Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 3rd Edition

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.5	2011	16 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Designs designs	-	4.8	2017	18.5 Days	CHF 1600	Submit
Energies energies	3.2	7.3	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Materials materials	3.2	6.4	2008	15.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
NDT ndt	-	-	2023	27.8 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
Sensors sensors	3.5	8.2	2001	17.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit

21 pages, 4309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Full-Field Stress Analysis of Sandy Dolomite Using CT-3D Printing–Photoelasticity Approach

by Xilin Long, Changxing Zhang, Meiqian Wang, Wenlian Liu, Zhiyi Tang and Wei Xu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(10), 4623; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16104623 - 8 May 2026

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Quantitative characterization of internal stress fields in fracture-dominated geological materials remains a significant challenge due to the limitations of conventional measurement techniques. This study presents the first quantitative full-field stress analysis of slightly sandy dolomite (Level I sandification) using an enhanced CT-3D printing–photoelasticity [...] Read more.

Quantitative characterization of internal stress fields in fracture-dominated geological materials remains a significant challenge due to the limitations of conventional measurement techniques. This study presents the first quantitative full-field stress analysis of slightly sandy dolomite (Level I sandification) using an enhanced CT-3D printing–photoelasticity workflow. Five transparent physical models were fabricated from CT-scanned dolomite specimens to replicate the natural fracture-matrix structure and tested under diametrical compression (800 N) using ten-step phase-shifting digital photoelasticity. To overcome the severe optical noise generated by dense fracture networks, a robust phase unwrapping procedure (CPULSI) was incorporated into the data processing pipeline, enabling continuous stress parameter retrieval where conventional unwrapping methods fail. The recovered full-field principal stress-difference maps reveal that the internal stress field is dominated by meso-scale fracture geometry: Stress concentrations localize at fracture tips and narrow intact matrix bridges, reaching 3–5 times the far-field stress, while the macro-scale loading pattern becomes progressively obscured as fracture complexity increases across the five models. Quantitative validation against CT-based finite element simulations (RFPA-3D) demonstrates good agreement in intact matrix regions, with mean relative errors of 9–18%. These results provide new experimental evidence for the meso-scale stress distribution mechanisms governing the mechanical behavior of sandy dolomite—a geomaterial of significant engineering relevance in Southwest China—and establish a validated experimental pathway for investigating stress fields in other fracture-dominated geomaterials. Full article

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25 pages, 2325 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonic Detectability of Planar and Volumetric Weld Defects: A Simulation-Based Signal-Response POD Study

by Chowdhury Md. Irtiza, Bishal Silwal and Hossein Taheri

NDT 2026, 4(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt4010009 - 2 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1123

Abstract

Reliable ultrasonic inspection of welded structures requires a quantitative understanding of how defect morphology and depth influence detectability. In this study, a simulation-based signal-response Probability of Detection (POD) framework is developed to investigate ultrasonic wave interaction with representative planar and volumetric weld defects. [...] Read more.

Reliable ultrasonic inspection of welded structures requires a quantitative understanding of how defect morphology and depth influence detectability. In this study, a simulation-based signal-response Probability of Detection (POD) framework is developed to investigate ultrasonic wave interaction with representative planar and volumetric weld defects. Two-dimensional finite-element shear-wave simulations were conducted to model wave propagation and scattering from planar flaws (toe and root cracks) and volumetric flaws (porosity) across defined inspection depth zones. Peak terminal voltage was used as a continuous response metric for regression-based POD analysis. The results demonstrate that defect morphology dominates the influence on ultrasonic detectability. Planar defects produced systematically higher signal responses than volumetric defects of comparable size, resulting in lower characteristic detection limits. The estimated a₉₀ value for planar flaws was 2.96 mm, compared to 5.64 mm for volumetric flaws under identical threshold conditions. Depth-dependent analyses further revealed morphology-specific behavior: planar defects exhibited consistently high detection probabilities across depth zones (POD > 0.98), whereas volumetric defects showed a reduction in detectability with depth, with POD decreasing from approximately 0.32 in shallow zones to 0.16 in deeper regions. The resulting POD trends are interpreted as comparative, trend-based indicators of morphology and depth-dependent ultrasonic detectability under idealized inspection conditions. These findings quantitatively demonstrate how ultrasonic detectability is governed by wave-defect interaction mechanisms associated with defect morphology and inspection depth. Full article

