Topic Editors

Informatics Building School of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain

Post COVID-19: Latest Advances, Challenges and Methodologies

Abstract submission deadline
closed (4 July 2024)
Manuscript submission deadline
closed (4 September 2024)
Viewed by
30543

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are currently experiencing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with the COVID-19 pandemic having been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and characterized as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. The impact of COVID-19 has extended across numerous nations, resulting in over 351 million confirmed cases and 5.5 million fatalities worldwide.

In this crucial time, the responsibility falls upon the scientific community to take a leading role in combatting COVID-19. It is our duty to step up and contribute toward the eradication of this virus. To achieve this goal, it is imperative to identify mechanisms, methodologies, models, techniques, and systems capable of aiding in various stages of the pandemic, including during its progression, early detection, containment, and preventive measures.

One significant contributor to our efforts is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which plays a pivotal role in addressing the challenges posed by COVID-19. For instance, AI techniques offer the potential to develop vaccines and targeted treatments for the virus. In the field of epidemiology, AI can assist in tracking and predicting the spread of infections, thereby aiding policymakers in making informed decisions. Utilizing visualization technology, AI provides a comprehensive global perspective that informs policy formulation. Moreover, AI's ability to rapidly and accurately diagnose COVID-19 using trained models based on routine CT scans or X-rays is noteworthy. Additionally, wearable sensors equipped with AI can monitor patients with mild COVID-19 in home-based settings. AI's analysis of human behavioral data can enhance individual and community quarantine measures, as well as social control policies. Furthermore, AI-driven predictions of coronavirus protein structures hold promise. Emotional data can be harnessed to support the mental health of COVID-19 patients enduring self-quarantine. AI also proves valuable in managing the supply chain of medical resources such as face masks and ventilators.

We invite contributions that highlight the Latest Advances, Challenges, and Methodologies in the battle against COVID-19. We welcome research that centers on mathematical models grounded in pandemic prevalence and incidence data. Submissions should elucidate significant advancements in ongoing work, including pieces that have been published, accepted for publication, or simultaneously submitted to other conferences or journals.

The scope of the topics of interest encompasses, but is not confined to, the following:

  • AI-driven data analysis to combat COVID-19;
  • Ensuring transparency and explainability of AI in the fight against COVID-19;
  • Developing trustworthy AI solutions for addressing COVID-19 challenges;
  • Utilizing evolutionary AI techniques to fight against COVID-19;
  • Harnessing deep learning methodologies in the fight against COVID-19;
  • Collaborative multi-agent approaches for combating COVID-19;
  • Integrating multi-modal data for enhanced COVID-19 strategies;
  • Exploring techniques for feature extraction, selection, reduction, and optimization;
  • Predictive modeling and forecasting for tackling COVID-19;
  • Deploying wearable systems in the fight against COVID-19;
  • Statistical assessments of future COVID-19 trends;
  • Analyzing medical images to combat COVID-19;
  • Computer-aided systems for addressing the challenges of COVID-19;
  • Machine learning models, methodologies, and theoretical contributions.

Prof. Dr. Yudong Zhang
Prof. Dr. Juan Manuel Gorriz
Topic Editors

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence
  • COVID-19
  • computed tomography
  • prevention and control
  • diagnostic test
  • epidemic dynamics
  • healthcare and infection
  • mathematical modeling
  • gene mutation
  • pandemic
  • pattern recognition
  • precision medicine
  • public health
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • vaccine
  • rehabilitation
  • risk and survival
  • social distancing
  • socioeconomic impacts
  • antiviral strategy
  • targeted drug
  • therapeutics
  • trustworthy AI
  • respiratory virus

Participating Journals

Journal Name Impact Factor CiteScore Launched Year First Decision (median) APC
Diagnostics
diagnostics
3.0 4.7 2011 20.5 Days CHF 2600
Diseases
diseases
2.9 0.8 2013 18.9 Days CHF 1800
Healthcare
healthcare
2.4 3.5 2013 20.5 Days CHF 2700
Infectious Disease Reports
idr
3.4 5.1 2009 32.6 Days CHF 1800
Journal of Clinical Medicine
jcm
3.0 5.7 2012 17.3 Days CHF 2600

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Published Papers (23 papers)

