Abstract

The effect of an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying system on the drying kinetics, microstructure and nutritional composition of shiitake mushrooms was studied. Shiitake mushroom slices were dried at 0, 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 kV. The results showed that the drying rate, effective [...] Read more.

The effect of an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying system on the drying kinetics, microstructure and nutritional composition of shiitake mushrooms was studied. Shiitake mushroom slices were dried at 0, 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 kV. The results showed that the drying rate, effective moisture diffusion coefficient and shrinkage of the EHD treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The 34 kV treatment group had the highest drying rate (0.24 g W/g DM × h) and the highest effective moisture diffusion coefficient (1.01 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s), which were 6.75 and 7.41 times higher than those of the control group, respectively. The control group had the highest rehydration ratio (7.72) and showed unsatisfactory color performance. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that compared with the control group, the surface of samples dried by EHD exhibited different degrees of encrustation, and the area of encrustation increased with increasing voltage. After analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, it was found that the samples of both the EHD-treated and control groups had similar absorption peak positions, but the intensity of the absorption peak of the EHD-dried samples was greater. Compared with the control group, the shiitake mushroom slices dried by EHD had a higher protein content and polysaccharide content. The polysaccharide content in 22 kV treatment group was the highest (4.67 g/100 g), and the protein content in 26 kV and 34 kV treatment groups was the highest (17.0 g/100 g). This study provides an experimental and theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the drying kinetics of shiitake mushrooms and provides theoretical guidance and clues for the wider application of EHD drying technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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16 pages, 1455 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Biochemical Properties and Activity of Trypsin-like Protease (Litopenaeus vannamei) Treated by Atmospheric Cold Plasma (ACP)

by Lingling Tang, Shaimaa Hatab, Jinhong Yan, Wenhua Miao, Bhoke Marwa Nyaisaba, Xinyue Piao, Bin Zheng and Shanggui Deng

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091277 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

The changes in the functional properties of trypsin from shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) after, Atmospheric Cold Plasma (ACP) treatments, have been evaluated in terms of enzyme inactivation, surface hydrophobicity, secondary structure, fluorescence intensity, and particle size distribution. Different exposure voltages of 10, [...] Read more.

The changes in the functional properties of trypsin from shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) after, Atmospheric Cold Plasma (ACP) treatments, have been evaluated in terms of enzyme inactivation, surface hydrophobicity, secondary structure, fluorescence intensity, and particle size distribution. Different exposure voltages of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kV at various treatment times (1, 2, 3, and 4 min) have been employed, in a separate assay. The results showed that trypsin-like protease activity decreased (by about 50%), and the kinetic constants K_m value increased, while the k_cat value decreased. Surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity revealed a significant increase compared to the control sample. A high degree of protein degradation has been noticed by SDS-PAGE analysis. In addition, circular dichroism indicated that random coil and α-helix contents declined while β-turn and β-sheet contents have raised. A sharp drop in the particle size was observed with increasing the treatment voltage from 0 to 40 kV for 4 min, and the corresponding peak reached the minimum of 531.2 nm. Summing up the results, it can be concluded that the ACP technique effectively affects the activity of trypsin-like protease, which in terms enhances the quality of dietary protein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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10 pages, 1083 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Textural Properties of Chinese Water Chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) during Steam Heating Treatment

by Yu Lu, Siming Zhao, Caihua Jia, Yan Xu, Binjia Zhang and Meng Niu

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091175 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2965

Abstract

Chinese water chestnut (CWC) has become one of the most popular foods in China. The textural properties of food contribute considerably to consumer preferences. Fresh fruits and vegetables are normally softened after thermal treatment. However, CWC retains most of its crispness and hardness [...] Read more.

