Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Nano applnano	-	-	2020	25.4 Days	CHF 1000
Materials materials	3.1	5.8	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	4.4	8.5	2010	14.1 Days	CHF 2400
Polymers polymers	4.7	8.0	2009	14.5 Days	CHF 2700
Solids solids	2.4	3.4	2020	27.5 Days	CHF 1000
Molecules molecules	4.2	7.4	1996	15.1 Days	CHF 2700

12 pages, 3172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Rapid Thermal Annealing on the Characteristics of Micro Zn-Doped Ga₂O₃ Films by Using Mixed Atomic Layer Deposition

by Jiajia Tao, Xishun Jiang, Aijie Fan, Xianyu Hu, Ping Wang, Zuoru Dong and Yingjie Wu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070499 - 26 Mar 2025

Viewed by 221

Abstract

In this work, micro Zn-doped Ga₂O₃ films (GZO) were deposited by one-step mixed atomic layer deposition (ALD) followed by post-thermal engineering. The effects of Zn doping and post-annealing temperature on both structure characteristics and electric properties were investigated in detail. [...] Read more.

In this work, micro Zn-doped Ga₂O₃ films (GZO) were deposited by one-step mixed atomic layer deposition (ALD) followed by post-thermal engineering. The effects of Zn doping and post-annealing temperature on both structure characteristics and electric properties were investigated in detail. The combination of plasma-enhanced ALD of Ga₂O₃ and thermal ALD of ZnO can realize the fast growth rate (0.62 nm/supercyc.), high density (4.9 g/cm³), and smooth interface (average R_q = 0.51 nm) of Zn-doped Ga₂O₃ film. In addition, the thermal engineering of the GZO was achieved by setting the annealing temperature to 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C, respectively. The GZO film annealed at 800 °C exhibits a typical crystalline structure (Ga₂O₃: β phase, ZnO: hexagonal wurtzite), a lower roughness (average R_q = 2.7 nm), and a higher average breakdown field (16.47 MV/cm). Notably, compared with the pure GZO film, the breakdown field annealed at 800 °C increases by 180%. The O_V content in the GZO after annealing at 800 °C is as low as 34.8%, resulting in a remarkable enhancement of electrical properties. These research findings offer a new perspective on the high-quality ALD-doped materials and application of GZO in high-power electronics and high-sensitive devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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11 pages, 11875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellulose/Aminated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Aerogels for Oil Adsorption

by Runlin Han, Zihan Liu, Faxiang Feng, Shi Su, Guilin Dong, Xiaobing Liu and Hongbo Gu

Polymers 2025, 17(7), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070869 - 24 Mar 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

At present, the oil extraction and chemical industry and other industries produce a large amount of oily wastewater and organic sewage, and the world is suffering from oil spills and organic wastewater pollution. As a porous material, aerogels are promising in the field [...] Read more.

At present, the oil extraction and chemical industry and other industries produce a large amount of oily wastewater and organic sewage, and the world is suffering from oil spills and organic wastewater pollution. As a porous material, aerogels are promising in the field of oil adsorption. In this work, the nanocellulose/aminated multi-walled carbon nanotube (NC-MWCNT-NH₂) nanocomposite aerogel with a high porosity of up to 97.80% is prepared by varying the weight percentage of MWCNTs-NH₂, among which the nanocomposite aerogel with 0.1% weight percentage of MWCNTs-NH₂ exhibits the best adsorption performance with the adsorption capacity to cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, anhydrous ethanol, methylene dichloride, acetone, kerosene, pump oil, and used pump oil of 39.77 ± 0.82, 44.54 ± 1.67, 43.03 ± 1.06, 62.13 ± 0.36, 39.92 ± 1.09, 39.37 ± 0.27, 43.48 ± 0.06, and 38.45 ± 0.84 g·g⁻¹, respectively. Compared with pure nanocellulose aerogel, the adsorption capacity of the NC-MWCNT-NH₂ aerogel to pump oil is improved by up to 93.9%, which exhibits excellent adsorption properties and could be utilized in the field of oil adsorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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24 pages, 8741 KiB

Open AccessReview

Graphene-Based Impregnation into Polymeric Coating for Corrosion Resistance

by Arti Yadav, Santosh Panjikar and R. K. Singh Raman

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070486 - 24 Mar 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

This review explores the development and application of the impregnation of graphene-based materials into polymeric coatings to enhance corrosion resistance. Derivatives of graphene, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), have been increasingly integrated into polymer matrices to enhance polymers’ [...] Read more.