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22 pages, 1158 KiB  
Article
How Does the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Affect the Management Strategies of Individuals with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes? A Mixed-Method Study
by Norah Abdullah Bazek Madkhali
Healthcare 2024, 12(17), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171710 - 27 Aug 2024
Viewed by 738
Abstract
(1) Background: During and after the pandemic, individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes struggled to maintain a healthy lifestyle due to psychological distress and the struggle to accommodate contextual challenges and changes in their family and work obligations and expectations. This [...] Read more.
(1) Background: During and after the pandemic, individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes struggled to maintain a healthy lifestyle due to psychological distress and the struggle to accommodate contextual challenges and changes in their family and work obligations and expectations. This study aims to explore the long-term impacts of the pandemic on proactive self-management behaviors and outcomes that consider contextual and environmental factors, such as family and work dynamics. (2) Methods: In this mixed-method study, data were collected from 418 participants using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), followed by 16 individual interviews. (3) Results: The prevalence of depression was 37.1%, that of anxiety was 59.1%, and that of insomnia was 66.3%. Significant differences were observed in anxiety by age (p = 0.02), while individuals with other comorbidities were more likely to report insomnia (p = 0.3). Overall, various challenges during the pandemic have exacerbated emotional distress and complicated self-care routines and adherence to healthy lifestyles. (5) Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted individuals with type 1 and 2 diabetes to adopt alternative health-management methods, such as self-care, proactive initiatives, and daily challenges. Enhancing proactiveness, awareness, and an understanding of individuals’ needs is crucial for alleviating stress, controlling disease, and preparing for potential future health crises in the wake of the pandemic’s long-term effects. Full article
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9 pages, 229 KiB  
Article
Occult Serologically Confirmed Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus among the General Population in the Era of the Fourth Vaccination
by Mori Hay Levy, Neta Cohen, Rotem Marom, Hanoch Goldshmidt, David Zeltser, Michal Mizrahi, Yanay Simhon, Ronni Gamzu, Nadir Arber, Shahar Lev-Ari, Tali Capua and Esther Saiag
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4953; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164953 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Background: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection can significantly increase the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical predictors of occult serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases among the general population during the fourth vaccination era in Israel. Methods: We conducted a [...] Read more.
Background: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection can significantly increase the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical predictors of occult serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases among the general population during the fourth vaccination era in Israel. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among individuals aged ≥18 years who had not been tested for COVID-19 in the preceding 5 months. Occult serologically confirmed cases were based on the presence of anti-N IgG antibodies. Potential risk factors were examined. Multivariable regression analysis identified independent predictors of subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: This study included 504 participants. The prevalence of occult serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 was 12.5%. Chronic disease was found to be an independent predictor for the absence of occult disease (aOR) 0.4 [95% (CI): 0.18–0.87], p-value = 0.02). No significant differences were observed in age, sex, marital status, number of children, vaccination status, or exposure to COVID-19 infection between participants with and without SARS-CoV-2 sub-infection. Conclusions: We found a lower prevalence of occult serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, compared to previous reports, and a negative correlation between chronic disease and occult SARS-CoV-2. Continued research, surveillance, and intervention strategies are needed to optimize long-term health outcomes and provide valuable insights for public health policymakers and clinicians. Full article
13 pages, 1005 KiB  
Article
Beneficial Effects on Exercise Capacity Associated with a Combination of Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, Lactobacillus, Resveratrol, Vitamins, and Oligoelements in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
by Alberto Maria Marra, Federica Giardino, Andrea Anniballo, Simona Ferazzoli, Andrea Salzano, Michele Arcopinto, Roberta D’Assante, Andrea De Mare, Giorgia Esposito, Lavinia Saldamarco, Sara Rurgo, Giovanni Sarnelli and Antonio Cittadini
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4444; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154444 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1216
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Although long-term COVID-19 symptoms are common, little is known about the management of post-COVID-19 condition. The aim of the current report is to evaluate the effects of a combination of lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactobacillus, resveratrol, vitamins, and oligoelements (PIRV-F20®) on [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Although long-term COVID-19 symptoms are common, little is known about the management of post-COVID-19 condition. The aim of the current report is to evaluate the effects of a combination of lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactobacillus, resveratrol, vitamins, and oligoelements (PIRV-F20®) on the exercise capacity of post-COVID-19 patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients referred to a specific outpatient clinic dedicated to post-COVID-19 condition from April 2022 to April 2023 was conducted. Subjects of both sexes, aged ≥18 years, with previous COVID-19 in the preceding 12 months, persistent symptoms consistent with post-COVID syndrome, and initial exercise impairment were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: active cancer, end-stage conditions, severe musculoskeletal conditions, or patients with a history of limited functional capacity, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Patients who reported having taken PIRV-F20® for at least 6 weeks were compared to patients who refused this treatment. Six-minute walking distance was the primary endpoint. Results: Forty-four patients (56.8% women, aged 49.1 ± 18.1 years) were included in the study. The group of patients who reported having taken PIRV-F20® exhibited a significant improvement of 6MWD (median: +40 m; IQR: 10–65 m, p vs. baseline: 0.02), which was significantly superior (p: 0.01) when compared to the controls (median: +10 m; IQR: −5–30 m). No differences were found with regard to muscular strength, echocardiographic parameters, and perception of symptoms. Conclusions: Post-COVID-19 individuals who reported having taken PIRV-F20® for at least six weeks showed a significant improvement in exercise capacity. This finding should be confirmed in larger, prospective, randomized controlled trials. Full article
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10 pages, 567 KiB  
Article
Independent Risk Factors and Mortality Implications of De Novo Central Nervous System Involvement in Patients Hospitalized with Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Andreea Raluca Hanganu, Adriana Octaviana Dulămea, Cristian-Mihail Niculae, Emanuel Moisă and Adriana Hristea
