Topic Editors

Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System & Vibration, Department of Industrial Engineering & Management, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume

Abstract submission deadline
closed (30 September 2024)
Manuscript submission deadline
31 December 2024
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20930

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Topic Editors are inviting submissions to a Topic on the subject of “Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods”, which is a continuation of the previous successful Topic.

Non-destructive testing is a group of surface and volumetric diagnostic tests, which provide information about the functional properties of the tested object. They allow for the determination of the condition of micro- and macrostructures without any interference in the structure. This basic feature means that the main purpose of non-destructive testing is the detection of material defects and evaluation of tested objects for discontinuity and lack of uniformity. Thanks to NDT, it is possible, e.g., to detect corrosion and erosion defects or cracks.

Non-destructive testing can be carried out at various stages of production, operation, or repair. They are used, respectively, to perform quality control of production and to determine the technical condition of the object. All this means that non-destructive testing finds a wide range of applications in various branches of industry.

The purpose of this Topic is to present both the development of various non-destructive testing methods, as well as examples of applications of this group of tests in various branches of industry. The editors do not limit the scope of the subject to strictly defined methods; the idea is to present the widest possible spectrum of tests and methods used, including visual, penetration, endoscopic, magnetic-powder, eddy current, ultrasonic, radiographic, leakage, acoustic emission, infrared thermographic or strain gauge tests. We invite all scientists and researchers to contribute to this Topic.

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Peruń
Dr. Tangbin Xia
Topic Editors

Keywords

  • non-destructive testing
  • diagnostic
  • defectoscope
  • visual tests
  • eddy current testing
  • fault diagnosis
  • intelligent prediction

Participating Journals

Journal Name Impact Factor CiteScore Launched Year First Decision (median) APC
Applied Sciences
applsci
2.5 5.3 2011 17.8 Days CHF 2400 Submit
Energies
energies
3.0 6.2 2008 17.5 Days CHF 2600 Submit
Materials
materials
3.1 5.8 2008 15.5 Days CHF 2600 Submit
Sensors
sensors
3.4 7.3 2001 16.8 Days CHF 2600 Submit
Designs
designs
- 3.9 2017 15.2 Days CHF 1600 Submit

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Published Papers (19 papers)

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21 pages, 3809 KiB  
Article
Indirect Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of a Transistor Die during Pulse Operation
by Arkadiusz Hulewicz, Krzysztof Dziarski and Łukasz Drużyński
Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6452; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196452 - 6 Oct 2024
Abstract
This paper presents aspects related to the indirect thermographic measurement of a C2M0280120D transistor in pulse mode. The tested transistor was made on the basis of silicon carbide and is commonly used in many applications. During the research, the pulse frequency was varied [...] Read more.
This paper presents aspects related to the indirect thermographic measurement of a C2M0280120D transistor in pulse mode. The tested transistor was made on the basis of silicon carbide and is commonly used in many applications. During the research, the pulse frequency was varied from 1 kHz to 800 kHz. The transistor case temperature was measured using a Flir E50 thermographic camera and a Pt1000 sensor. The transistor die temperature was determined based on the voltage drop on the body diode and the known characteristics between the voltage drop on the diode and the temperature of the die. The research was carried out in accordance with the presented measuring standards and maintaining the described conditions. The differences between the transistor case temperature and the transistor die temperature were also determined based on simulation work performed in Solidworks 2020 SP05. For this purpose, a three-dimensional model of the C2M0280120D transistor was created and the materials used in this model were selected; the methodology for selecting the model parameters is discussed. The largest recorded difference between the case temperature and the junction temperature was 27.3 °C. The use of a thermographic camera allows the transistor’s temperature to be determined without the risk of electric shock. As a result, it will be possible to control the C2M0280120D transistor in such a way so as not to damage it and to optimally select its operating point. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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20 pages, 8076 KiB  
Article
In-Motion, Non-Contact Detection of Ties and Ballasts on Railroad Tracks
by S. Morteza Mirzaei, Ahmad Radmehr, Carvel Holton and Mehdi Ahmadian
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8804; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198804 - 30 Sep 2024
Abstract
This study aims to develop a robust and efficient system to identify ties and ballasts in motion using a variety of non-contact sensors mounted on a robotic rail cart. The sensors include distance LiDAR sensors and inductive proximity sensors for ferrous materials to [...] Read more.