Chinese water chestnut (CWC) has become one of the most popular foods in China. The textural properties of food contribute considerably to consumer preferences. Fresh fruits and vegetables are normally softened after thermal treatment. However, CWC retains most of its crispness and hardness after steaming. To explore the relationship between thermal processes and sensory changes, a method for measuring the texture of CWC is warranted. This study aimed to examine the textural properties of CWC subjected to varying degrees of thermal treatments using instrumental and sensory methods. Instrumental tests included the shear force test and puncture test, while trained panelists assessed the sensory attributes. Two sensory attributes were selected for evaluation: crispness and hardness. The results indicated that with the extension of thermal treatment time, the crispness and hardness of CWC decreased slightly, while cells and starch grains were damaged. Sensory results showed a significant correlation with shear force index (slope of rising curve) (p < 0.05) and puncture index (slope of rising curve, slope of descending curve and compression work) (p < 0.05). Thereafter, the instrumental tests parameters could be used to establish regression models for predicting crispness and hardness and controlling the quality of CWC products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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13 pages, 4569 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Application of iTRAQ Technology to Identify Differentially Expressed Proteins of Sauce Lamb Tripe with Different Secondary Pasteurization Treatments

by Ning An, Ran Hou, Yangming Liu, Ping Han, Wei Zhao, Wenxia Wu, Shiling Lu, Hua Ji and Juan Dong

Foods 2022, 11(8), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11081166 - 18 Apr 2022

Viewed by 2372

Abstract

Vacuum-packed sauce lamb tripe was subjected to secondary pasteurization by high-pressure processing (HPP) and heat treatment (HT), and iTRAQ technology was applied to investigate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The analysis revealed 484 and 398 DEPs in the HPP and HT samples, respectively, [...] Read more.

Vacuum-packed sauce lamb tripe was subjected to secondary pasteurization by high-pressure processing (HPP) and heat treatment (HT), and iTRAQ technology was applied to investigate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The analysis revealed 484 and 398 DEPs in the HPP and HT samples, respectively, compared with no treatment. These DEPs were sorted by texture results, and it was revealed that these DEPs acted in different biological processes with many structural proteins and protein subunits related to lamb tripe texture. The results verified by Western blot were consistent with the protein expression changes observed by proteomics. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the hardness and gumminess of the sauce lamb tripe after HT might be related to changes in the expression of CNN1 and FN1. The changes in the expression of TMP, FN1, YWHAG, TTN, collagen isoforms, and ARPC3 might be related to the improved springiness and chewiness of lamb tripe after HPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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19 pages, 4341 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Proteomic Response of Bacillus subtilis Spores under High Pressure Combined with Moderate Temperature and Random Peptide Mixture LK Treatment

by Yaru Pang, Ruobin Wu, Tianlin Cui, Zequn Zhang, Li Dong, Fang Chen and Xiaosong Hu

Foods 2022, 11(8), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11081123 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2603

Abstract

In this study, a method of Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation under high pressure (P, 200 MPa) combined with moderate temperature (T, 80 °C) and the addition of antimicrobial peptide LK (10² μg/mL) was investigated. Spores presented cortex hydrolysis and inner membrane (IM) [...] Read more.

In this study, a method of Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation under high pressure (P, 200 MPa) combined with moderate temperature (T, 80 °C) and the addition of antimicrobial peptide LK (10² μg/mL) was investigated. Spores presented cortex hydrolysis and inner membrane (IM) damage with an 8.16 log reduction in response to treatment with PT-LK, as observed by phase-contrast and inverted fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Furthermore, a tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics approach was utilized because Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis data were used. After treatment with PT-LK, 17,017 polypeptides and 3166 proteins were detected from B. subtilis spores. Among them, 78 proteins showed significant differences in abundance between the PT-LK-treated and control groups, with 49 proteins being upregulated and 29 proteins being downregulated in the PT-LK-treated group. Genetic information processing, metabolism, cellular process, and environmental information processing were the main mechanisms of PT-LK-mediated spore inactivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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16 pages, 1261 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Silage Quality and Output of Different Maize–Soybean Strip Intercropping Patterns

by Tairu Zeng, Yushan Wu, Yafen Xin, Chen Chen, Zhaochang Du, Xiaoling Li, Junfeng Zhong, Muhammad Tahir, Bo Kang, Dongmei Jiang, Xiaochun Wang, Wenyu Yang and Yanhong Yan

Fermentation 2022, 8(4), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040174 - 9 Apr 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6651

Abstract

Intercropping improves land-use efficiency under conditions of limited land and resources, but no information is currently available pertaining to land-use efficiency and silage quality based on whole-plant utilization. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted with the following conditions: three maize–soybean strip intercropping [...] Read more.