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23 pages, 14610 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Modal Decision-Level Fusion Framework for Hypervelocity Impact Damage Classification in Spacecraft

by Kuo Zhang, Chun Yin, Pengju Kuang, Xuegang Huang and Xiao Peng

Sensors 2026, 26(3), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030969 - 2 Feb 2026

Viewed by 602

Abstract

During on-orbit service, spacecraft are subjected to hypervelocity impacts (HVIs) from micrometeoroids and space debris, causing diverse damage types that challenge structural health assessment. Unimodal approaches often struggle with similar damage patterns due to mechanical noise and imaging distance variations. To overcome these [...] Read more.

During on-orbit service, spacecraft are subjected to hypervelocity impacts (HVIs) from micrometeoroids and space debris, causing diverse damage types that challenge structural health assessment. Unimodal approaches often struggle with similar damage patterns due to mechanical noise and imaging distance variations. To overcome these physical limitations, this study proposes a physics-informed multimodal fusion framework. Innovatively, we integrate a distance-aware infrared enhancement strategy with vibration spectral subtraction to align heterogeneous data qualities while employing a dual-stream ResNet coupled with Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence theory to rigorously resolve inter-modal conflicts at the decision level. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy achieves a mean accuracy of 99.01%, significantly outperforming unimodal baselines (92.96% and 97.11%). Notably, the fusion mechanism corrects specific misclassifications in micro-cracks and perforation, ensuring a precision exceeding 96.9% across all categories with high stability (standard deviation 0.74%). These findings validate the efficacy of multimodal fusion for precise on-orbit damage assessment, offering a robust solution for spacecraft structural health monitoring. Full article

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29 pages, 8809 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of an SFCW Radar Platform for Environmental Monitoring

by Jarne Van Mulders, Jaron Vandenbroucke, Merlin Mareschal, Bert Cox, Emma Tronquo, Hans-Peter Marshall, Sébastien Lambot, Hans Lievens and Lieven De Strycker

NDT 2026, 4(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt4010006 - 1 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1194

Abstract

Current satellite-based active microwave observations lack the temporal resolution needed to accurately capture rapid Earth system dynamics such as soil–plant–atmosphere interactions, rainfall interception, snowfall and rain-on-snow events. Ground-based radar systems can resolve these processes but typically rely on high-end VNAs, limiting their affordability [...] Read more.

Current satellite-based active microwave observations lack the temporal resolution needed to accurately capture rapid Earth system dynamics such as soil–plant–atmosphere interactions, rainfall interception, snowfall and rain-on-snow events. Ground-based radar systems can resolve these processes but typically rely on high-end VNAs, limiting their affordability and deployment scale. This work presents a low-cost SFCW radar system built around a compact, SDR-based VNA with an enhanced RF front end supported by remote-access firmware and a cloud-based back end with automatic backup. Calibration experiments and preliminary measurements demonstrate that the system achieves stable performance and is capable of capturing high-temporal-resolution microwave signatures relevant for climate monitoring. Full article

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17 pages, 7348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Application of Non-Destructive Pavement Health Monitoring Sensors

by Alessandro Di Graziano, Salvatore Cafiso, Filippo Praticò, Enea Sogno and Andrea Fontana

Sensors 2026, 26(3), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030899 - 29 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1066

Abstract

Monitoring road pavement conditions is a fundamental activity in road network management. A well-structured pavement management system (PMS) is based on the continuous collection of data on pavement conditions throughout the road’s life cycle. In recent years, the integration of sensor technologies into [...] Read more.