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3948; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133948 - 5 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1057
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a complication of COVID-19, adding to disease burden. The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors independently associated with CNS involvement in a cohort of patients hospitalized with severe forms of COVID-19 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a complication of COVID-19, adding to disease burden. The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors independently associated with CNS involvement in a cohort of patients hospitalized with severe forms of COVID-19 and the risk factors associated with all causes of in-hospital mortality and assess the impact of CNS involvement on in-hospital mortality of the severe COVID-19 patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational cohort study including adult patients with severe or critical forms of COVID-19 with and without new-onset CNS manifestations between March 2020 and December 2022. Results: We included 162 patients, 50 of which presented with CNS involvement. Independent risk factors for CNS involvement were female sex (p = 0.04, OR 3.67, 95%CI 1.05–12.85), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.008, OR 5.08, 95%CI 1.519–17.04)), lymphocyte count (0.04, OR 0.23, 95%CI 0.05–0.97), platelets count (p = 0.001, OR 0.98, 95%CI 0.98–0.99) CRP value (p = 0.04, OR 1.007, 95%CI 1.000–1.015), and CK value (p = 0.004, OR 1.003, 95%CI 1.001–1.005). Obesity was a protective factor (p < 0.001, OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.016–0.20). New-onset CNS manifestations (p = 0.002, OR 14.48, 95%CI 2.58–81.23) were independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. In-hospital mortality was higher in the new-onset CNS involvement group compared to patients without neurological involvement, 44% versus 7.1% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: CNS involvement in severe COVID-19 patients contributes to all causes of in-hospital mortality. There are several risk factors associated with new-onset CNS manifestations and preventing and controlling them could have an important impact on patients’ outcome. Full article
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11 pages, 912 KiB  
Hypothesis
Persistent Vascular Complications in Long COVID: The Role of ACE2 Deactivation, Microclots, and Uniform Fibrosis
by Christina-Michailia Sideratou and Christos Papaneophytou
Infect. Dis. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 561-571; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16040042 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 3323
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key regulator in vasoregulation and the renin–angiotensin system, is hypothesized to be downregulated in patients with COVID-19, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications. This deactivation potentially results in increased blood pressure and vessel injury, contributing to the [...] Read more.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key regulator in vasoregulation and the renin–angiotensin system, is hypothesized to be downregulated in patients with COVID-19, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications. This deactivation potentially results in increased blood pressure and vessel injury, contributing to the formation and persistence of microclots in the circulation. Herein, we propose a hypothesis regarding the prolonged vascular complications observed in long COVID, focusing on the role of ACE2 deactivation and/or shedding, the persistence of microclots, and the unique pattern of fibrosis induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, we propose that the distinctive, uniform fibrosis associated with COVID-19, which is challenging to detect through conventional X-ray imaging, exacerbates vascular injury and impairs oxygenation. The persistence of these microclots and the unique fibrosis pattern are suggested as key factors in the extended duration of vascular complications post-COVID-19 infection, regardless of the initial disease severity. Moreover, plasma ACE2 activity has the potential to serve as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers for monitoring disease severity and managing long COVID symptoms. Elucidating the role of ACE2 deactivation and the consequent events is vital for understanding the long-term effects of COVID-19. The experimental verification of this hypothesis through in vitro studies, clinical longitudinal studies, and advanced imaging techniques could yield significant insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying long COVID, thereby improving the management of patients, particularly those with cardiovascular complications. Full article
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14 pages, 2022 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Lymphocyte Populations in Post-COVID-19 Condition and COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals
by Luisa Berger, Johannes Wolf, Sven Kalbitz, Nils Kellner, Christoph Lübbert and Stephan Borte
Diagnostics 2024, 14(12), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121286 - 18 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1143
Abstract
Reduced lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood are one of the most common observations in acute phases of viral infections. Although many studies have already examined the impact of immune (dys)regulation during SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are still uncertainties about the long-term consequences for lymphocyte [...] Read more.
Reduced lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood are one of the most common observations in acute phases of viral infections. Although many studies have already examined the impact of immune (dys)regulation during SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are still uncertainties about the long-term consequences for lymphocyte homeostasis. Furthermore, as persistent cellular aberrations have been described following other viral infections, patients with “Post-COVID-19 Condition” (PCC) may present similarly. In order to investigate cellular changes in the adaptive immune system, we performed a retrospective analysis of flow cytometric data from lymphocyte subpopulations in 106 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who received medical care at our institution. The patients were divided into three groups according to the follow-up date; laboratory analyses of COVID-19 patients were compared with 28 unexposed healthy controls. Regarding B lymphocyte subsets, levels of IgA + CD27+, IgG + CD27+, IgM + CD27− and switched B cells were significantly reduced at the last follow-up compared to unexposed healthy controls (UHC). Of the 106 COVID-19 patients, 56 were clinically classified as featuring PCC. Significant differences between PCC and COVID-19 convalescents compared to UHC were observed in T helper cells and class-switched B cells. However, we did not detect specific or long-lasting immune cellular changes in PCC compared to the non-post-COVID-19 condition. Full article
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12 pages, 217 KiB  
Article
Disrupted Sensemaking—Understanding Family Experiences of Physical Restraints in ICU: A Phenomenological Approach in the Context of COVID-19
by Michele Flynch and Keville Frederickson
Healthcare 2024, 12(12), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121182 - 12 Jun 2024
Viewed by 946
Abstract
Background: The emergence of COVID-19 profoundly influenced the dynamics within intensive care units, significantly altering the patient–family experience. As the pandemic unfolded, the longstanding practice of using physical restraints for patient safety persisted, introducing new challenges in healthcare settings. This study explored the [...] Read more.