This review explores the development and application of the impregnation of graphene-based materials into polymeric coatings to enhance corrosion resistance. Derivatives of graphene, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), have been increasingly integrated into polymer matrices to enhance polymers’ mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. Various synthesis approaches, viz., electrochemical deposition, chemical reduction, and the incorporation of functionalised graphene derivatives, have been explored for improving the dispersion and stability of graphene within polymers. These graphene-impregnated coatings have shown promising results in improving corrosion resistance by enhancing impermeability to corrosive agents and reinforcing mechanical strength under corrosive conditions. While the addition of graphene notably enhances coating performance, challenges remain in achieving uniform graphene dispersion and addressing the trade-offs between thickness and flexibility. This review highlights current advancements, limitations, and future directions, with a particular emphasis on optimising the synthesis techniques to maximise corrosion resistance while maintaining coating durability and economic feasibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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13 pages, 2540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Six Percolation Cases in Flexible Electronic Composites: A Monte Carlo-Based 3D Compressive Percolation Model for Wearable Pressure Sensors

by Sang-Un Kim and Joo-Yong Kim

Materials 2025, 18(3), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030685 - 4 Feb 2025

Viewed by 758

Abstract

This study employs a Monte Carlo-based 3D compressive percolation model to systematically analyze the electrical behavior of flexible electronic composites under compressive deformation. By simulating the spatial distribution and connectivity of conductive particles, this study identifies six distinct percolation cases, each describing a [...] Read more.

This study employs a Monte Carlo-based 3D compressive percolation model to systematically analyze the electrical behavior of flexible electronic composites under compressive deformation. By simulating the spatial distribution and connectivity of conductive particles, this study identifies six distinct percolation cases, each describing a unique connectivity evolution under strain. The model reveals that excessive initial connectivity leads to saturation effects, reducing sensitivity, while a high Poisson’s ratio (≥0.3) causes connectivity loss due to shear plane expansion. Notably, asymmetric particle shapes, such as cylinders and rectangles, exhibit superior percolation behavior, forming infinite clusters at lower strain thresholds (~0.4) compared to spherical particles (~0.5). Monte Carlo simulations with 3000 particles validate these findings, showing consistent trends in percolation behavior across different deformation states. By classifying and quantifying these six connectivity scenarios, this research provides a structured framework for optimizing flexible sensor designs, ensuring an optimal balance between conductivity and sensitivity. These findings contribute to advancing flexible electronics, particularly in wearable health monitoring, robotics, and smart textiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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12 pages, 5241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Research of Composite Graphene Membranes Using the Electric Mode in SEM and AFM

by Grzegorz Romaniak, Konrad Dybowski, Łukasz Kołodziejczyk and Paulina Kowalczyk

Materials 2025, 18(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010163 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 755

Abstract

The development of new graphene-based materials necessitates the application of suitable material imaging techniques, especially for the identification of defects in the graphene structure and its continuity. For this purpose, it is natural to use one of the main properties of graphene—electrical conductivity. [...] Read more.

The development of new graphene-based materials necessitates the application of suitable material imaging techniques, especially for the identification of defects in the graphene structure and its continuity. For this purpose, it is natural to use one of the main properties of graphene—electrical conductivity. In this work, we prepare a 9 cm² large-area monolayer graphene membrane on porous scaffolding sealed with either GO or rGO. Then, we use electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) AFM mode along with SE and AEE SEM modes to characterize the as-prepared graphene membranes thoroughly. The combination of SEM-AEE and AFM-EFM techniques not only assesses the quality of graphene itself but also characterizes the selectivity and effectiveness of masking graphene layer defects by applying GO or rGO. This makes these methods valuable in optimizing the production of advanced graphene nanocomposites such as semipermeable membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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14 pages, 5368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functionalization of Polypropylene by TiO₂ Photocatalytic Nanoparticles: On the Importance of the Surface Oxygen Plasma Treatment

by Karolina Zajac, Joanna Macyk, Konrad Szajna, Franciszek Krok, Wojciech Macyk and Andrzej Kotarba