This study aims to develop a robust and efficient system to identify ties and ballasts in motion using a variety of non-contact sensors mounted on a robotic rail cart. The sensors include distance LiDAR sensors and inductive proximity sensors for ferrous materials to collect data while traversing railroad tracks. Many existing tie/ballast health monitoring devices cannot be mounted on Hyrail vehicles for in-motion inspection due to their inability to filter out unwanted targets (i.e., ties or ballasts). The system studied here addresses that limitation by exploring several approaches based on distance LiDAR sensors. The first approach is based on calculating the running standard deviation of the measured distance from LiDAR sensors to tie or ballast surfaces. The second approach uses machine learning (ML) methods that combine two primary algorithms (Logistic Regression and Decision Tree) and three preprocessing methods (six models in total). The results indicate that the optimal configuration for non-contact, in-motion differentiation of ties and ballasts is integrating two distance LiDAR sensors with a Decision Tree model. This configuration provides rapid, accurate, and robust tie/ballast differentiation. The study also facilitates further sensor and inspection research and development in railroad track maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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33 pages, 3801 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Suitability of Ultrasonic Testing for Verification of Nonuniform Welded Joints of Austenitic–Ferritic Sheets
by Łukasz Rawicki, Ryszard Krawczyk, Jacek Słania, Grzegorz Peruń, Grzegorz Golański and Katarzyna Łuczak
Materials 2024, 17(17), 4216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174216 - 26 Aug 2024
Viewed by 545
Abstract
The purpose of the presented research was to determine the suitability of using ultrasonic testing (UT) to inspect heterogeneous, from a material point of view, welded joints on the example of the joints of a ferritic steel element with elements made of an [...] Read more.
The purpose of the presented research was to determine the suitability of using ultrasonic testing (UT) to inspect heterogeneous, from a material point of view, welded joints on the example of the joints of a ferritic steel element with elements made of an austenitic steel. The echo technique with transverse (SEK) and longitudinal wave heads (SEL) addressed this issue. Due to the widespread use of 13CrMo4-5 and X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel grades in the energy industry, they were selected as the test materials for the study. The objects of the presented research were welded joint specimens with thicknesses of 8, 12, and 16 mm and dimensions of 300 × 300 mm, made using the 135 metal active gas (MAG) process with the use of the Lincoln 309LSi wire—a ferritic–austenitic filler material. The stages of the research task were (1) making distance–amplitude curve (DAC) patterns from the test materials; (2) preparation of specimens of welded joints with artificial discontinuities in the form of through-holes; (3) performing UT tests on welded joints with artificial discontinuities using heads with 60° and 70° angles for the transverse wave and angle heads for longitudinal waves with similar beam insertion angles; (4) selection, by radiographic testing (RT), of welded joint specimens with natural discontinuities in the form of a lack of sidewall fusion; (5) performing UT tests on welded joints with natural discontinuities, using heads as welded joints with artificial discontinuities. It was found that (1) the highest sensitivity of discontinuity detection was obtained by performing tests on the ferritic steel side, which is due to the lower attenuation of the ultrasonic wave propagating in ferritic steel compared to austenitic steel; (2) the best detection of discontinuities could be obtained using a longitudinal ultrasonic wave; (3) there is a relationship between the thickness of the welded elements, the angle of the ultrasonic beam introduction, and the effectiveness of discontinuity detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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18 pages, 16417 KiB  
Article
Study on the Impact of Pole Spacing on Magnetic Flux Leakage Detection under Oversaturated Magnetization
by Wenlong Liu, Lemei Ren and Guansan Tian
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5195; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165195 - 11 Aug 2024
Viewed by 584
Abstract
Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection employs leakage magnetic fields to effectively detect and locate pipeline defects. The spacing between magnetic poles significantly affects the leakage magnetic field strength. While most detectors typically opt for moderate pole spacing for routine detection, this study investigates [...] Read more.
Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection employs leakage magnetic fields to effectively detect and locate pipeline defects. The spacing between magnetic poles significantly affects the leakage magnetic field strength. While most detectors typically opt for moderate pole spacing for routine detection, this study investigates the propagation characteristics of MFL signals at small pole spacings (under specimen oversaturated magnetization) and their impact on MFL detection. Through finite element simulation and experiments, it reveals a new signal phenomenon in the radial MFL signal By at small pole spacings, the double peak–valley (DPV) phenomenon, characterized by outer and inner peaks and valleys. Theoretical analysis based on the simulation results elucidates the mechanisms for this DPV phenomenon. Based on this, the impact of defect size, pipe wall thickness, and magnetic pole and rigid brush height on MFL signals under small magnetic pole spacings is examined. It is demonstrated that, under a smaller magnetic pole spacing, a potent background magnetic field manifests in the air above the defect. This DPV phenomenon is generated by the magnetic diffusion and compression interactions between the background and defect leakage magnetic fields. Notably, the intensity of the background magnetic field can be mitigated by reducing the height of the rigid brush. In contrast, the pipe wall thickness and magnetic pole height exhibit a negligible influence on the DPV phenomenon. The emergence of the DPV precipitates a reduction in the peak-to-valley difference within the MFL signal, constricting the depth range of detectable defects. However, the presence of DPV increases the identification of defects with smaller opening sizes. These findings reveal the characterization of the MFL signal under small pole spacing, offering a preliminary study on identifying specific defects using unconventional signals. This study provides valuable guidance for MFL detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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16 pages, 4010 KiB  
Article
Localization for Dual Partial Discharge Sources in Transformer Oil Using Pressure-Balanced Fiber-Optic Ultrasonic Sensor Array
by Feng Liu, Yansheng Shi, Shuainan Zhang and Wei Wang
Sensors 2024, 24(14), 4450; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144450 - 10 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 537
Abstract
The power transformer is one of the most crucial pieces of high-voltage equipment in the power system, and its stable operation is crucial to the reliability of power transmission. Partial discharge (PD) is a key factor leading to the degradation and failure of [...] Read more.
The power transformer is one of the most crucial pieces of high-voltage equipment in the power system, and its stable operation is crucial to the reliability of power transmission. Partial discharge (PD) is a key factor leading to the degradation and failure of the insulation performance of power transformers. Therefore, online monitoring of partial discharge can not only obtain real-time information on the operating status of the equipment but also effectively predict the remaining service life of the transformer. Meanwhile, accurate localization of partial discharge sources can assist maintenance personnel in developing more precise and efficient maintenance plans, ensuring the stable operation of the power system. Dual partial discharge sources in transformer oil represent a more complex fault type, and piezoelectric transducers installed outside the transformer oil tank often fail to accurately capture such discharge waveforms. Additionally, the sensitivity of the built-in F-P sensors can decrease when installed deep within the oil tank due to the influence of oil pressure on its sensing diaphragm, resulting in an inability to accurately detect dual partial discharge sources in transformer oil. To address the impact of oil pressure on sensor sensitivity and achieve the detection of dual partial discharge sources under high-voltage conditions in transformers, this paper proposes an optical fiber ultrasonic sensor with a pressure-balancing structure. This sensor can adapt to changes in oil pressure environments inside transformers, has strong electromagnetic interference resistance, and can be installed deep within the oil tank to detect dual partial discharge sources. In this study, a dual PD detection system based on this sensor array is developed, employing a cross-positioning algorithm to achieve detection and localization of dual partial discharge sources in transformer oil. When applied to a 35 kV single-phase transformer for dual partial discharge source detection in different regions, the sensor array exhibits good sensitivity under high oil pressure conditions, enabling the detection and localization of dual partial discharge sources in oil and winding interturn without obstruction. For fault regions with obstructions, such as within the oil channel of the transformer winding, the sensor exhibits the capability to detect the discharge waveform stemming from dual partial discharge sources. Overall, the sensor demonstrates good sensitivity and directional clarity, providing effective detection of dual PD sources generated inside transformers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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11 pages, 2788 KiB  
Article
Pinpointing Moisture: The Capacitive Detection for Standing Tree Health
by Jianan Yao, Zonglin Zhen, Huadong Xu, Liming Zhao, Yuying Duan and Xuhui Guo
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4040; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134040 - 21 Jun 2024
Viewed by 438
Abstract
Background: the feasibility of the capacitance method for detecting the water content in standing tree trunks was investigated using capacitance-based equipment that was designed for measuring the water content of standing tree trunks. Methods: In laboratory experiments, the best insertion depth of the [...] Read more.