Monitoring road pavement conditions is a fundamental activity in road network management. A well-structured pavement management system (PMS) is based on the continuous collection of data on pavement conditions throughout the road’s life cycle. In recent years, the integration of sensor technologies into road pavement for condition monitoring has attracted increasing attention. The collection of such data allows the construction of models that describe pavement deterioration as a function of traffic loads. This study presents an innovative solution (NDSPHM) for monitoring the structural condition of road pavements, which involves using acoustic sensors (microphones) to acquire the signature generated by passing vehicles, which propagates through the pavement structure. In more detail, this work focuses on the processing methodology applied to data collected on a highway under real traffic conditions. Full article

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26 pages, 13371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustic Emission Mechanisms and Fracture Mechanisms in Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Cyclic Loading and Unloading

by Aiping Yu, Tianjiao Miao, Tao Liu, Yuhan Yang and Zhehan Chen

Materials 2026, 19(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19030521 - 28 Jan 2026

Viewed by 571

Abstract

This study aims to elucidate the deterministic correlation between the microscopic fracture mechanisms and the multi-domain characteristics of acoustic emission in reinforced concrete beams under cyclic loading. Cyclic incremental tests were designed and conducted, with synchronized application of digital image correlation and AE [...] Read more.

This study aims to elucidate the deterministic correlation between the microscopic fracture mechanisms and the multi-domain characteristics of acoustic emission in reinforced concrete beams under cyclic loading. Cyclic incremental tests were designed and conducted, with synchronized application of digital image correlation and AE techniques to capture the entire damage evolution process and corresponding signal responses throughout. The findings reveal that the damage stage division based on mechanical responses is consistent with that based on AE responses. Damage accumulation and irreversible processes can be clearly characterized by AE activity, and the systematic decrease in the Felicity ratio quantitatively verifies the irreversible accumulation of damage. Under cyclic loading, different microscopic fracture mechanisms generate AE frequency-domain signatures with statistically significant differences. A damage identification model integrating the Felicity ratio and multi-band energy features was developed, achieving an accuracy of 88.89% in identifying macroscopic damage stages. This research quantitatively confirms the effectiveness of AE characteristics as reliable identifiers of microscopic fracture mechanisms, providing a new basis for advancing structural health monitoring technologies grounded in fracture mechanism recognition. Full article

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29 pages, 8365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Residual Stress Analysis in Steel Structures Using EMAT Nonlinear Acoustics

by Kaleeswaran Balasubramaniam, Borja Nuevo Ortiz and Álvaro Pallarés Bejarano

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7019; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227019 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1041

Abstract

Residual stress plays a critical role in the durability and structural integrity of steel rolls and bars. Proper analysis helps prevent defects like warping or cracking, ensuring the steel meets quality standards and performs reliably in critical applications. This paper presents a methodology [...] Read more.

Residual stress plays a critical role in the durability and structural integrity of steel rolls and bars. Proper analysis helps prevent defects like warping or cracking, ensuring the steel meets quality standards and performs reliably in critical applications. This paper presents a methodology for analysing residual stresses using electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) based nonlinear ultrasonics. It compares its effectiveness with established techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and coercive force measurements. The results demonstrate that nonlinear ultrasonics provides more detailed insights into stress distribution, particularly in subsurface regions where traditional methods like XRD face limitations. It also shows good sensitivity to stress-induced microstructural variations than coercive force measurements. This research study is the first to perform a comparative analysis using XRD, EMAT, and coercive force techniques on industrial samples, followed by the implementation of EMAT nonlinear technology at an industrial production site. The findings indicate a positive trend observed in XRD and coercive force results, and those from nonlinear ultrasonics, further validating its accuracy. Moreover, the technology has been successfully applied in steel manufacturing industries through the project named STEEL components assessment using a novel non-destructive residual stress ultrasonic technology (STEELAR), funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS). These findings underscore the potential of nonlinear ultrasonics as a powerful, fast and complementary tool for comprehensive residual stress monitoring in steel components, enhancing both theoretical understanding and practical industrial application. Full article

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19 pages, 6109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Influence of Temperature on the Stress–Electromagnetic Characterization of Radiation-Resistant Robotic Drive Steel Cables

by Tong Wu, Linlong Ding, Yingchun Chen, Jie Yang, Renjie Nie, Fengjuan Chen, Chuan Zhang and Jiahao Wu

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204686 - 13 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 965

Abstract

During the operation of steel cable-driven radiation-resistant robots in nuclear industrial environments, the tensile force of a steel cable is influenced by temperature variations, which can cause significant detection errors. To address this problem, this study proposes a temperature-compensated axial force characterization method [...] Read more.

