Narrative Review Explaining the Role of HLA-A, -B, and -C Molecules in COVID-19 Disease in and around Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Selection Criteria
3. The Role of HLA in COVID-19
3.1. HLA-A
3.2. HLA-B
3.3. HLA-C
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Ethnicity | Effect/Association | No. of Samples | p Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HLA-A | |||||
HLA-A*01 | Mexican | Risk of fatal COVID-19 | 146 111 COVID-19-infected individuals and 35 controls | Pc = 0.03 | [35] |
Spain | Associated with higher mortality | 3886 | Apache p = 0.04 or sofa p = 0.02 | [36] | |
West Indian | Prevalent in controls than COVID-19 patients | 228 controls, 235 COVID-19 patients | p = 0.011 | [37] | |
HLA-A*01:01 | Russian | Protective against severe COVID-19 | 100 pneumonia caused by COVID-19 patients and 100 controls | p = 0.009 | [38] |
HLA-A*02 | UK (Manchester and Leeds) | Might cause a protective effect or effective immune response against COVID-19 Protective against susceptibility and mortality | 80 COVID-19-infected individuals 308 wait-listed renal transplants 10,000 deceased | p = 0.0179 Insignificant after correction | [39] |
West Indian | Prevalent among COVID-19-infected individuals of varying severity | 228 controls, 235 COVID-19 patients | p < 0.001 | [37] | |
HLA-A*02:01 | German | Associated with symptomatic COVID-19 | 6919 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.03 | [40] |
Japanese | Low COVID-19 risk. | 1336 | [41] | ||
19 countries | Increased risk of COVID susceptibility and mortality. | p = 0.20 | [42] | ||
HLA-A*02:05 | German | Associated with the risk of severe respiratory infection | 6919 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.04 | [40] |
HLA-A*26 | Manchester and Leeds | Increased in patients than in controls | 80 COVID-19-infected individuals, 308 wait-listed renal transplants, 10,000 deceased donors | p = 0.0049 | [39] |
HLA-A*02:06 | Asia, North America, Europe, Oceania | 6421 sequences | [41] | ||
HLA-A*03 | Prevalent in COVID-19 patients. | p = 0.047 | |||
Iranian | Associated with risk | 142 COVID-19-infected individuals and 143 controls | p = 0.0025 | [43] | |
HLA-A*03:01 | Low COVID-19 risk | [44] | |||
HLA-A*11 | Spain | Higher mortality Increased frequency in deceased than in survivors | 3886 | SOFA (p = 0.04) APACHE (p = 0.02) p = 0.051 | [36] |
Chinese | Possibly confers susceptibility in SARS-CoV-2 infection. | 332 patients | p = 8.5 × 10−3 | [45] | |
HLA-A*11:01 | Japanese | Severe disease, hospitalization, and mortality COVID-19 severity Protective against COVID-19 susceptibility and mortality | 190 | p = 3.34 × 10−3 p = 0.013 p = 0.0078 | [46] |
Albany, NY, USA | Increased risk of hospitalization | 100 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 26 controls | p = 0.0078 | [47] | |
Spanish | COVID-19 severity | 5943 controls 9373 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.033 | [48] | |
HLA-A*23:01 | Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | ||
HLA-A*24 | Iranian | 48 severe COVID-19 cases | p = 0.003 | ||
HLA-A*24:02 | Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | ||
Ecuadorians | Protection against severe COVID-19 | [50] | |||
HLA-A*24:02:01 | Chinese | Susceptibility | 5 | [51] | |
HLA-A*24:02 | Japanese | Worse COVID-19 outcomes | 1336 | [41] | |
HLA-A*26:01 | Russian | Worse COVID-19 outcome | 111 COVID-19-infected individuals and 428 controls | p = 0.0459 | [44] |
South Han Chinese | Associated with diabetes a risk factor for COVID-19 | 5 | [51] | ||
Russian | 111 | 0.0400 | |||
HLA-A*30:02 | African American | Increased COVID-19 susceptibility | 234 COVID-19 cases and 22,000 controls | p = 0.01 | [52] |