Background: the feasibility of the capacitance method for detecting the water content in standing tree trunks was investigated using capacitance-based equipment that was designed for measuring the water content of standing tree trunks. Methods: In laboratory experiments, the best insertion depth of the probe for standing wood was determined by measurement experiments conducted at various depths. The bark was to be peeled when specimens and standing wood were being measured. The actual water content of the test object was obtained by specimens being weighed and the standing wood being weighed after the wood core was extracted. Results: A forecast of the moisture content of standing wood within a range of 0 to 180% was achieved by the measuring instrument. The feasibility of the device for basswood and fir trees is preliminarily studied. When compared to the drying method, the average error of the test results was found to be less than 8%, with basswood at 7.75%, and fir at 7.35%. Conclusions: It was concluded that the measuring instrument has a wide measuring range and is suitable for measuring wood with low moisture content, as well as standing timber with high moisture content. The measuring instrument, being small in size, easy to carry, and capable of switching modes, is considered to have a good application prospect in the field of forest precision monitoring and quality improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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15 pages, 5832 KiB  
Article
Detection of Multi-Layered Bond Delamination Defects Based on Full Waveform Inversion
by Jiawei Wen, Can Jiang and Hao Chen
Sensors 2024, 24(12), 4017; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24124017 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 524
Abstract
This study aimed to address the challenges encountered in traditional bulk wave delamination detection methods characterized by low detection efficiency. Additionally, the limitations of guided wave delamination detection methods were addressed, particularly those utilizing reflected waves, which are susceptible to edge reflections, thus [...] Read more.
This study aimed to address the challenges encountered in traditional bulk wave delamination detection methods characterized by low detection efficiency. Additionally, the limitations of guided wave delamination detection methods were addressed, particularly those utilizing reflected waves, which are susceptible to edge reflections, thus complicating effective defect extraction. Leveraging the full waveform inversion algorithm, an innovative approach was established for detecting delamination defects in multi-layered structures using ultrasonic guided wave arrays. First, finite element modeling was employed to simulate guided wave data acquisition by a circular array within an aluminum–epoxy bilayer structure with embedded delamination defects. Subsequently, the full waveform inversion algorithm was applied to reconstruct both regular and irregular delamination defects. Analysis results indicated the efficacy of the proposed approach in accurately identifying delamination defects of varying shapes. Furthermore, an experimental platform for guided wave delamination defect detection was established, and experiments were conducted on a steel–cement bilayer structure containing an irregular delamination defect. The experimental results validated the exceptional imaging precision of our proposed technique for identifying delamination defects in multi-layered boards. In summary, the proposed method can accurately determine both the positions and sizes of defects with higher detection efficiency than traditional pulse-echo delamination detection methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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17 pages, 18446 KiB  
Article
Operational Deflection Shape Measurements on Bladed Disks with Continuous Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry
by Cuihong Liu, Tengzhou Xu, Tao Chen, Shi Su, Jie Huang and Yijin Li
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3413; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113413 - 25 May 2024
Viewed by 571
Abstract
The continuous scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (CSLDV) technique is usually used to evaluate the vibration operational deflection shapes (ODSs) of structures with continuous surfaces. In this paper, an extended CSLDV is demonstrated to measure the non-continuous surface of the bladed disk and to [...] Read more.
The continuous scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (CSLDV) technique is usually used to evaluate the vibration operational deflection shapes (ODSs) of structures with continuous surfaces. In this paper, an extended CSLDV is demonstrated to measure the non-continuous surface of the bladed disk and to obtain the ODS efficiently. For a bladed disk, the blades are uniformly distributed on a given disk. Although the ODS of each blade can be derived from its response data along the scanning path with CSLDV, the relative vibration direction between different blades cannot be determined from those data. Therefore, it is difficult to reconstruct the complete vibration mode of the whole blade disk. In order to measure the complete ODS of the bladed disk, a method based on ODS frequency response functions (ODS FRFs) has been proposed. While the ODS of each blade is measured by designing the suitable scanning paths in CSLDV, an additional response signal is obtained at a fixed point as the reference signal to identify the relative vibration phase between the blade and the blade of the bladed disk. Finally, a measurement is performed with a simple bladed disk and the results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed extended CSLDV method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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14 pages, 2922 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Materials Used in Ancient Wooden Architectural Paintings at DaZhong Gate in Confucius Temple, Qufu, Shandong, China
by Kuiju Li, Kezhu Han, Gele Teri, Yuxiao Tian, Menglei Cui, Yunpeng Qi and Yuhu Li
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092170 - 6 May 2024
Viewed by 974
Abstract
This study analyzes the pigments and binders used in the painted wooden structure of DaZhong Gate in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, China. Five samples were collected from the building and analyzed using techniques such as polarized light microscopy (PLM), energy-dispersive [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the pigments and binders used in the painted wooden structure of DaZhong Gate in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, China. Five samples were collected from the building and analyzed using techniques such as polarized light microscopy (PLM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy (m-RS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The findings reveal that the red, yellow, green, and blue pigments are identified as lead red, lead chromate yellow, emerald green, and ultramarine, respectively. The white pigment is determined to be a combination of chalk and lead white or anglesite. Considering the production period of the yellow and green pigments, it is inferred that architectural paintings underwent restoration or repainting during the late Qing Dynasty. The analysis of the binder in the pigment using pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) reveals that the binder employed is a protein-based glue. Additionally, the detected presence of Heat-bodied tung oil suggests a potential connection to traditional Chinese painting techniques on wooden surfaces. This discovery not only contributes to the historical research of the Confucius Temple but also provides crucial data for the conservation and restoration efforts of this culturally significant heritage site. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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16 pages, 8554 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Prediction of Surface Hardness in Cr12MoV Steel and S136 Steel with Two Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Feature Extraction Methods
by Xianxian Wang, Yanchao Cai, Xiucheng Liu and Cunfu He
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2051; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072051 - 23 Mar 2024
Viewed by 637
Abstract
The correlation between magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) features and the surface hardness of two types of die steels (Cr12MoV steel and S136 steel in Chinese standards) was investigated in this study. Back-propagation neural network (BP-NN) models were established with MBN magnetic features extracted [...] Read more.