During the operation of steel cable-driven radiation-resistant robots in nuclear industrial environments, the tensile force of a steel cable is influenced by temperature variations, which can cause significant detection errors. To address this problem, this study proposes a temperature-compensated axial force characterization method for steel cables based on the magnetoelastic effect, aiming to ensure the measurement accuracy of magnetoelastic sensors. The principle of the magnetoelastic measurement method involves magnetizing the steel cable. When subjected to tensile forces, the magnetization characteristics of the steel cable change, thereby altering the detection signal of the magnetoelastic sensor. By analyzing the relationship between steel cable tension and variations in the detection signal, effective force measurement can be achieved. First, experiments are conducted to investigate the influence of temperature on the detection signals of a magnetoelastic sensor under zero-load conditions. Then, additional tests are performed to examine the combined effects of a tensile force and temperature on the sensor’s signals. Finally, based on the experimental data, axial force prediction models are constructed using both surface fitting and a backpropagation neural network (BPNN). The results demonstrate that, compared to the resistance values, inductance exhibits superior stability under temperature variations. In the temperature range of 20–50 °C, the inductance variation is approximately 0.15 μH, which indicates improved suitability for characterizing the axial force of steel cables. It is also shown that under isothermal conditions, the inductance increases linearly with the applied tensile force, exhibiting a slope of approximately 0.025 μH/kN. Both the surface fitting-based and BPNN-based axial force prediction models demonstrate high accuracy, with absolute prediction errors consistently below 5% compared to actual data. Full article

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14 pages, 4655 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Surface Roughness with Reduced Data of BRDF Pattern

by Jui-Hsiang Yen, Zih-Ying Fang and Cheng-Huan Chen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9850; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179850 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 2645

Abstract

Traditional non-destructive measurement of surface roughness exploits complete data of bidirectional reflective distribution function (BRDF). The instrument is normally bulky and the process should be conducted off-line, hence it is time-consuming. If only a part of BRDF data can be sufficient to determine [...] Read more.

Traditional non-destructive measurement of surface roughness exploits complete data of bidirectional reflective distribution function (BRDF). The instrument is normally bulky and the process should be conducted off-line, hence it is time-consuming. If only a part of BRDF data can be sufficient to determine the surface roughness, both the measurement equipment and processing time can be significantly reduced. This paper proposes a compact device capable of detecting multiple angular intensities of reflective scattering with different incident angles from different spatial points of the target object at the same time. It is used to evaluate the surface roughness of a standard specimen with arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) values ranging from 0.13 µm to 2.1 µm. The case of measuring two spatial points of the specimen is used for illustrating the calibration procedure of the device and how the data were searched and processed to increase the reliability and robustness for evaluating the surface roughness with reduced data of BRDF. Similar methodologies can be applicable for other real-time detection methods based on the scattering process. Full article

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28 pages, 3531 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of Acoustic Emission Detection Technology for Valve Internal Leakage: Mechanisms, Methods, Challenges, and Application Prospects

by Dongjie Zheng, Xing Wang, Lingling Yang, Yunqi Li, Hui Xia, Haochuan Zhang and Xiaomei Xiang

Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4487; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144487 - 18 Jul 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3590

Abstract

Internal leakage within the valve body constitutes a severe potential safety hazard in industrial fluid control systems, attributable to its high concealment and the resultant difficulty in detection via conventional methodologies. Acoustic emission (AE) technology, functioning as an efficient non-destructive testing approach, is [...] Read more.