Background: The emergence of COVID-19 profoundly influenced the dynamics within intensive care units, significantly altering the patient–family experience. As the pandemic unfolded, the longstanding practice of using physical restraints for patient safety persisted, introducing new challenges in healthcare settings. This study explored the ramifications of these enduring safety measures on family members of ICU patients during the pandemic, illuminating their lived experiences and the psychological impact of seeing their loved ones restrained. Objectives: To explore family members’ lived experiences with physical restraints in the ICU during COVID-19 and inform improvements in patient-centered care. Methods: Utilizing hermeneutic phenomenology, the study engaged ten family members in detailed interviews to gain an understanding of their experiences with ICU physical restraints during COVID-19. Conducted at a northeastern U.S. hospital, the collected narratives underwent thematic analysis within a sensemaking framework, yielding a profound understanding of family perspectives. Results: Family members faced challenges in understanding and coping with physical restraints, revealing a need for improved healthcare system support for family sensemaking and well-being. Conclusions: The study advocates integrating empathetic communication and family engagement into ICU care practices, underlining the importance of sensemaking during healthcare crises. Full article
12 pages, 246 KiB  
Article
FOT Technique Applied for Monitoring of COVID-19 Pneumonia Reveals Small Airways Involvement
by Immanuels Taivans, Laura Grima, Normunds Jurka, Ligita Zvaigzne, Valentina Gordjušina and Gunta Strazda
Diagnostics 2024, 14(11), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111160 - 31 May 2024
Viewed by 629
Abstract
The fact that some SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients benefit from changing body position, and some from continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP), indicates the functional character of hypoxia. We hypothesize that such effects could be explained by the closure of small airways. To prove the [...] Read more.
The fact that some SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients benefit from changing body position, and some from continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP), indicates the functional character of hypoxia. We hypothesize that such effects could be explained by the closure of small airways. To prove the hypothesis, we evaluated the patency of small airways in 30 oxygen-dependent, spontaneously breathing patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia during their hospital stay using the FOT method and then compared the results with data obtained three months later. During the acute period, total resistance (R5) and peripheral resistance (R5-20) rose above the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 28% and 50% of all patients, respectively. Reactance indices X5, AX and Fres exceeded ULN in 55%, 68% and 66% of cases. Significant correlations were observed between PaO2/FiO2, the time spent in the hospital and R5, X5, AX and Fres. After 3 months, 18 patients were re-examined. During the hospital stay, 11 of them had risen above the upper limit of normal (ULN), for both resistance (R5-20) and reactance (X5, AX) values. Three months later, ULN for R5-20 was exceeded in only four individuals, but ULN for X5 and AX was exceeded in five individuals. Lung function examination revealed a combined restrictive/obstructive ventilatory failure and reduced CO transfer factor. We interpret these changes as lung tissue remodeling due to the process of fibrosis. We conclude that during acute period of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, dilated pulmonary blood vessels and parenchymal oedema induce functional closure of small airways, which in turn induce atelectasis with pulmonary right-to-left shunting, followed by the resulting hypoxemia. Full article
13 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
Snapshot of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in COVID-19 Recovered Patients in Guinea
by Solène Grayo, Houlou Sagno, Oumar Diassy, Jean-Baptiste Zogbelemou, Sia Jeanne Kondabo, Marilyn Houndekon, Koussay Dellagi, Inès Vigan-Womas, Samia Rourou, Wafa Ben Hamouda, Chaouki Benabdessalem, Melika Ben Ahmed and Noël Tordo
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2965; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102965 - 17 May 2024
Viewed by 1159
Abstract
Background: Because the regular vaccine campaign started in Guinea one year after the COVID-19 index case, the profile of naturally acquired immunity following primary SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be deepened. Methods: Blood samples were collected once from 200 patients (90% of African [...] Read more.
Background: Because the regular vaccine campaign started in Guinea one year after the COVID-19 index case, the profile of naturally acquired immunity following primary SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be deepened. Methods: Blood samples were collected once from 200 patients (90% of African extraction) who were recovered from COVID-19 for at least ~2.4 months (72 days), and their sera were tested for IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 using an in-house ELISA assay against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike1 protein (RBD/S1-IH kit). Results: Results revealed that 73% of sera (146/200) were positive for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 with an Optical Density (OD) ranging from 0.13 to 1.19 and a median value of 0.56 (IC95: 0.51–0.61). The median OD value at 3 months (1.040) suddenly decreased thereafter and remained stable around OD 0.5 until 15 months post-infection. The OD median value was slightly higher in males compared to females (0.62 vs. 0.49), but the difference was not statistically significant (p-value: 0.073). In contrast, the OD median value was significantly higher among the 60–100 age group (0.87) compared to other groups, with a noteworthy odds ratio compared to the 0–20 age group (OR: 9.69, p-value: 0.044*). Results from the RBD/S1-IH ELISA kit demonstrated superior concordance with the whole spike1 protein ELISA commercial kit compared to a nucleoprotein ELISA commercial kit. Furthermore, anti-spike1 protein ELISAs (whole spike1 and RBD/S1) revealed higher seropositivity rates. Conclusions: These findings underscore the necessity for additional insights into naturally acquired immunity against COVID-19 and emphasize the relevance of specific ELISA kits for accurate seropositivity rates Full article
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9 pages, 231 KiB  
Essay
The Scabbard of Excalibur: An Allegory on the Role of an Efficient and Effective Healthcare System under Universal Health Coverage during the Pandemic Response
by Hiroyuki Noda
Healthcare 2024, 12(10), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12100979 - 9 May 2024
Viewed by 925
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, while some countries succeeded in reducing their rate of death after SARS-CoV-2 infection via vaccination by the end of 2021, some of them also faced hospital capacity strain, leading to social anxiety about delays in the diagnosis and treatment [...] Read more.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, while some countries succeeded in reducing their rate of death after SARS-CoV-2 infection via vaccination by the end of 2021, some of them also faced hospital capacity strain, leading to social anxiety about delays in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with other diseases. This essay presents an allegory to explain the situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through an allegory and Le Morte d’Arthur (Arthur’s Death), this essay indicates that “the scabbard of Excalibur” that we are looking for is an efficient and effective healthcare system that can diagnose patients who might become severely ill due to COVID-19 and to treat them without hospital capacity strain. In Le Morte d’Arthur, the scabbard of Excalibur was lost, and we have not been able to find any alternatives to end the COVID-19 pandemic. We can choose a future in which “the scabbard of Excalibur” exists, providing a different ending for the next pandemic. Full article
16 pages, 4250 KiB  
Article
Pulmonary Function, Computed Tomography Lung Abnormalities, and Small Airway Disease after COVID-19: 3-, 6-, and 9-Month Follow-Up