The correlation between magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) features and the surface hardness of two types of die steels (Cr12MoV steel and S136 steel in Chinese standards) was investigated in this study. Back-propagation neural network (BP-NN) models were established with MBN magnetic features extracted by different methods as the input nodes to realize the quantitative prediction of surface hardness. The accuracy of the BP-NN model largely depended on the quality of the input features. In the extraction process of magnetic features, simplifying parameter settings and reducing manual intervention could significantly improve the stability of magnetic features. In this study, we proposed a method similar to the magnetic Barkhausen noise hysteresis loop (MBNHL) and extracted features. Compared with traditional MBN feature extraction methods, this method simplifies the steps of parameter setting in the feature extraction process and improves the stability of the features. Finally, a BP-NN model of surface hardness was established and compared with the traditional MBN feature extraction methods. The proposed MBNHL method achieved the advantages of simple parameter setting, less manual intervention, and stability of the extracted parameters at the cost of small accuracy reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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25 pages, 5900 KiB  
Review
Corrosion Monitoring Techniques in Subcritical and Supercritical Water Environments
by Yanhui Li, Zhouyang Bai, Limei Xing, Qian Zhang, Shaoming Ding, Yinan Zhang, Pengfei Gao, Zhihong Yu and Donghai Xu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2350; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062350 - 11 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
A series of advanced equipment exposed to sub-/supercritical water environments at high temperatures, high pressures, and extreme water chemistry with high salt and dissolved oxygen content faces serious corrosion problems. Obtaining on-site corrosion data for typical materials in harsh environments is crucial for [...] Read more.
A series of advanced equipment exposed to sub-/supercritical water environments at high temperatures, high pressures, and extreme water chemistry with high salt and dissolved oxygen content faces serious corrosion problems. Obtaining on-site corrosion data for typical materials in harsh environments is crucial for operating and maintaining related equipment and optimizing various corrosion prediction models. First, this article introduces the advantages and disadvantages, usage scenarios, and future development potential of several in situ monitoring technologies, including ultrasonic thickness measurement, the infrared thermography method, microwave imaging, eddy current detection, and acoustic emission. Considering the importance of electrochemical corrosion data in revealing microscale and nanoscale corrosion mechanisms, in situ testing techniques such as electrical resistance probes, electrochemical corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical noise that can be applied to sub-/supercritical water systems were systematically discussed. The testing platform and typical data obtained were discussed with thick and heavy colors to establish a mechanical prediction model for corrosion behavior. It is of great significance to promote the development of corrosion monitoring techniques, such as breaking through testing temperature limitations and broadening the industrial application scenarios and maturity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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15 pages, 2190 KiB  
Article
Adhesion Testing Device for 3D Printed Objects on Diverse Printing Bed Materials: Design and Evaluation
by Jakub Kaščak, Marek Kočiško, Adrián Vodilka, Jozef Török and Tomáš Coranič
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020945 - 22 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1022
Abstract
The persistent challenge of adhesion in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology is deeply rooted in the mechanical and chemical properties of utilized materials, necessitating the exploration of potential resolutions. This involves adjustments targeting the interplay of printing parameters, the mechanical fortification of print [...] Read more.