Internal leakage within the valve body constitutes a severe potential safety hazard in industrial fluid control systems, attributable to its high concealment and the resultant difficulty in detection via conventional methodologies. Acoustic emission (AE) technology, functioning as an efficient non-destructive testing approach, is capable of capturing the transient stress waves induced by leakage, thereby furnishing an effective means for the real-time monitoring and quantitative assessment of internal leakage within the valve body. This paper conducts a systematic review of the theoretical foundations, signal-processing methodologies, and the latest research advancements related to the technology for detecting internal leakage in the valve body based on acoustic emission. Firstly, grounded in Lechlier’s acoustic analogy theory, the generation mechanism of acoustic emission signals arising from valve body leakage is elucidated. Secondly, a detailed analysis is conducted on diverse signal processing techniques and their corresponding optimization strategies, encompassing parameter analysis, time–frequency analysis, nonlinear dynamics methods, and intelligent algorithms. Moreover, this paper recapitulates the current challenges encountered by this technology and delineates future research orientations, such as the fusion of multi-modal sensors, the deployment of lightweight deep learning models, and integration with the Internet of Things. This study provides a systematic reference for the engineering application and theoretical development of the acoustic emission-based technology for detecting internal leakage in valves. Full article

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19 pages, 2126 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of the Non-Destructive Diagnostic Tests of 500 Hz Accelerated-Aged XLPE Power Cables

by Adewumi Olujana Adeniyi, Trudy Sutherland and Hendrick Langa

Energies 2025, 18(14), 3647; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143647 - 10 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4132

Abstract

Power cable dielectrics must be tested to ascertain their insulation integrity after their design and manufacture. In Southern Africa, power cables must undergo testing in accordance with the South African National Standard (SANS) 1339. The SANS 1339 provides a destructive diagnostic method to [...] Read more.

Power cable dielectrics must be tested to ascertain their insulation integrity after their design and manufacture. In Southern Africa, power cables must undergo testing in accordance with the South African National Standard (SANS) 1339. The SANS 1339 provides a destructive diagnostic method to evaluate voltage breakdown strength and water tree growth. The shortfall is that there is no provision for the non-destructive determination of the residual strength and assessment of the condition of the power cables. It is possible that non-destructive tests are available. However, a question arises as to how they compare in effectiveness, which is the intention of this study. Accelerated aging at 500 Hz was conducted on the water-retardant cross-linked polyethene (TR-XLPE) power cable sample specimens, each 10 m long, according to SANS 1339. Non-destructive diagnostic tests (Tan δ, IRC, and RVM) were conducted on accelerated-aged and unaged cable samples. The comparative results of the accelerated-aged and unaged XPLE power cable samples, when applying non-destructive diagnostic techniques, show consistency and reveal the extent of degradation in the tested cable samples. This study demonstrates that non-destructive diagnostic methods can be used to assess the extent of XLPE power cable insulation aging. Full article

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39 pages, 2224 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Trends in Non-Destructive Testing Approaches for Composite Materials: A Review of Successful Implementations

by Jan Lean Tai, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Andrzej Łukaszewicz, Jerzy Józwik, Zbigniew Oksiuta and Farah Syazwani Shahar

Materials 2025, 18(13), 3146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133146 - 2 Jul 2025