by Krzysztof Kłos, Dominika Jaskóła-Polkowska, Katarzyna Plewka-Barcik, Renata Rożyńska, Ewa Pietruszka-Wałęka, Magdalena Żabicka, Marta Kania-Pudło, Artur Maliborski, Katarzyna Plicht, Grzegorz Angielski, Andrzej Wojtyszek, Karina Jahnz-Różyk and Andrzej Chciałowski
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102733 - 7 May 2024
Viewed by 1048
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course may differ among individuals—in particular, those with comorbidities may have severe pneumonia, requiring oxygen supplementation or mechanical ventilation. Post-COVID-19 long-term structural changes in imaging studies can contribute to persistent respiratory disturbance. This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course may differ among individuals—in particular, those with comorbidities may have severe pneumonia, requiring oxygen supplementation or mechanical ventilation. Post-COVID-19 long-term structural changes in imaging studies can contribute to persistent respiratory disturbance. This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 sequels affecting the possibility of persistent structural lung tissue abnormalities and their influence on the respiratory function of peripheral airways and gas transfer. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups according to severity grades described by the World Health Organization. Among the 176 hospitalized patients were 154 patients with mask oxygen supplementation and 22 patients with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) or mechanical ventilation. All tests were performed at 3, 6, and 9 months post-hospitalization. Results: Patients in the severe/critical group had lower lung volumes in FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1%, LC, TLC%, and DLCO% at three months post-hospitalization. At 6 and 9 months, neither group had significant FVC and FEV1 value improvements. The MEF 25–75 values were not significantly higher in the mild/moderate group than in the severe/critical group at three months. There were weak significant correlations between FVC and FEV1, MEF50, MEF 75, plethysmography TLC, disturbances in DLCO, and total CT abnormalities in the severe/critical group at three months. In a mild/moderate group, there was a significant negative correlation between the spirometry, plethysmography parameters, and CT lesions in all periods. Conclusions: Persistent respiratory symptoms post-COVID-19 can result from fibrotic lung parenchyma and post-infectious stenotic small airway changes not visible in CT, probably due to persistent inflammation. Full article
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27 pages, 571 KiB  
Review
Narrative Review Explaining the Role of HLA-A, -B, and -C Molecules in COVID-19 Disease in and around Africa
by Lisa Naidoo, Thilona Arumugam and Veron Ramsuran
Infect. Dis. Rep. 2024, 16(2), 380-406; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16020029 - 18 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has left a devasting effect on various regions globally. Africa has exceptionally high rates of other infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, and was not impacted by COVID-19 to the extent of [...] Read more.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has left a devasting effect on various regions globally. Africa has exceptionally high rates of other infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, and was not impacted by COVID-19 to the extent of other continents Globally, COVID-19 has caused approximately 7 million deaths and 700 million infections thus far. COVID-19 disease severity and susceptibility vary among individuals and populations, which could be attributed to various factors, including the viral strain, host genetics, environment, lifespan, and co-existing conditions. Host genetics play a substantial part in COVID-19 disease severity among individuals. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) was previously been shown to be very important across host immune responses against viruses. HLA has been a widely studied gene region for various disease associations that have been identified. HLA proteins present peptides to the cytotoxic lymphocytes, which causes an immune response to kill infected cells. The HLA molecule serves as the central region for infectious disease association; therefore, we expect HLA disease association with COVID-19. Therefore, in this narrative review, we look at the HLA gene region, particularly, HLA class I, to understand its role in COVID-19 disease. Full article
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11 pages, 1865 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies for Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Immunization
by Heng Zhao, Guorun Jiang, Cong Li, Yanchun Che, Runxiang Long, Jing Pu, Ying Zhang, Dandan Li, Yun Liao, Li Yu, Yong Zhao, Mei Yuan, Yadong Li, Shengtao Fan, Longding Liu and Qihan Li
Diseases 2024, 12(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12040067 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1558
Abstract
The circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant presents an ongoing challenge for surveillance and detection. It is important to establish an assay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Numerous studies have demonstrated that binding antibodies (such as S-IgG and N-IgG) and [...] Read more.
The circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant presents an ongoing challenge for surveillance and detection. It is important to establish an assay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Numerous studies have demonstrated that binding antibodies (such as S-IgG and N-IgG) and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) can be detected in vaccinated individuals. However, it is still unclear how to evaluate the consistency and correlation between binding antibodies and Nabs induced by inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, serum samples from humans, rhesus macaques, and hamsters immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were analyzed for S-IgG, N-IgG, and Nabs. The results showed that the titer and seroconversion rate of S-IgG were significantly higher than those of N-IgG. The correlation between S-IgG and Nabs was higher compared to that of N-IgG. Based on this analysis, we further investigated the titer thresholds of S-IgG and N-IgG in predicting the seroconversion of Nabs. According to the threshold, we can quickly determine the positive and negative effects of the SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralizing antibody in individuals. These findings suggest that the S-IgG antibody is a better supplement to and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunization. Full article
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11 pages, 665 KiB  
Article
Delayed Antibody Response in the Acute Phase of Infection Is Associated with a Lower Mental Component of Quality of Life in Survivors of Severe and Critical COVID-19
by Mohammad Mahmud Otman Dababseh, Peter Sabaka, Oľga Duraníková, Simona Horváthová, Peter Valkovič, Igor Straka, Anna Nagyová, Vladimír Boža, Marián Kravec, Ján Jurenka, Alena Koščálová, Peter Mihalov, Eliška Marešová, Matej Bendžala, Alice Kušnírová and Igor Stankovič
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071938 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1046
Abstract
Background: The long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affects quality of life (QoL) in disease survivors. Delayed development of the adaptive immune response is associated with more severe disease and a worse prognosis in COVID-19. The effects of delayed immune response [...] Read more.