The persistent challenge of adhesion in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology is deeply rooted in the mechanical and chemical properties of utilized materials, necessitating the exploration of potential resolutions. This involves adjustments targeting the interplay of printing parameters, the mechanical fortification of print beds, and the integration of more adhesive materials, resonating across user levels, from enthusiasts to complex industrial configurations. An in-depth investigation is outlined in this paper, detailing the plan for a systematically designed device. Engineered for FFF device installation, the device facilitates the detachment of printed models, while precisely recording the detachment process, capturing the maximum force, and its progression over time. The primary objective is fabricating a comprehensive measurement apparatus, created for adhesion assessment. The device is adaptable across diverse FFF machines and print bed typologies, conforming to pre-defined conditions, with key features including compactness, facile manipulability, and capacity for recurrent measurements. This pursuit involves evaluating adhesion levels in prints made from diverse materials on varying print bed compositions, aiming to establish a comprehensive database. This repository facilitates judicious material and bed type selection, emphasizing maximal compatibility. Emphasis is placed on operating within a thermally stable context, a pivotal prerequisite for consistent and reproducible results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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22 pages, 1750 KiB  
Article
Effect of Combined Non-Wood and Wood Spectra of Biomass Chips on Rapid Prediction of Ultimate Analysis Parameters Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
by Bijendra Shrestha, Jetsada Posom, Panmanas Sirisomboon, Bim Prasad Shrestha and Axel Funke
Energies 2024, 17(2), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020439 - 16 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3143
Abstract
The ultimate analysis parameters, including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) content in biomass, were rarely found to be predicted by non-destructive tests to date. In this research, we developed partial least squares regression (PLSR) models to predict the ultimate [...] Read more.
The ultimate analysis parameters, including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) content in biomass, were rarely found to be predicted by non-destructive tests to date. In this research, we developed partial least squares regression (PLSR) models to predict the ultimate analysis parameters of chip biomass using near-infrared (NIR) raw spectra of non-wood and wood samples from fast-growing tree and agricultural residue and nine different traditional spectral preprocessing techniques. These techniques include first derivative (sd1), second derivative (sd2), constant offset, standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), vector normalization, min-max normalization, mean centering, sd1 + vector normalization, and sd1 + MSC. Additionally, we employed a genetic algorithm (GA), successive projection algorithm (SPA), multi-preprocessing (MP) 5-range, and MP 3-range to develop a PLSR model for rapid prediction. A dataset consisting of 120 chip biomass samples was utilized for model development in which the samples were non-wood samples of 65–67% and wood samples of 33–35%, and the model performance was evaluated and compared. The selection of the optimum performing model was mainly based on criteria such as the coefficient of determination in the prediction set (R2P), root mean square error of the prediction set (RMSEP), and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). The optimal model for weight percentage (wt.%) of C was obtained using GA–PLSR, yielding R2P, RMSEP, and RPD values of 0.6954, 1.1252 wt.%, and 1.8, respectively. Similarly, for wt.% of O, the most effective model was obtained using the multi-preprocessing PLSR–5 range method with R2P of 0.7150, RMSEP of 1.3088 wt.%, and RPD of 1.9. For wt.% of N, the optimal model was obtained using the MP PLSR-3 range method, resulting in R2P, RMSEP, and RPD values of 0.6073, 0.1008 wt.%, and 1.6, respectively. However, wt.% of the H model provided R2P, RMSEP, and RPD values of 0.5162, 0.2322 wt.%, and 1.5, respectively. Notably, the limit of quantification (LOQ) values for C, H, and O were lower than the minimum reference values used during model development, indicating a high level of sensitivity. However, the LOQ for N exceeded the minimum reference value, implying the samples to be predicted by the model must be in the range of reference range in the calibration set. By scatter plot analysis, the effect of combined non-wood and wood spectra of biomass chips on rapid prediction of ultimate analysis parameters using NIR spectroscopy was investigated. To include different species in a model, the species have to be not only in the different values of the constituents to make a wider range for a robust model, but also must provide their trend line characteristics in the scatter plot, i.e., correlation coefficient (R), slope, and intercept (same slope and slope approached to 1, and intercept is same (no gap) and approached zero, high R approached to 1). The effect of the R, slope, and intercept to obtain the better-optimized model was studied. The results show that the different species affected the model performance of each parameter prediction in a different manner, and by scatter plot analysis, which of these species were affecting the model negatively and how the model could be improved was indicated. This is the first time the effect has been studied by the principle of a scatter plot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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16 pages, 3250 KiB  
Article
An Aquaphotomics Approach for Investigation of Water-Stress-Induced Changes in Maize Plants
by Daniela Moyankova, Petya Stoykova, Petya Veleva, Nikolai K. Christov, Antoniya Petrova and Stefka Atanassova
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9678; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249678 - 7 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 914
Abstract
The productivity of plants is considerably affected by various environmental stresses. Exploring the specific pattern of the near-infrared spectral data acquired non-destructively from plants subjected to stress can contribute to a better understanding of biophysical and biochemical processes in plants. Experiments for investigating [...] Read more.