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6027

Abstract

Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are critical for evaluating the structural integrity of and detecting defects in composite materials across industries such as aerospace and renewable energy. This review examines the recent trends and successful implementations of NDT approaches for composite materials, focusing on [...] Read more.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are critical for evaluating the structural integrity of and detecting defects in composite materials across industries such as aerospace and renewable energy. This review examines the recent trends and successful implementations of NDT approaches for composite materials, focusing on articles published between 2015 and 2025. A systematic literature review identified 120 relevant articles, highlighting techniques such as ultrasonic testing (UT), acoustic emission testing (AET), thermography (TR), radiographic testing (RT), eddy current testing (ECT), infrared thermography (IRT), X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and digital radiography testing (DRT). These methods effectively detect defects such as debonding, delamination, and voids in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The selection of NDT approaches depends on the material properties, defect types, and testing conditions. Although each technique has advantages and limitations, combining multiple NDT methods enhances the quality assessment of composite materials. This review provides insights into the capabilities and limitations of various NDT techniques and suggests future research directions for combining NDT methods to improve quality control in composite material manufacturing. Future trends include adopting multimodal NDT systems, integrating digital twin and Industry 4.0 technologies, utilizing embedded and wireless structural health monitoring, and applying artificial intelligence for automated defect interpretation. These advancements are promising for transforming NDT into an intelligent, predictive, and integrated quality assurance system. Full article

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24 pages, 21210 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Grouting Diffusion Monitoring System Based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network

by Xiangpeng Wang, Tingkai Wang, Jinyu Gao, Meng Yang, Fanqiang Lin and Yong Jia

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2693; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092693 - 24 Apr 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1308

Abstract

Grouting technology is widely used in construction and civil engineering, where evaluating grouting effectiveness is crucial due to the uncertainty of subsurface conditions. Existing methods face drawbacks such as destructiveness, high cost, poor durability, and limited data collection. To address these issues, this [...] Read more.

Grouting technology is widely used in construction and civil engineering, where evaluating grouting effectiveness is crucial due to the uncertainty of subsurface conditions. Existing methods face drawbacks such as destructiveness, high cost, poor durability, and limited data collection. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel wireless real-time monitoring system based on a ZigBee sensor network framework. The sensor system integrates a direct current method in geophysics with apparent resistivity measurement to assess grouting effectiveness in real time. It consists of multichannel data acquisition units with electrodes for sensing underground currents and a user control unit for centralized management and data processing. A system acquisition performance test confirmed that the differential input channel’s equivalent input noise of the ADC was only 175 μV and 188 μV, and the average error of the captured sine wave data was 4.51 mV and 4.19 mV, ensuring the voltage measurement accuracy of the data acquisition units. Stability testing of the equipment in road and construction environments showed an average RSD of 2.86% and 2.92%, respectively, indicating good stability of the measurements. ZigBee network performance tests in three simulated environments and a field test showed that the packet loss rate (PLR) was less than 2% from 0 to 50 m, ensuring network communication in grouting project scenarios. On-site experiments demonstrate that the system can simultaneously monitor multiple profiles and perform inversions in the grouting area, which can be assembled into 3D inversion images for evaluating grout diffusion, offering valuable insights for optimizing construction operations, and enhancing grouting efficiency. Full article

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15 pages, 28548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Contact Laser Ultrasound Detection of Internal Gas Defects in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Dongxia Tang, Chenguang Xu, Guidong Xu, Sen Cui and Sai Zhang

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072033 - 25 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3217

Abstract

Non-contact laser ultrasonic detection technology provides an innovative solution for evaluating the internal conditions of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offering significant advantages in gas defect assessment and structural defect identification. This study proposes a method for evaluating internal gas defects in LIBs based on [...] Read more.

Non-contact laser ultrasonic detection technology provides an innovative solution for evaluating the internal conditions of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offering significant advantages in gas defect assessment and structural defect identification. This study proposes a method for evaluating internal gas defects in LIBs based on a non-contact laser ultrasonic system. The system uses a pulsed laser to generate ultrasonic waves, with a full-optical probe receiving the signals, enabling high-resolution imaging of the internal features of the battery. The study analyzes key ultrasonic characteristics under different laser parameters (energy, pulse width, and focal length) and their correlation with defective regions. Through both time-domain and frequency-domain analysis of the ultrasonic features, the results demonstrate that the signal amplitude attenuation characteristics of ultrasound in media with acoustic impedance mismatches can be used for precise detection and quantitative characterization of gas defect regions within the battery. This non-contact technology offers a promising method for real-time, non-destructive monitoring of the internal condition of lithium-ion batteries, significantly enhancing battery safety and reliability. Full article

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