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(16), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161372 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1468

Abstract

A new two-step method for developing a nanocomposite of polypropylene (PP) decorated with photocatalytically active TiO₂ nanoparticles (nTiO₂) is proposed. This method involves the low-temperature plasma functionalization of polypropylene followed by the ultrasound-assisted anchoring of nTiO₂. The nanoparticles, [...] Read more.

A new two-step method for developing a nanocomposite of polypropylene (PP) decorated with photocatalytically active TiO₂ nanoparticles (nTiO₂) is proposed. This method involves the low-temperature plasma functionalization of polypropylene followed by the ultrasound-assisted anchoring of nTiO₂. The nanoparticles, polymeric substrate, and resultant nanocomposite were thoroughly characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), microscopic observations (SEM, TEM, and EDX), spectroscopic investigations (XPS and FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites was evaluated through the degradation of methyl orange. The individual TiO₂ nanoparticles ranged from 2 to 6 nm in size. The oxygen plasma treatment of PP generated surface functional groups (mainly -OH and -C=O), transforming the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, which facilitated the efficient deposition of nTiO₂. Optimized plasma treatment and sonochemical deposition parameters resulted in an active photocatalytic nTiO₂/PP system, degrading 80% of the methyl orange under UVA irradiation in 200 min. The proposed approach is considered versatile for the functionalization of polymeric materials with photoactive nanoparticles and, in a broader perspective, can be utilized for the fabrication of self-cleaning surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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14 pages, 4064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Percolation-Triggered Negative Permittivity in Nano Carbon Powder/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composites

by Guangyue Shi, Xiaolei Sun and Yao Liu

Molecules 2024, 29(16), 3862; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163862 - 15 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1136

Abstract

Percolating composites exhibiting negative permittivity have garnered considerable attention due to their promising applications in the realm of electromagnetic shielding, innovative capacitance devices, coil-less inductors, etc. Nano carbon powder/polyvinylidene fluoride (CP/PVDF) percolating composites were fabricated that exhibit Drude-type negative-permittivity behavior upon reaching the [...] Read more.

Percolating composites exhibiting negative permittivity have garnered considerable attention due to their promising applications in the realm of electromagnetic shielding, innovative capacitance devices, coil-less inductors, etc. Nano carbon powder/polyvinylidene fluoride (CP/PVDF) percolating composites were fabricated that exhibit Drude-type negative-permittivity behavior upon reaching the CP percolation threshold. This phenomenon is attributed to the formation of a plasmonic state within the interconnected CP network, enabling the delocalization of electrons under the alternating electric field. Furthermore, a significant (nearly two orders of magnitude) increase in the conductivity of sample is observed at a CP content of 12.5 wt%. This abrupt change coincides with the percolation phenomenon, suggesting a transition in the conduction mechanism. To elucidate this behavior, comprehensive analyses of the phase composition, microstructure, AC conductivity, and relative permittivity were performed. Additionally, the sample containing 5 wt% CP exhibits a remarkably high permittivity of 31.5, accompanied by a relatively low dielectric loss (tanδ < 0.2). The findings expand the potential applications of PVDF, while the fabricated percolating composites hold promise for electromagnetic shielding, antennas, and other electromagnetic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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30 pages, 9720 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thermal Conductive Polymer Composites: Recent Progress and Applications

by Jianfeng Tan and Yuan Zhang

Molecules 2024, 29(15), 3572; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153572 - 29 Jul 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4939

Abstract

As microelectronics technology advances towards miniaturization and higher integration, the imperative for developing high-performance thermal management materials has escalated. Thermal conductive polymer composites (TCPCs), which leverage the benefits of polymer matrices and the unique effects of nano-enhancers, are gaining focus as solutions to [...] Read more.