The productivity of plants is considerably affected by various environmental stresses. Exploring the specific pattern of the near-infrared spectral data acquired non-destructively from plants subjected to stress can contribute to a better understanding of biophysical and biochemical processes in plants. Experiments for investigating NIR spectra of maize plants subjected to water stress were conducted. Two maize lines were used: US corn-belt inbred line B37 and mutant inbred XM 87-136, characterized by very high drought tolerance. After reaching the 4-leaf stage, 10 plants from each line were subjected to water stress, and 10 plants were used as control, kept under a regular water regime. The drought lasted until day 17 and then the plants were recovered by watering for 4 days. A MicroNIR OnSite-W Spectrometer (VIAVI Solutions Inc., Chandler, AZ, USA) was used for in vivo measurement of each maize leaf spectra. PLS models for determining drought days were created and aquagrams were calculated separately for the plants’ second, third, and fourth leaves. Differences in absorption spectra were observed between control, stressed, and recovered maize plants, as well as between different measurement days of stressed plants. Aquagrams were used to visualize the water spectral pattern in maize leaves and how it changes along the drought process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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19 pages, 7411 KiB  
Article
Asphalt Pavement Transverse Cracking Detection Based on Vehicle Dynamic Response
by Wenya Ye, Wenzhi Yuan and Qun Yang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12527; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212527 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 957
Abstract
Transverse cracking is thought of as the typical distress of asphalt pavements. A faster detection technique can provide pavement performance information for maintenance administrations. This paper proposes a novel vehicle-vibration-based method for transverse cracking detection. A theoretical model of a vehicle-cracked pavement vibration [...] Read more.
Transverse cracking is thought of as the typical distress of asphalt pavements. A faster detection technique can provide pavement performance information for maintenance administrations. This paper proposes a novel vehicle-vibration-based method for transverse cracking detection. A theoretical model of a vehicle-cracked pavement vibration system was constructed using the d’Alembert principle. A testing system installed with a vibration sensor was put in and applied to a testing road. Then, parameter optimization of the Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) was conducted. Transverse cracking and normal sections were processed by the optimized STFT algorithm, generating two ideal indicators. The maximum power spectral density and the relative power spectral density, which were extracted from 3D time–frequency maps, performed well. It was found that the power spectral density caused by transverse cracks was above 100 dB/Hz. The power spectral density at normal sections was below 80 dB/Hz. The distribution of the power spectral density for the cracked sections is more discrete than for normal sections. The classification model based on the above two indicators had an accuracy, true positive rate, and false positive rate of 94.96%, 92.86%, and 4.80%, respectively. The proposed vehicle-vibration-based method is capable of accurately detecting pavement transverse cracking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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17 pages, 3672 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Detection of Cl Penetration in Portland Cement Mortars via Surface Electrical Resistivity
by Miguel Alberto Pablo-Calderón, Prisciliano Felipe de Jesús Cano-Barrita and Frank Manuel León-Martínez
Materials 2023, 16(22), 7123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227123 - 10 Nov 2023
Viewed by 953
Abstract
Surface electrical resistivity is a non-destructive technique that is sensitive to the microstructure of hydrated cement paste and the chemical composition of the pore solution in cement-based materials. In this study, a Wenner array was used to measure changes in mortar resistivity due [...] Read more.