Albany, NY, USA | Enriched in COVID-19-positive individuals | 100 hospitalized COVID-19-infected individuals and 26 controls | (Exact test) p = 0.0417 | [47] | |
Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | |||
HLA-A*31:01 | Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | ||
HLA-A*32 | Spain | Higher in healthy controls than COVID-19 patients | 3886 | (p = 0.004) | [36] |
Iranian | Protection against COVID-19 | 143 controls and 142 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.0388 | [43] | |
HLA-A*68 | Iranian | Prevalent in COVID-19 | 48 severe COVID-19 and 500 controls | p = 0.001 | [53] |
Mexican | Protective against severe COVID-19 | 146 111 COVID-19-infected individuals and 35 controls | PC = 0.03 | [35] | |
HLA-A*68:01 | Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | ||
HLA-B | |||||
HLA-B*07 | 74 countries | Risk of mortality | p = 0.00081 Insignificant after multivariable regression | [54] | |
HLA-B*07:03 | Hong Kong | Disease | 90 | p = 0.00072 | [55] |
HLA-B*08 | Italians | Increased COVID-19 and death rate | HLA−A*01:01g−B*08:01g−C*07:01g−DRB1*03:01gG (p = 0.00042, p = 0.013) | [56] | |
HLA-B*08:01 | 74 countries | Increased COVID-19 and death rate | 104,135 | p = 0.047 (insignificant after multivariate regression with backward elimination) | [54] |
HLA-B*08:01 | 209 populations | 420 HLA-B alleles | <0.0001 | [57] | |
HLA-B*14 | Italians | Inversely associated with COVID-19 | 370,000 | p < 0.0001 | [58] |
HLA-B*14:02 | Chinese | Patients entering the severe stage. | 332 | p = 3 × 10−3 | [59] |
HLA-B*15 | West Indian | Protection against COVID-19 | 228 controls, 235 COVID-19 patients | p = 0.008 | [37] |
Egyptian | Protection | 69 | p < 0.001 | [60] | |
HLA-B*15:03 | Protective against COVID-19 | [61] | |||
HLA-B*15:01 | 805 district populations from 101 countries | Positively associated with COVID-19 | [62] | ||
Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 | [63] | ||||
HLA-B1527 | Chinese | More frequent in COVID19-infected individuals than in healthy controls | 82 | p = 0.001 | [59] |
HLA-B*18 | Italians | Inversely associated with COVID-19 | 370,000 and additional 120,926 individuals | p < 0.0001 | [58] |
HLA-B*18:01 | Italian | Protects against COVID-19 incidence and mortality | HLA-A*02.01g-B*18.01g-C*07.01g-DRB1*11.04g (p = 0.0053, p = 0.034) | [56] | |
Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | |||
HLA-B*22 | Chinese | SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility | 190 COVID-19-infected individuals and 294 controls | p = 0.032 | [64] |
HLA-B*27 | Chinese | More prevalent among controls than COVID-19 patients Susceptibility and resistance to all SARS-CoV-2 strains | 190 COVID-19-infected individuals and 294 controls | p = 0.068 | [64] |
HLA-B*35 | United Arab Emirates (15 nationalities) | Severe COVID-19 | 92 patients | p = 0.0051 | [65] |
South Asian | Severe COVID-19 | ||||
HLA-B*37:01 | Russia | Associated with deceased COVID-19 individuals | 111 COVID-19-infected individuals and 428 controls | p = 0.0331 | [44] |
HLA-B*38 | Iranian | Disease susceptibility | 48 severe cases of COVID-19 | p < 0.001 | [53] |
HLA-B*39 | Spain | Higher COVID-19 rates | 72 infected out of 3886 | p = 0.02 | [62] |
Ecuadorian | Associated with COVID-19 risk | 52 COVID-19-infected individuals and 87 controls | [50] | ||
HLA-B*41 | Egyptian | Associated with severe COVID-19 | 69 | [60] | |
HLA-B*44 | Italian | High risk for COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and mortality in population-based studies. | 182 patients, 619 controls | p = 0.175 | [66] |
74 countries | Risk of mortality | p = 0.0022 (insignificant after multivariable regression) | [54] | ||