Background: The long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affects quality of life (QoL) in disease survivors. Delayed development of the adaptive immune response is associated with more severe disease and a worse prognosis in COVID-19. The effects of delayed immune response on COVID-19 sequelae and QoL are unknown. Methods: We conducted a prospective study to assess the relationship between the delayed antibody response in the acute phase of infection in naïve unvaccinated patients suffering from severe or critical COVID-19 and their QoL 12 months after hospital discharge. The 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) questionnaire was used for assessment of QoL. The SF-12 evaluates both mental and physical components of QoL, incorporating a mental component score (MCS-12) and a physical component score (PCS-12). A delayed antibody response was defined as testing negative for anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the time of hospital admission. Results: The study included 274 patients (154 men and 120 women). Of the enrolled patients, 144 had a delayed immune response. These patients had a significantly lower MCS-12 (p = 0.002), but PCS-12 (p = 0.397) was not significantly different at the 12-month follow-up compared to patients with positive anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The MCS-12 at the time of follow-up was negatively associated with delayed antibody response irrespective of possible confounders (p = 0.006; B = 3.609; ηp2 = 0.035; 95% CI = 1.069–6.150). An MSC-12 below 50 points at the time of follow-up was positively associated with delayed antibody response (p = 0.001; B = 1.092; OR = 2.979; 95% CI = 1.554–5.711). Conclusions: This study confirmed that, in patients with severe and critical COVID-19, a negative result for anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the time of hospital admission is associated with a lower mental component of QoL in unvaccinated patients naïve to COVID-19 one year after hospital discharge. Full article
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12 pages, 2204 KiB  
Article
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Biomarker in Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
by Karol Żmudka, Alicja Gałeczka-Turkiewicz, Aleksandra Wroniecka, Aleksandra Włosowicz, Barbara Sobala-Szczygieł, Jolanta Mrochem-Kwarciak, Zenon P. Czuba and Jerzy Jaroszewicz
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071851 - 23 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1226
Abstract
Background: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is part of the innate immune system and acute-phase protein. Current data state that acute COVID-19 patients have higher levels of serum NGAL (sNGAL), but it is not known if higher protein levels are maintained in the [...] Read more.
Background: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is part of the innate immune system and acute-phase protein. Current data state that acute COVID-19 patients have higher levels of serum NGAL (sNGAL), but it is not known if higher protein levels are maintained in the convalescents. As post-COVID complications are currently the most important aspect of the disease, further research into metabolic and immunological consequences of the disease is needed. Methods: We aimed to determine the levels of sNGAL in a patient population 3 months after the acute phase of the disease and to identify the factors that may be related to the elevation of sNGAL levels in the mentioned cohort. The study included 146 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in different stages of the disease. Three months after COVID-19 diagnosis, patients’ sera were sampled and tested. Results: We demonstrate an association between the severity of the disease in the acute phase and elevated sNGAL levels three months after recovery, with the exception of the most severe hospitalized patients, who received early treatment. Moreover, we establish that sNGAL levels could be associated with prolonged dyspnea and the regulation of hunger and satiety in COVID-19 convalescents. Conclusions: These observations support the view that the introduction of antiviral treatment, steroids, and intense oxygen therapy reduces post-COVID immune-associated complications. Full article
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16 pages, 7293 KiB  
Article
Isolated Depo-Medrol Administration under Tenon’s Capsule for Post-COVID-19 Uveitis in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review
by Monika Modrzejewska, Joanna Cyrankiewicz, Oliwia Zdanowska and Wiktoria Bosy-Gąsior
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(5), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051341 - 27 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1224
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can manifest with ocular symptoms. These symptoms can be divided into isolated events attributed to COVID-19, and those occurring in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a newly diagnosed disease entity associated with COVID-19 infection. Currently, the literature lacks [...] Read more.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can manifest with ocular symptoms. These symptoms can be divided into isolated events attributed to COVID-19, and those occurring in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a newly diagnosed disease entity associated with COVID-19 infection. Currently, the literature lacks specific guidelines and treatment regimens for COVID-19 ocular symptoms, especially in children. The authors present the case of a 14-and-a-half-year-old boy with bilateral uveitis of the anterior and posterior segments along with vasculitis and optic neuritis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The authors also perform an up-to-date review of all available publications on the treatment of post-COVID-19 uveitis in children described in the literature between 2020 and 2023. In the case described by the authors, the treatment involved a Depo-Medrol 40 mg/mL injection uder the Tenon capsule, with two subconjunctival injections of epinephrine, topical steroid therapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: dexamethasone 0.1%; diclofenac eye drops. In addition, acetylsalicylic acid (150 mg) and pentoxifylline (100 mg, orally) were administered throughout the course of the disease as well as up to 12 months after its termination, until a complete improvement in visual acuity and the withdrawal of ocular lesions were achieved. It can be assumed that this type of treatment is far more beneficial for pediatric patients, with an effect comparable to systemic steroid administration with a preserved improvement in retinal-vascular circulation, without exposing the child to systemic post-steroid complications. Full article
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13 pages, 989 KiB  
Article
Persistence of Diffusion Capacity Impairment and Its Relationship with Dyspnea 12 Months after Hospitalization for COVID-19
by Alice Kang, Binaya Regmi, Christian Cornelissen, Judith Smith, Ayham Daher, Michael Dreher and Jens Spiesshoefer
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(5), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051234 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1190
Abstract
Background: Dyspnea is a common persistent symptom after acute coronavirus disease 2019 illness (COVID-19). One potential explanation for post-COVID-19 dyspnea is a reduction in diffusion capacity. This longitudinal study investigated diffusion capacity and its relationship with dyspnea on exertion in individuals previously [...] Read more.
Background: Dyspnea is a common persistent symptom after acute coronavirus disease 2019 illness (COVID-19). One potential explanation for post-COVID-19 dyspnea is a reduction in diffusion capacity. This longitudinal study investigated diffusion capacity and its relationship with dyspnea on exertion in individuals previously hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods: Eligible participants had been hospitalized for the treatment of acute COVID-19 and were assessed at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after discharge. Pulmonary function testing, diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), blood gas analysis and the level of dyspnea (Borg scale; before and after a 6 min walk test [6 MWT]) were performed. Participants were divided into subgroups based on the presence or absence of dyspnea during the 6 MWT at 12 months after hospitalization. Results: Seventy-two participants (twenty-two female, mean age 59.8 ± 13.5 years) were included. At 12 months after discharge, 41/72 participants (57%) had DLCO below the lower limit of normal and 56/72 (78%) had DLCO < 80% of the predicted value. Individuals with exertional dyspnea had significantly lower DLCO than those without exertional dyspnea (p = 0.001). In participants with DLCO data being available at three timepoints over 12 months (baseline, 6 months, and 12 months) after discharge (n = 25), DLCO improved between 6 weeks and 6 months after hospital discharge, but not thereafter (p = 0.017). Conclusions: About 2/3 of the post-COVID individuals in this study had impaired diffusion capacity at 12 months after hospital discharge. There was an association between persisting dyspnea on exertion and significantly reduced DLCO. Impaired diffusion capacity improved over the first 6 months after hospitalization but not thereafter. Full article