Intercropping improves land-use efficiency under conditions of limited land and resources, but no information is currently available pertaining to land-use efficiency and silage quality based on whole-plant utilization. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted with the following conditions: three maize–soybean strip intercropping patterns (SIPs), comprising two maize rows along with two, three, or four soybean rows (2M2S, 2M3S, and 2M4S, respectively); and two sole cropping patterns of maize (SM) and soybean (SS). The aim was to evaluate the biomass yield and silage quality under each condition. Our results showed that all SIPs had a land equivalent ratio (LER) of over 1.6 based on both fresh and dry matter yield, and a higher whole plant yield, compared to sole cropping. Specifically, 2M3S exhibited the highest whole crop dry matter LER (1.8–1.9) and yield (24.6–27.2 t ha⁻¹) compared to SM and SS (20.88–21.49 and 3.48–4.79 t ha⁻¹, respectively). Maize–soybean mixed silages also showed better fermentation quality with higher lactic acid content (1–3%) and lower ammonia-N content (2–8%) compared to SS silages, and higher crude protein content (1–1.5%) with lower ammonia-N content (1–2%) compared to SM silage. Among the intercropping patterns, 2M3S had the highest fermentation quality index V-score (92–95). Consequently, maize–soybean strip intercropping improved silage quality and biomass yield, with 2M3S being recommended, due to its highest LER and biomass yield, and most optimal silage quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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11 pages, 912 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Novel Gluten-Free Cinnamon Rolls by Substituting Wheat Flour with Resistant Starch, Lupine and Flaxseed Flour

by Sofyan Maghaydah, Asma Alkahlout, Mahmoud Abughoush, Nazieh I. Al Khalaileh, Amin N. Olaimat, Murad A. Al-Holy, Radwan Ajo, Imranul Choudhury and Waed Hayajneh

Foods 2022, 11(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11071022 - 31 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4091

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological mediated disorder that occurs to genetically susceptible individuals who suffer from gluten consumption. Therefore, the most effective treatment of CD is a life-long gluten-free diet. This study aimed to produce a nutritious gluten-free cinnamon roll, where resistant [...] Read more.

Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological mediated disorder that occurs to genetically susceptible individuals who suffer from gluten consumption. Therefore, the most effective treatment of CD is a life-long gluten-free diet. This study aimed to produce a nutritious gluten-free cinnamon roll, where resistant starch and lupine flour were used instead of wheat flour, in addition to 10% flaxseed flour and a fixed amount of hydrocolloid (1% xanthan gum). Eight different gluten-free cinnamon roll treatments (T1–T8) were produced with different ratios of resistant starch and lupine flour according to the following percentages (85:5, 80:10, 75:15, 70:20, 65:25, 60:30, 55:35 and 50:40, respectively). The proximate analysis, physical properties, color measurements and sensory evaluation of all cinnamon roll treatments and flours were determined. It was found that lupine and flaxseed flours in all different treatments had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of ash, protein, lipid and crude fiber compared to wheat flour treatment (control treatment). However, carbohydrate levels were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in control treatment compared with treatments 3–8. Gluten-free cinnamon rolls had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) than control. Further, there were significant differences in lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) color values between the gluten-free and control treatments. The control cinnamon roll significantly (p ≤ 0.05) had the highest level of lightness and the lowest level of redness. The sensory evaluation obtained by consumer evaluation indicated that control cinnamon rolls significantly (p ≤ 0.05) received the highest score in overall impression, overall flavor, hardness and aftertaste. However, treatment 5 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) received the highest score in all the sensory scores in comparison with other gluten-free treatments. It is possible to develop a quality gluten-free cinnamon roll with respect to nutritional value manifested in higher levels of protein, fibers, unsaturated acids and prebiotics with acceptable sensory attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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12 pages, 2183 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Mechanism of Crayfish Myofibril Protein Gel Deterioration Induced by Autoclaving

by Xu Kang, Meihu Ma, Jianglan Yuan and Yaming Huang

Foods 2022, 11(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070929 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2351

Abstract

Crayfish myofibril protein (CMP) gel deterioration induced by autoclaving was investigated. A series of CMP gels were obtained through treating CMP solutions at different autoclaving conditions from 100 °C/0.1 MPa to 121 °C/0.21 MPa, and then characteristics and the mechanism of gel texture [...] Read more.