UK (Manchester and Leeds) | Protective effect | 10,000 deceased donors, 308 wait-listed renal patients, and 80 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.0052 (did not remain significant after correction). | [39] | |
HLA-B*44:02 | 60 countries 209 populations | High risk for COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and mortality in population-based studies. | 420 Hla-b alleles | 0.0003 | [57] |
Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | |||
German | Associated with the risk of hospitalization | 6919 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.008 | ||
HLA-B*46:01 | Chinese, Vietnamese, Taiwan, Singaporean | Increased COVID-19 susceptibility | [67] | ||
Prevalent in mild COVID-19 | [68] | ||||
HLA-B*49 | Italians | Inversely associated with COVID-19 | 370,000 and additional 120,926 individuals | p < 0.0001 | [58] |
HLA-B*51 | South Asian | Fatal COVID-19 | [69] | ||
HLA-B*52:01 | African, European, Asian, Australian, Oceanian, American. | 158 and 374 typed samples | [70] | ||
HLA-B*54:01 | Six areas (Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Africa) | SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility | 158 and 374 typed samples | [70] | |
Protection against COVID-19 infection | 12,343 SARS-CoV-2 | p = 0.017 (insignificant after adjusted p = 0.45) | [71] | ||
HLA-B*55 | Iranian | Protection | 142 COVID-19 patients and 143 controls | p = 0.0033 | [43] |
HLA-B*55:01 | African, European, Asian, Australian, Oceanian, American. | SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility | 158 and 374 typed samples | [70] | |
HLA-B*55:07 | African, European, Asian, Australian, Oceanian, American. | SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility | 158 and 374 typed samples | [70] | |
HLA-B*55:12 | African, European, Asian, Australian, Oceanian, American. | SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility | 158 and 374 typed samples | [70] | |
HLA-B*51:01 | Chinese | Severe COVID-19 | 332 patients | p = 0.007 | [45] |
Brazilian | Protection against COVID-19 | [49] | |||
HLA-B*56:01 | African, European, Asian, Australian, Oceania, American. | SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility | 158 and 374 typed samples | [70] | |
Hong Kong Chinese | Associated with COVID-19 | 190 COVID-19 cases | p = 0.045 | [64] | |
HLA-B*56:04 | Hong Kong Chinese | Associated with COVID-19 | 190 COVID-19 cases | p = 0.029 | [64] |
HLA-B*58 | Iranian | Protection | 143 controls and 142 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.0376 | [43] |
74 countries | Risk of death | p = 0.0089 (insignificant after adjustment). | [54] | ||
HLA-B*58:01 | 209 populations | High risk for COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and mortality in population-based studies. | 0.0062 | [57] | |
Italian | Positively associated with COVID-19 | 99 patients | p = 0.01317 | [72] | |
HLA-C | |||||
HLA-C*01 | Prevalent in mild COVID-19 infection compared to severe COVID-19 | 228 controls, 235 COVID-19 patients | p = 0.004 | [37] | |
Italian | Permissive to SARS-CoV-2. More prevalent in the deceased than in survivors. | p = 0.09 | [36,58] | ||
HLA-C*03 | Italian | Positively associated with the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection | 370,000 individuals and an additional 120,926 individuals | p > 0.0001 | [58] |
Saudi | Increased COVID-19 severity | 136 COVID-19 patients | p = 0.047 | [69] | |
HLA-C*04:01 | Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States | Severe COVID-19 | 435 | p = 0.0074 | [73] |
Europeans | Severe COVID-19 | 619 controls and 182 infected individuals. | [74] | ||
Russian | Associated with COVID-19 susceptibility. | 12,139 | [75] | ||
Sardinian | Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection | 619 controls, 182 SARS-CoV-2 patients | p = 0.001 | [66] | |