As microelectronics technology advances towards miniaturization and higher integration, the imperative for developing high-performance thermal management materials has escalated. Thermal conductive polymer composites (TCPCs), which leverage the benefits of polymer matrices and the unique effects of nano-enhancers, are gaining focus as solutions to overheating due to their low density, ease of processing, and cost-effectiveness. However, these materials often face challenges such as thermal conductivities that are lower than expected, limiting their application in high-performance electronic devices. Despite these issues, TCPCs continue to demonstrate broad potential across various industrial sectors. This review comprehensively presents the progress in this field, detailing the mechanisms of thermal conductivity (TC) in these composites and discussing factors that influence thermal performance, such as the intrinsic properties of polymers, interfacial thermal resistance, and the thermal properties of fillers. Additionally, it categorizes and summarizes methods to enhance the TC of polymer composites. The review also highlights the applications of these materials in emerging areas such as flexible electronic devices, personal thermal management, and aerospace. Ultimately, by analyzing current challenges and opportunities, this review provides clear directions for future research and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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29 pages, 5877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing the Link across the Synthesis Reaction Kinetics, Structural Changes, and Photocatalytic Efficiency of an Enhanced Chitosan–Clay (1:3) Nanocomposite

by Wael Albouchi, Malek Lahbib, Chadha Mejri, Sana Jebali, Mahdi Meftah and Walid Oueslati

Solids 2024, 5(2), 227-255; https://doi.org/10.3390/solids5020015 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1656

Abstract

This research investigates the influence of synthesis kinetics on the structural and photocatalytic properties of chitosan–clay nanocomposites (Cs/MMT) and chitosan–hectorite nanocomposites (Cs/HET), employing an optimized initial stoichiometry of 1:3. Utilizing a variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), [...] Read more.

This research investigates the influence of synthesis kinetics on the structural and photocatalytic properties of chitosan–clay nanocomposites (Cs/MMT) and chitosan–hectorite nanocomposites (Cs/HET), employing an optimized initial stoichiometry of 1:3. Utilizing a variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the study explores the structural evolution of the nanocomposites and their photocatalytic performance using semiconductor catalysts TiO₂ and ZnO. The findings emphasize the significant impact of reaction kinetics, particularly after 3 h of reaction time, on the structural features of the nanocomposites. Notably, Cs/MMT demonstrates greater crystalline stability compared to Cs/HET due to variations in octahedral cavity occupancy in the initial clays. FTIR and TEM analyses depict the progressive evolution of the nanocomposites during the reaction, shedding light on how reaction kinetics drive the formation of specific bonds within the nanocomposites. In terms of photocatalytic activity, this study provides insights into the complex dynamics of photocatalytic degradation, with a specific focus on the performance of TiO₂ and ZnO under diverse experimental conditions. The superior efficacy of TiO₂ as a catalyst, particularly when integrated with Cs/MMT nanocomposites, is unequivocally demonstrated, with degradation rates exceeding 80%. This preference stems from TiO₂ consistently exhibiting higher degradation rates compared to ZnO, attributed to structural disparities between montmorillonite and hectorite, influencing catalyst–support interactions. The findings underscore the critical importance of selecting suitable catalyst and support matrix combinations for optimizing performance in specific applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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18 pages, 25280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrosprayed Nanoparticles Containing Mangiferin-Rich Extract from Mango Leaves for Cosmeceutical Application

by Vissuta Sirirungsee, Pawitrabhorn Samutrtai, Padchanee Sangthong, Phakorn Papan, Pimporn Leelapornpisid, Chalermpong Saenjum and Busaban Sirithunyalug