Crayfish myofibril protein (CMP) gel deterioration induced by autoclaving was investigated. A series of CMP gels were obtained through treating CMP solutions at different autoclaving conditions from 100 °C/0.1 MPa to 121 °C/0.21 MPa, and then characteristics and the mechanism of gel texture deterioration along with the intensification of autoclaving were explored through determining appearance, texture, protein composition, cross-linking forces, degree of hydrolysis, water state, microstructure of the gels, and average particle size of aggregates. When autoclaving was at above 105 °C/0.103 MPa, texture of CMP gel showed a tendency to severely weaken with the intensification of autoclaving (p < 0.05), hydrophobic interaction and aggregation between proteins weakened gradually (p < 0.05), and moderately bound water in the gel decreased and T₂₂ relaxation time significantly increased (p < 0.05). After heating for 30 min at above 105 °C/0.103 MPa, pores in the microstructure of CMP gel enlarged obviously, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) degraded. It can be concluded that CMP gel deterioration induced by autoclaving was associated with the degradation of MHC and 105 °C might be the critical temperature to ensure good texture of crayfish products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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15 pages, 2896 KiB  

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Brassinosteroid Accelerates Wound Healing of Potato Tubers by Activation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolism and Phenylpropanoid Metabolism

by Ye Han, Ruirui Yang, Xuejiao Zhang, Qihui Wang, Bin Wang, Xiaoyuan Zheng, Yongcai Li, Dov Prusky and Yang Bi

Foods 2022, 11(7), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070906 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3347

Abstract

Wound healing could effectively reduce the decay rate of potato tubers after harvest, but it took a long time to form typical and complete healing structures. Brassinosteroid (BR), as a sterol hormone, is important for enhancing plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. [...] Read more.

Wound healing could effectively reduce the decay rate of potato tubers after harvest, but it took a long time to form typical and complete healing structures. Brassinosteroid (BR), as a sterol hormone, is important for enhancing plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, it has not been reported that if BR affects wound healing of potato tubers. In the present study, we observed that BR played a positive role in the accumulation of lignin and suberin polyphenolic (SPP) at the wounds, and effectively reduced the weight loss and disease index of potato tubers (cv. Atlantic) during healing. At the end of healing, the weight loss and disease index of BR group was 30.8% and 23.1% lower than the control, respectively. Furthermore, BR activated the expression of StPAL, St4CL, StCAD genes and related enzyme activities in phenylpropanoid metabolism, and promoted the synthesis of lignin precursors and phenolic acids at the wound site, mainly by inducing the synthesis of caffeic acid, sinapic acid and cinnamyl alcohol. Meanwhile, the expression of StNOX was induced and the production of O²⁻ and H₂O₂ was promoted, which mediated oxidative crosslinking of above phenolic acids and lignin precursors to form SPP and lignin. In addition, the expression level of StPOD was partially increased. In contrast, the inhibitor brassinazole inhibited phenylpropanoid metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism, and demonstrated the function of BR hormone in healing in reverse. Taken together, the activation of reactive oxygen metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism by BR could accelerate the wound healing of potato tubers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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14 pages, 5954 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Ozone-Microbubble-Washing with Domestic Equipment: Effects on the Microstructure, and Lipid and Protein Oxidation of Muscle Foods

by Mei-Hui Pian, Lu Dong, Zhen-Ting Yu, Fan Wei, Chun-Yang Li, Dan-Cai Fan, Shi-Jie Li, Yan Zhang and Shuo Wang

Foods 2022, 11(7), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070903 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2837