Increased risk of COVID-19 | p = 0.005 | [76] | |||
Albany, NY, USA | Severe COVID-19 | 100 hospitalized COVID-19 infections and 26 controls | p = 0.0087 | [47] | |
Increased risk of hospitalization measured by days with ventilation | p = 0.0023 | ||||
United Arab Emirates (15 nationalities) | COVID-19 severity | 92 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.0077 | [65] | |
HLA-C*05 | Spain | Severe COVID-19 | 9373 COVID-19-infected individuals and 5943 controls | p = 0.045 | [48] |
74 countries | Risk of COVID-19 death | p = 0.000027 | [54] | ||
HLA-C*05:01 | Brazilian | COVID-19 protection | [49] | ||
HLA-C*06:02 | Manchester and Leeds | Worse COVID-19 disease outcome | 80 infected out of 308 | [39] | |
HLA-C*7 | Egyptian | Associated with protection from death | 69 COVID-19 patients | p = 0.001 | [60] |
HLA-C*07:01 | Sardinian | Negatively correlates with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and mortality | 619 controls, 182 SARS-CoV-2 patients | p = 0.0406 | [66] |
Brazilian | COVID-19 protection | [49,77] | |||
German | Decreased risk of symptomatic COVID-19 | 6919 COVID-19-infected individuals | p = 0.001 | [40] | |
HLA-C*07:29 | Chinese | Higher expression in COVID-19 patients than controls. | 82 | p = 0.001 | [59] |
HLA-C*08:02 | Sardinian | Increased susceptibility SARS-CoV-1 | 619 controls, 182 SARS-CoV-2 patients | HLA-A*30:02, HLA-B*14:02, and HLA-C*08:02 haplotypes (p = 0.0008) | [66] |
Brazilian | COVID-19 protection | [49] | |||
Spanish Mediterranean Caucasian | Mild COVID-19 | p = 0.0014 | [48] | ||
Spanish | Reduced risk of COVID-19 | 9373 COVID-19 positive cases and 5943 controls | p = 0.024 | [48] | |
HLA-C*12 | Manchester and Leeds | Prevalent in the control population | 80 COVID-19-infected, 308 wait-listed renal transplants (control), and 10,000 deceased donors (control) | p = 0.0286 | [39] |
Egyptian | Protection from death | 69 COVID-19 patients | p = 0.008 | [60] | |
HLA-C*12:02 | Han | High response against COVID-19 | 5 | [51] | |
HLA-C*12:03 | Spanish Mediterranean Caucasian | Mild COVID-19 compared to critical COVID-19 | 72 individuals, 24 COVID-19-infected individuals, and 48 hospitalized | p = 0.0001 | [78] |
HLA-C*14:02 | Chinese | Severe COVID-19 | 332 | p = 0.003 | [45] |
HLA-C*15:02 | Brazilian | COVID-19 protection | [49] | ||
HLA-C*16 | Egyptian | COVID-19 severity | 69 COVID-19 patients | [60] | |
Spain | Increased COVID-19 infection | 3886 | p = 0.02 | [36] | |
HLA-C*16:01 | Spanish Mediterranean Caucasian population | Associated more with mild COVID-19 when compared to critical than severe | 72 individuals, 24 COVID-19-infected individuals, and 48 hospitalized | p = 0.0014 | [78] |
HLA-C*17 | Egyptian | COVID-19 severity | 69 COVID-19 patients | [60] | |
HLA-C*17:01 | Brazilian | Associated with COVID-19 protection | [49,77] |
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Naidoo, L.; Arumugam, T.; Ramsuran, V. Narrative Review Explaining the Role of HLA-A, -B, and -C Molecules in COVID-19 Disease in and around Africa. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2024, 16, 380-406. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16020029
Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Narrative Review Explaining the Role of HLA-A, -B, and -C Molecules in COVID-19 Disease in and around Africa. Infectious Disease Reports. 2024; 16(2):380-406. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16020029
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaidoo, Lisa, Thilona Arumugam, and Veron Ramsuran. 2024. "Narrative Review Explaining the Role of HLA-A, -B, and -C Molecules in COVID-19 Disease in and around Africa" Infectious Disease Reports 16, no. 2: 380-406. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr16020029