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(22), 2931; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13222931 - 11 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most economically important fruits in Thailand. Mango has been used as a traditional medicine because it possesses many biological activities, such as antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties, microorganism-growth inhibition, etc. Among its natural pharmacologically active [...] Read more.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most economically important fruits in Thailand. Mango has been used as a traditional medicine because it possesses many biological activities, such as antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties, microorganism-growth inhibition, etc. Among its natural pharmacologically active compounds, mangiferin is the main active component found in mango leaves. Mangiferin has the potential to treat a variety of diseases due to its multifunctional activities. This study aims to prepare a mangiferin-rich extract (MRE) from mango leaves and develop nanoparticles containing the MRE using an electrospraying technique to apply it in a cosmeceutical formulation. The potential cosmeceutical mechanisms of the MRE were investigated using proteomic analysis. The MRE is involved in actin-filament organization, the positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization, etc. Moreover, the related mechanism to its cosmeceutical activity is metalloenzyme-activity regulation. Nanoparticles were prepared from 0.8% w/v MRE and 2% w/v Eudragit^® L100 solution using an electrospraying process. The mean size of the MRE-loaded nanoparticles (MNPs) received was 247.8 nm, with a PDI 0.271. The MRE entrapment by the process was quantified as 84.9%, indicating a high encapsulation efficiency. For the skin-retention study, the mangiferin content in the MNP-containing emulsion-gel membranes was examined and found to be greater than in the membranes of the MRE solution, illustrating that the MNPs produced by the electrospraying technique help transdermal delivery for cosmetic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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20 pages, 17256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Graphene Oxide-Modified CaAl-Layered Double Hydroxides on the Carbon Dioxide Permeation Properties of Fluoroelastomers

by Chuanbo Cong, Daigang Peng, Qingkun Liu, Mingyang Yuan, Xiaoyu Meng and Qiong Zhou

Polymers 2023, 15(20), 4151; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204151 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

This work aimed to investigate the CO₂ gas barrier and mechanical properties of fluorine rubber nanocomposites filled with Ca/Al layered hydroxide (graphene oxide [GO]/LDH-Ca₂Al) modified by GO. GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomposite fillers were prepared by depositing Ca/Al layered hydroxide (LDH-Ca [...] Read more.

This work aimed to investigate the CO₂ gas barrier and mechanical properties of fluorine rubber nanocomposites filled with Ca/Al layered hydroxide (graphene oxide [GO]/LDH-Ca₂Al) modified by GO. GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomposite fillers were prepared by depositing Ca/Al layered hydroxide (LDH-Ca₂Al) into the surface of alkalized GO (Al-GO). The prepared GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomposite fillers and complexes were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for structural and micromorphological characterization. The results showed that GO/LDH-Ca₂Al was successfully prepared with strong interactions between Al-GO and LDH, and the compatibility of GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomposite fillers with the polymer was significantly improved compared with that of LDH-Ca₂Al. Consequently, both the fracture strength (σ_b) and strain (ε_b) of GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomplexes remarkably increased, and they exhibited excellent mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the thermal stability of GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomposite fillers, and GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomposite fillers have better thermal stability than LDH-Ca₂Al. The reaction products (S-LDH-Ca₂Al and S-GO-Ca₂Al) of LDH-Ca₂Al and GO/LDH-Ca₂Al with CO₂ were characterized using XRD and TGA, respectively, and the results show that LDH-Ca₂Al reacts readily and chemically with CO₂, resulting in a lower diffusion coefficient of CO₂ in the LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomplexes than that of the GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomplexes and leading to the destruction of the laminar structure of LDH-Ca₂Al, while GO/LDH-Ca₂Al has better CO₂ resistance stability. GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomplexes exhibited a reduced content of hydroxyl groups with pro-CO₂ nature exposed on the surface of LDH-Ca₂Al, improving the interfacial interaction between the nanofillers and the rubber matrix and enhancing the dispersion of GO/LDH-Ca₂Al in the polymers. Moreover, CO₂ in the soluble GO/LDH-Ca₂Al nanocomposites was significantly reduced, while the diffusion properties demonstrated weak temperature dependence on solubility. The mechanism of the CO₂ gas barrier of polymers filled with GO/LDH-Ca₂Al was proposed on the basis of the Arrhenius equation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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30 pages, 7681 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cellulose-Based Intelligent Responsive Materials: A Review

by Sisi Chang, Zhangzhao Weng, Chunmei Zhang, Shaohua Jiang and Gaigai Duan

Polymers 2023, 15(19), 3905; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15193905 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3636

Abstract

Due to the rapid development of intelligent technology and the pursuit of green environmental protection, responsive materials with single response and actuation can no longer meet the requirements of modern technology for intelligence, diversification, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, intelligent responsive materials have received [...] Read more.