Abstract

This study aimed to compare ozone-microbubble-washing (OM) performed by domestic equipment with conventional water-washing (CW) regarding resultant quality attributes of muscle foods. For this purpose, muscle microstructure and lipid and protein oxidation were evaluated in pork and fish samples after OM and CW [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare ozone-microbubble-washing (OM) performed by domestic equipment with conventional water-washing (CW) regarding resultant quality attributes of muscle foods. For this purpose, muscle microstructure and lipid and protein oxidation were evaluated in pork and fish samples after OM and CW treatments. The assessment of muscle microstructure showed that OM treatment did not damage the microstructure of muscle fibers in both pork and fish samples. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were not detected in both treatment groups, and they were substantially below the generally acceptable threshold (1 mg MDA/kg). The methylglyoxal (MGO) level of OM-treated fish samples was significantly higher than that of CW-treated fish samples. However, glyoxal (GO) and MGO levels of OM-treated pork samples were significantly lower than that of CW-treated pork samples. Similar types and sites of oxidative modification and similar numbers of modified peptides, as well as no significant difference in the concentration of total and most of the free amino acids (FAA) between treatment groups, indicated that OM treatment did not accelerate protein oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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19 pages, 5396 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of an Ultrasound Pre-Treatment on the Characteristics and Quality of Far-Infrared Vacuum Drying with Cistanche Slices

by Chunhui Jiang, Fangxin Wan, Zepeng Zang, Qian Zhang, Guojun Ma and Xiaopeng Huang

Foods 2022, 11(6), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060866 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3306

Abstract

In this study, the effect of an ultrasound (US) pre-treatment on the process of drying Cistanche slices through far-infrared vacuum drying was investigated with various experimental factors, including the US treatment time (25, 35, 45 min), frequency (20, 40, 60 kHz) and power [...] Read more.

In this study, the effect of an ultrasound (US) pre-treatment on the process of drying Cistanche slices through far-infrared vacuum drying was investigated with various experimental factors, including the US treatment time (25, 35, 45 min), frequency (20, 40, 60 kHz) and power (150, 180, 210 W). The results showed that compared with the samples without US, the material drying time after the US treatment was reduced by 16–36.8%. The effective moisture diffusion coefficients of Cistanche slices under different US conditions ranged from 1.61122 × 10⁻⁸ to 2.39274 × 10⁻⁸ m²/s, which agreed with food processing ranges. In addition, the phenylethanoid glycoside, iridoid, polysaccharide, total phenol and total flavonoid contents in Cistanche were significantly increased after US pre-treatment. However, the dried products obtained with the 45 min US treatment had greatly damaged internal structures, collapsed and seriously deformed surfaces, and low contents of active ingredients. Overall, the US pre-treatment could significantly improve the drying quality of Cistanche slices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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22 pages, 1693 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Quality and Growth Dynamics in Shameta: A Traditional Ethiopian Cereal-Based Fermented Porridge

by Daniel A. Kitessa, Ketema Bacha, Yetenayet B. Tola, Mary Murimi, Soressa Gershe and Meseret Guta

Fermentation 2022, 8(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8030124 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4682

Abstract

Shameta is a traditional, Ethiopian, cereal-based fermented porridge exclusively prepared for lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of Shameta samples collected from households of lactating mothers and to determine microbial dynamics and physicochemical changes during laboratory [...] Read more.

Shameta is a traditional, Ethiopian, cereal-based fermented porridge exclusively prepared for lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of Shameta samples collected from households of lactating mothers and to determine microbial dynamics and physicochemical changes during laboratory fermentation of Shameta. Isolation and characterization of the dominant microbes and analysis of the physicochemical properties of samples were done following standard microbiological methods and analytical techniques. Results of this study showed that the highest mean count of lactic acid bacteria (8.33 log cfu/g) was recorded in a sample from laboratory-fermented barley-based Shameta, and the lowest (5.88 log cfu/g) in Shameta made from a mixture of barley and maize (BMS). In both barley-based and maize-based laboratory-prepared Shameta, the microflora were dominated by LAB, followed by yeasts. The dominant LAB were the genus Lactobacillus (74.85%), followed by Enterococcus (15.79%). It could be concluded that Shameta collected from households of lactating mothers are fairly safe for consumption, as the stringent physicochemical conditions of the final product could inhibit the growth of pathogens. However, as Shameta is a traditional fermented porridge fed to lactating mothers, we call for a further improvement to the fermentation process by using defined starter cultures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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11 pages, 13768 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin-Mediated Sono-Photodynamic Treatment Inactivates Listeria monocytogenes via ROS-Induced Physical Disruption and Oxidative Damage

by Jiawen Zhang, Peiying Zheng, Jing Li, Yijing Yang, Shaoxiao Zeng, Jianqing Qiu and Shaoling Lin

Foods 2022, 11(6), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060808 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3614

Abstract

Sono-photodynamic sterilization technology (SPDT) has become a promising non-thermal food sterilization technique because of its high penetrating power and outstanding microbicidal effects. In this study, Listeria monocytogenes (LMO) was effectively inactivated using curcumin as the sono-photosensitizer activated by ultrasound and blue [...] Read more.