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12 pages, 558 KiB  
Article
Gender-Related Effectiveness of Personalized Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation
by Alicja Rzepka-Cholasińska, Jakub Ratajczak, Piotr Michalski, Michał Kasprzak, Agata Kosobucka-Ozdoba, Łukasz Pietrzykowski, Klaudyna Grzelakowska, Jacek Kubica, Jacek Kryś and Aldona Kubica
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040938 - 6 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1032
Abstract
Background: Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) may affect a substantial proportion of patients who have had COVID-19. The rehabilitation program might improve the physical capacity, functioning of the cardiopulmonary system, and mental conditions of these patients. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of personalized [...] Read more.
Background: Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) may affect a substantial proportion of patients who have had COVID-19. The rehabilitation program might improve the physical capacity, functioning of the cardiopulmonary system, and mental conditions of these patients. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of personalized rehabilitation in patients with PCS according to gender. Methods: Adults who underwent a 6-week personalized PCS rehabilitation program were enrolled in a prospective post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation (PCR-SIRIO 8) study. The initial visit and the final visit included the hand-grip strength test, the bioimpedance analysis of body composition, and the following scales: modified Borg’s scale, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), Functioning in Chronic Illness Scale (FCIS), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale, and tests: 30 s chair stand test (30 CST), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB)e. Results: A total of 90 patients (54% female) underwent the rehabilitation program. Rehabilitation was associated with an increase in skeletal muscle mass (24.11 kg vs. 24.37 kg, p = 0.001) and phase angle (4.89° vs. 5.01°, p = 0.001) and with a reduction in abdominal fat tissue volume (3.03 L vs. 2.85 L, p = 0.01), waist circumference (0.96 m vs. 0.95 m, p = 0.001), and hydration level (83.54% vs. 82.72%, p = 0.001). A decrease in fat tissue volume and an increase in skeletal muscle mass were observed only in females, while an increase in grip strength was noticed selectively in males. Patients’ fatigue (modified Borg’s scale, MFIS), physical capacity (30 CST, 6MWT), balance (SPPB), dyspnea (mMRC), and functioning (FICS) were significantly improved after the rehabilitation regardless of gender. Conclusions: Personalized rehabilitation improved the body composition, muscle strength, and functioning of patients diagnosed with PCS. The beneficial effect of rehabilitation on body composition, hydration, and phase angle was observed regardless of gender. Full article
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11 pages, 1489 KiB  
Article
A Simple Risk Formula for the Prediction of COVID-19 Hospital Mortality
by Jiří Plášek, Jozef Dodulík, Petr Gai, Barbora Hrstková, Jan Škrha, Jr., Lukáš Zlatohlávek, Renata Vlasáková, Peter Danko, Petr Ondráček, Eva Čubová, Bronislav Čapek, Marie Kollárová, Tomáš Fürst and Jan Václavík
Infect. Dis. Rep. 2024, 16(1), 105-115; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16010008 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1329
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. We aimed to assess the risk factors for hospital mortality in non-vaccinated patients during the 2021 spring wave in the Czech Republic. A total of 991 patients hospitalized between January [...] Read more.
SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. We aimed to assess the risk factors for hospital mortality in non-vaccinated patients during the 2021 spring wave in the Czech Republic. A total of 991 patients hospitalized between January 2021 and March 2021 with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory infection in two university hospitals and five rural hospitals were included in this analysis. After excluding patients with unknown outcomes, 790 patients entered the final analyses. Out of 790 patients included in the analysis, 282/790 (35.7%) patients died in the hospital; 162/790 (20.5) were male and 120/790 (15.2%) were female. There were 141/790 (18%) patients with mild, 461/790 (58.3%) with moderate, and 187/790 (23.7%) with severe courses of the disease based mainly on the oxygenation status. The best-performing multivariate regression model contains only two predictors—age and the patient’s state; both predictors were rendered significant (p < 0.0001). Both age and disease state are very significant predictors of hospital mortality. An increase in age by 10 years raises the risk of hospital mortality by a factor of 2.5, and a unit increase in the oxygenation status raises the risk of hospital mortality by a factor of 20. Full article
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12 pages, 638 KiB  
Article
Predictors of Long-COVID and Chronic Impairment of Exercise Tolerance in Spiroergometry in Patients after 15 Months of COVID-19 Recovery
by Katarzyna Gryglewska-Wawrzak, Agata Sakowicz, Maciej Banach and Agata Bielecka-Dabrowa
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(24), 7689; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12247689 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1315
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to identify factors that may cause the presence of long COVID and to assess factors that affect chronic limited exercise tolerance in spiroergometry after one-year follow-up in patients who had recovered from COVID-19. Methods: Of 146 [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of the study was to identify factors that may cause the presence of long COVID and to assess factors that affect chronic limited exercise tolerance in spiroergometry after one-year follow-up in patients who had recovered from COVID-19. Methods: Of 146 patients hospitalised in the Cardiology Department, 82 completed a one-year follow-up (at least 15 months post-COVID-19 recovery). We compared their conditions at initial screening and follow-up to analyse the course of long COVID and exercise intolerance mechanisms. Clinical examinations, laboratory tests, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and body composition analysis were performed. Results: The patients, after one-year follow-up, had significantly higher levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) (p = 0.03), left atrium diameter (LA) (p = 0.03), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (p = 0.008), and total body water content percentage (TBW%) (p < 0.0001) compared to the 3-month assessment. They also had lower forced vital capacity in litres (FVC) (p = 0.02) and percentage (FVC%) (p = 0.001). The factors independently associated with a decline in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) after one-year follow-up included the percentage of fat (OR 2.16, 95% CI: 0.51–0.77; p = 0.03), end-diastolic volume (EDV) (OR 2.38, 95% CI 0.53–0.78; p = 0.02), and end-systolic volume (ESV) (OR 2.3, 95% CI: 0.52–0.78; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Higher left ventricular volumes and fat content (%) were associated with a reduced peak VO2max when assessed 15 months after COVID-19 recovery. Full article