Surface electrical resistivity is a non-destructive technique that is sensitive to the microstructure of hydrated cement paste and the chemical composition of the pore solution in cement-based materials. In this study, a Wenner array was used to measure changes in mortar resistivity due to chloride ion diffusion as a function of electrode separation. Specimens were made from four mortar mixtures: 100% Ordinary Portland cement and 60% cement + 40% fly ash at two water/binder ratios of 0.55 and 0.40. The specimens were subjected to unidirectional chloride ion diffusion in a 2.8 M NaCl solution for 175 days. To determine the chloride penetration depth, three methods were used: silver nitrate spraying, chloride concentration profiles via potentiometric titration, and chloride concentration profiles via inversion of the resistivity data using the RES1D software (version 1.00.09 Beta). The results showed a linear relationship between the chloride ion penetration depth obtained via inversion of the surface electrical resistivity data versus the penetration depth from colorimetry and from chloride concentration profiling (both with R2 = 0.8612). Chloride penetration changed the conductivity of the pore solution; therefore, the resistivity decreased when increasing both the chloride concentration and the penetration depth. Inversion of surface resistivity data obtained with a Wenner array permitted non-destructive determination of chloride penetration. However, these results were obtained under laboratory environmental conditions and other scenarios must be addressed for wider applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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15 pages, 17361 KiB  
Article
Lock-In Thermography with Cooling for the Inspection of Composite Materials
by Ryszard Dymitr Łukaszuk, Rafael Monteiro Marques and Tomasz Chady
Materials 2023, 16(21), 6924; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216924 - 28 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1111
Abstract
This paper presents the development of the lock-in thermography system with an additional cooling system. System feasibility is tested by investigating a square-shaped glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) with artificially made outer flaws. The influence of heating mode and sinusoidal excitation period on the [...] Read more.
This paper presents the development of the lock-in thermography system with an additional cooling system. System feasibility is tested by investigating a square-shaped glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) with artificially made outer flaws. The influence of heating mode and sinusoidal excitation period on the defect detectability is considered. Thus, the experiment is split into two modes: the sample is solely heated in the first mode or simultaneously heated and cooled in the second. In each mode, the temperature measurement is performed first with a shorter excitation signal period and second with a longer one. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is used to assess defect detection quantitatively. The comparative analysis shows that employing a mixed heating–cooling mode improves the SNR compared to the conventional heating mode. The further enhancement of the SNR is obtained by extending the excitation period. The combination of simultaneous heating and cooling with longer periods of the excitation signal allows for the best SNR values for the most detected defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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14 pages, 4203 KiB  
Article
A Through-Transmission Ultrasonic Method for the Detection of Ferrite Tile Defects
by Kaiheng Huang, Qiaolin Li, Kaixiong Zhu, Baihan Chen, Xiang Qian, Xiaohao Wang and Xinghui Li
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11172; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011172 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1530
Abstract
A through-transmission ultrasonic method is proposed to address limitations in conventional ultrasonic reflection methods for non-destructive testing of ferrite tiles. The method utilizes a dual-probe configuration on both sides of the test piece to measure ultrasonic transmission signals, overcoming issues related to blind [...] Read more.
A through-transmission ultrasonic method is proposed to address limitations in conventional ultrasonic reflection methods for non-destructive testing of ferrite tiles. The method utilizes a dual-probe configuration on both sides of the test piece to measure ultrasonic transmission signals, overcoming issues related to blind zones and orientation limitations in pulse-echo reflection methods. This method demonstrates excellent capabilities for full inspection of internal and external defects in ferrite tiles. Physical field finite element simulations were conducted to analyze detection capabilities and a transmissive testing system is developed based on the simulation results. Experimental validation was performed on artificially manufactured quantified defect samples in aluminum alloy, and the same testing system was applied to evaluate ferrite tile samples. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the system in distinguishing defective (NG) signals from normal defect-free (OK) signals, with a recall rate of at least 95% on samples of various sizes up to 0.1 mm. This research provides insights for quality control and defect detection technology in ferrite tiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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14 pages, 2875 KiB  
Communication
Impedance Variation in a Coaxial Coil Encircling a Metal Tube Adapter
by Yao Luo and Xinyi Yang
Sensors 2023, 23(19), 8302; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198302 - 7 Oct 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 859
Abstract
The impedance change in an induction coil surrounding a metal tube adapter is investigated using the truncated region eigenfunction expansion (TREE) method. The conventional TREE method is inapplicable to this problem as a consequence of the numerical overflow of the eigenfunctions of the [...] Read more.
The impedance change in an induction coil surrounding a metal tube adapter is investigated using the truncated region eigenfunction expansion (TREE) method. The conventional TREE method is inapplicable to this problem as a consequence of the numerical overflow of the eigenfunctions of the air–metal multi-subdomain regions. The difficulty is surmounted by a normalization procedure for the numerical eigenfunctions obtained from the 1D finite element method (FEM). An efficient algorithm is devised by the Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature rule for integrals involving the numerical eigenfunctions. The numerical results of the TREE and FEM simulation coincide very well in all cases, and the efficiency of the proposed method is also confirmed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Methods, 2nd Volume)
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