Sono-photodynamic sterilization technology (SPDT) has become a promising non-thermal food sterilization technique because of its high penetrating power and outstanding microbicidal effects. In this study, Listeria monocytogenes (LMO) was effectively inactivated using curcumin as the sono-photosensitizer activated by ultrasound and blue LED light. The SPDT treatment at optimized conditions yielded a 4-log reduction in LMO CFU. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in LMO upon SPDT treatment was subsequently investigated. The results demonstrated SPDT treatment-induced excessive ROS generation led to bacterial cell deformation and membrane rupture, as revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and cytoplasmic material leakage. Moreover, agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE further revealed that SPDT also triggered bacterial genomic DNA cleavage and protein degradation in LMO, thus inducing bacterial apoptosis-like events, such as membrane depolarization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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16 pages, 1992 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Powder on the Physicochemical Properties and Quality Characteristics of Wheat Dough and Fresh Wet Noodles

by Liangyi Li, Wenhua Zhou, Anqi Wu, Xin Qian, Le Xie, Xiaojie Zhou and Lin Zhang

Foods 2022, 11(5), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050698 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3524

Abstract

Effects of ginkgo biloba powder (GBP) on the chemical, physicochemical properties and quality of dough and fresh wet noodles were investigated. Lower contents of gluten and starch, and higher contents of fibre, amylose and flavonoids in GBP than wheat flour, were detected. Water [...] Read more.

Effects of ginkgo biloba powder (GBP) on the chemical, physicochemical properties and quality of dough and fresh wet noodles were investigated. Lower contents of gluten and starch, and higher contents of fibre, amylose and flavonoids in GBP than wheat flour, were detected. Water absorption of dough increased and the development time and stability time of dough were decreased with GBP addition. Meanwhile, the pasting properties results showed that the addition of GBP reduced the aging degree of starch and improved the thermal stability of dough. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that addition of GBP smoothed the surface of raw noodles while increasing the hole size of the cooked noodles. With increased GBP addition (0~40%), the chewiness and extensibility of the fresh wet noodles increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the sensory scores changed, ascending from 0~20% substitution, and then descending from 20~40% substitution. The digestibility and estimated glycemic index (eGI) values of the GBP fresh wet noodles decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In general, 20% GBP addition could improve the chewiness, extensibility, taste and nutrition of fresh wet noodles, and decrease the digestibility and eGI values of noodles. Thus, GBP has potential for application in the noodle industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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13 pages, 2700 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of an Environment Friendly Heat and Relative Humidity Approach on γ-Aminobutyric Acid Accumulation in Different Highland Barley Cultivars

by Shanshan Wang, Sumei Zhou, Lili Wang, Xiaojiao Liu, Yuling Ma, Litao Tong, Yuhong Zhang and Fengzhong Wang

Foods 2022, 11(5), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050691 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

In this study, heat and relative humidity (HRH) treatment was applied in highland barley for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation. Tibetan highland barley cultivars (25) were selected for comparison and analysis. HRH treatment could accumulate GABA in several hours with low moisture content and [...] Read more.

In this study, heat and relative humidity (HRH) treatment was applied in highland barley for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation. Tibetan highland barley cultivars (25) were selected for comparison and analysis. HRH treatment could accumulate GABA in several hours with low moisture content and high temperature, and the grains were treated for 2.5 h at 65 °C in this study. The GABA content of processed grains under HRH optimal condition ranged from 26.91 to 76.28 mg·100 g⁻¹, which was significantly higher than the initial content (12.78–43.00 mg·100 g⁻¹). The highest GABA accumulation capacity was observed in two-row yellow cultivars (YT1), increasing from 36.52 to 76.28 mg·100 g⁻¹. Correlation analysis showed that the accumulation of GABA after HRH treatment was positively and significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the contents of protein (0.52), total free amino acids (0.68), threonine (0.53), serine (0.51), glutamate (0.69), glycine (0.49), alanine (0.46), cysteine (0.57), tyrosine (0.50), lysine (0.53), proline (0.40), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity (0.62), which were closely related to GABA-shunt pathway. The polyamines contents, diamine oxidase (DAO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) activities, as the substrates and critical enzymes of polyamine degradation pathway, showed no significant correlation with GABA accumulation. The results suggested that the main pathway of GABA accumulation in highland barley under HRH treatment was GABA-shunt pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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11 pages, 1333 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Cell Disruption Techniques and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Mortierella alpina Lipid