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11 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Tracheostomy between COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Patients
by Sung Ha Jung, Joo Hyun Park, HeeJun Yi, Heejung Kim, Gil Joon Lee and Nayeon Choi
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(23), 7461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237461 - 1 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1010
Abstract
Background and Objectives: We compared decannulation-related factors between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients who underwent tracheostomy. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent a tracheostomy. The clinical factors were compared between the successful (decannulation within 3 months) and failed [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: We compared decannulation-related factors between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients who underwent tracheostomy. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent a tracheostomy. The clinical factors were compared between the successful (decannulation within 3 months) and failed decannulation (decannulation over 3 months) groups in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Results: The successful decannulation rates were 41.1% in COVID-19 and 45.1% in non-COVID-19 patients, with no significant differences in demographic and clinical factors between the two groups. In the non-COVID-19 patients, the failed decannulation group had a higher proportion of cerebrovascular and pulmonary diseases. Ventilator dependency or increased oxygen demand was the primary cause of decannulation failure in both groups, with no significant differences except for a higher prevalence of swallowing problems in the COVID-19 group (42.4% vs. 20.0%). Conclusions: The predominant cause of decannulation failure was ventilator and oxygen demand in both the non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients. In the non-COVID-19 patients, underlying cerebrovascular diseases were considered to have a significant impact on the decannulation process. On the other hand, swallowing problems significantly influenced decannulation among the COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we should consider early and active respiratory and swallowing rehabilitation to facilitate successful decannulation in COVID-19 patients. Full article
10 pages, 539 KiB  
Case Report
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome in Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and a Literature Review
by Wissam Al Rida Ayoub, Dina Lizzeik, Jana Berro, Sami Faddoul, Mohamad El Dassouki, Abdul Rahman Shatila, Moussa A. Chalah and Samar S. Ayache
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(23), 7407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237407 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1596
Abstract
(1) Background: COVID-19 infection has affected almost 6 million people worldwide. Geniculate Ganglion Zoster resulting in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (RHS) has been rarely described in this context. (2) Methods: Here, a case of RHS in the context of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection is reported [...] Read more.
(1) Background: COVID-19 infection has affected almost 6 million people worldwide. Geniculate Ganglion Zoster resulting in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (RHS) has been rarely described in this context. (2) Methods: Here, a case of RHS in the context of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection is reported followed by a literature review of the previously published cases (PubMed research combining “COVID-19” and “Ramsay Hunt Syndrome” or their abbreviations/synonyms, searching for data published at any time till October 2023). (3) Results: Five cases have been previously published (age range: 25–67 years; n = 3 males). Three patients were known to be immunocompetent prior to infection, one was receiving corticotherapy for lung disease, and one had an unspecified immune status. RHS predominantly involved both facial and vestibulocochlear nerves, with one case exclusively involving the facial nerve as the presented case. Regarding facial nerve palsy, three were right-sided (like the current report) and two were left-sided. Two cases were asymptomatic to COVID-19 (like the present patient), one had mild fatigue, and two had classical COVID-19 symptoms preceding RHS symptoms. Workup included serological testing against Varicella Zoster Virus and PCR assays that can detect the viral DNA in saliva, blood, tears, exudates, and cerebrospinal fluid. The treatment combined antiviral and corticosteroid therapies which yielded heterogeneous outcomes that might be related to some demographic and clinical data. (4) Conclusions: RHS rarely occurs in the context of COVID-19. Early recognition is important. Management seems to be similar to the classical condition. Some data may help predict facial nerve recovery. Full article
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15 pages, 696 KiB  
Article
Patterns of Opioid and Non-Opioid Analgesic Consumption in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Conditions
by Pilar Carrasco-Garrido, Domingo Palacios-Ceña, Valentín Hernández-Barrera, Isabel Jiménez-Trujillo, Carmen Gallardo-Pino and Cesar Fernández-de-las-Peñas
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(20), 6586; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206586 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Pain is a major health issue for healthcare systems, and access to pain treatment is a fundamental human right. Pain is a common symptom experienced in the post-COVID phase by a significant percentage of patients. This study describes the prevalence and associated factors [...] Read more.
Pain is a major health issue for healthcare systems, and access to pain treatment is a fundamental human right. Pain is a common symptom experienced in the post-COVID phase by a significant percentage of patients. This study describes the prevalence and associated factors associated with the use of opioid and non-opioid analgesics in subjects with post-COVID-19 condition. Sociodemographic data, post-COVID symptoms, health profile, and opioid and non-opioid analgesic consumption were collected in 390 subjects with post-COVID-19 condition. We analyzed the independent effect of all variables on opioid/non-opioid analgesic consumption by using logistic multivariate regressions. The prevalence of opioid and non-opioid analgesic consumption was 24.1% and 82.3%, respectively. Tramadol (17.18%) and codeine (7.95%) were the most commonly used opioid analgesics, and Paracetamol (70%) and ibuprofen (45.4%) were the most commonly used non-opioid analgesics. Females were more likely to consume non-opioid analgesics (aOR2.20, 95%CI 1.15, 4.22) than males. Marital status of married/partner vs. single (aOR2.96; 95% CI 1.43, 6.12), monthly income < EUR 1000 VS. > EUR 2000 (aOR3.81; 95% CI 1.37, 10.61), number of post-COVID symptoms < 5 (aOR2.64, 95%CI 1.18, 5.87), and anxiolytics consumption (aOR 1.85, 95%CI 1.05, 3.25) were associated with a greater likelihood of opioid analgesic consumption. Age > 55 years (aOR3.30, 95%CI 1.34, 8.09) and anxiolytics consumption (aOR2.61, 95%CI 1.36, 4.98) were associated with a greater likelihood of non-opioid analgesic consumption. Opioid analgesic consumption was highly associated (aOR 3.41, 95%CI 1.27, 6.11) with non-opioid analgesic consumption. The prevalence of opioid analgesic and non-opioid analgesic consumption in individuals with post-COVID-19 condition was 24.1% and 82.3%. Females with post-COVID-19 condition showed higher non-opioid analgesic consumption than men. Predictors of opioid consumption were marital status, lower monthly income, number of post-COVID symptoms, and anxiolytic consumption. Older age and anxiolytic consumption were predictors of non-opioid consumption. Full article
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