by Chang Chng Ong and Yen-Hui Chen

Foods 2022, 11(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040582 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3049

Abstract

Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous fungus, has been shown to be a potential source for arachidonic acid (ARA) production. The recovery of intracellular lipids from M. alpina is an important step for the downstream bioprocessing, and green extraction techniques with a focus on [...] Read more.

Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous fungus, has been shown to be a potential source for arachidonic acid (ARA) production. The recovery of intracellular lipids from M. alpina is an important step for the downstream bioprocessing, and green extraction techniques with a focus on being efficient and eco-friendly have drawn much attention. In this study, different cell disruption techniques (mechanical: high-speed homogenization 10,000 rpm, ultrasonication 20 kHz, high-pressure process (HPP) 200–600 MPa; non- mechanical: acid treatment HCl) were investigated for lipid recovery from M. alpina, and process parameters (A. temperature, B. pressure, C. cosolvent ratio) of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) lipid extraction were studied by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Compared with Soxhlet extraction as a control group (100%), high-speed homogenization has the highest lipid recovery (115.40%) among mechanical disruption techniques. Besides, there was no significant difference between high-speed homogenization and 1 M HCl treatment (115.55%) in lipid recovery. However, lipid recovery decreased to 107.36% as the concentration of acid was increased to 3 M, and acid treatment showed a negative effect on the ARA ratio. In HPP treatment, the highest lipid recovery (104.81%) was obtained at 400 MPa, 1 time of treatment and water medium. In the response surface model of SC-CO₂ extraction, results showed the major influence of the process parameters to lipid recovery was pressure, and there are interaction effects of AC (temperature and cosolvent ratio) and BC (pressure and cosolvent ratio). Lipid recovery of SC-CO₂ extraction reached 92.86% at 201 bar, 58.9 °C and cosolvent ratio 1:15. The microbial lipid recovery process of this study could be used as a reference and an eco-friendly alternative for the future downstream bioprocessing of ARA production by M. alpina. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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15 pages, 3162 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Quality of Frozen Lamb by Microencapsulated Apple Polyphenols: Effects on Cathepsin Activity, Texture, and Protein Oxidation Stability

by Yuanyuan Zhong, Yangming Liu, Lijie Xing, Mou Zhao, Wenxia Wu, Qingling Wang, Hua Ji and Juan Dong

Foods 2022, 11(4), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040537 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2688

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of microencapsulated apple polyphenols (MAP) in controlling cathepsin activity and texture, as well as inhibiting protein oxidation and metmyoglobin formation in lamb meat during frozen storage at −18 °C for 40 weeks. The effects of degradation [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of microencapsulated apple polyphenols (MAP) in controlling cathepsin activity and texture, as well as inhibiting protein oxidation and metmyoglobin formation in lamb meat during frozen storage at −18 °C for 40 weeks. The effects of degradation in vitro on cathepsin and the microstructure in lamb were also evaluated. Results indicated that relative to the control group, the lamb treated with MAP exhibited increased cathepsin activity and inhibited metmyoglobin production. Textural characteristics, such as hardness and springiness, significantly changed (p < 0.05). Treatment with 0.2–1.6 mg/mL of MAP effectively reduced the mean particle size, increasing the zeta potential, delaying the conversion of α-helices to random coils, and maintaining the integrity of the tissue structure. However, treatment with 3.2 mg/mL of MAP damaged the protein structure. Degradation in vitro indicated that protein oxidation hindered the effect of cathepsin and was a dominant factor affecting protein during the frozen storage. These results demonstrated that microencapsulation can potentially be used for meat preservation and replace chemical antioxidants in the meat industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Processing and Preservation)

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