Due to the rapid development of intelligent technology and the pursuit of green environmental protection, responsive materials with single response and actuation can no longer meet the requirements of modern technology for intelligence, diversification, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, intelligent responsive materials have received much attention. In recent years, with the development of new materials and technologies, cellulose materials have become increasingly used as responsive materials due to their advantages of sustainability and renewability. This review summarizes the relevant research on cellulose-based intelligent responsive materials in recent years. According to the stimuli responses, they are divided into temperature-, light-, electrical-, magnetic-, and humidity-responsive types. The response mechanism, application status, and development trend of cellulose-based intelligent responsive materials are summarized. Finally, the future perspectives on the preparation and applications of cellulose-based intelligent responsive materials are presented for future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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12 pages, 2778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol Porogen Addition on the Nanostructural Characteristics of Hydroxyapatite

by Indrika Novella, Bedah Rupaedah, Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy, Suryana, Ferli Septi Irwansyah and Atiek Rostika Noviyanti

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6313; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186313 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a porous material widely developed in various research fields because of its high biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. In this research, HA was synthesized using a hydrothermal method with chicken eggshells as a calcium source and various concentrations of polyvinyl [...] Read more.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a porous material widely developed in various research fields because of its high biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. In this research, HA was synthesized using a hydrothermal method with chicken eggshells as a calcium source and various concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol as a porogen (2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% by wt). The structure and morphology of HA were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. HA was obtained with varying concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) porogen according to Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) standard. Based on analysis using a refinement method, changes in unit cell parameters (cell volume and lattice strain) of HA synthesized using PVA porogen compared to the standard, the chi square (χ²) and index of R values were relatively low, validating the acceptable of the data. In addition, HA [Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂] with hexagonal structure and the P63/m space group was successfully obtained. Morphological analysis of HA by SEM found that HA has a spherical shape, and the porosity of HA increases with increasing concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol. The highest porosity was obtained with an addition of 5.0 wt% of PVA porogen (HAP3), reaching 69.53%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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21 pages, 3425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Chitosan–TiO₂ Nanocomposite Impregnated in Type A-2186 Maxillofacial Silicone Subjected to Different Accelerated Aging Conditions: An Evaluation of Color Stability

by Faten K. Al-Kadi, Jwan F. Abdulkareem and Bruska A. Azhdar

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(16), 2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13162379 - 20 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

This study explores the impact of the incorporation of a chitosan–TiO₂ nanocomposite on the color stability of pigmented room-temperature vulcanization maxillofacial silicone under various accelerated aging conditions. Five hundred disk-shaped specimens were formed with type A-2186 silicone elastomer, and they were distributed [...] Read more.

This study explores the impact of the incorporation of a chitosan–TiO₂ nanocomposite on the color stability of pigmented room-temperature vulcanization maxillofacial silicone under various accelerated aging conditions. Five hundred disk-shaped specimens were formed with type A-2186 silicone elastomer, and they were distributed into groups based on pigment types and nanoparticle treatments. The color difference (ΔE) was assessed using a colorimeter in the CIELAB color system before and after exposure to aging conditions, including UV-accelerated aging and outdoor weathering. ANOVA, Dennett’s T3, and Tukey HSD tests revealed significant color alterations across all silicone types, with the most pronounced being in the red-colored 3% chitosan specimens and the least pronounced being in the 2% TiO₂ specimens that underwent UV-accelerated aging. Outdoor weathering consistently increased the ΔE values across all categories. This study suggests that while nanoparticles may offer some resistance against accelerated aging, they fall short in adequately defending against UV radiation during outdoor weathering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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19 pages, 3328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production and Properties of Quercetin-Loaded Liposomes and Their Influence on the Properties of Galactomannan-Based Films

by Priscilla Barbosa Sales de Albuquerque, Marthyna Pessoa de Souza, Ana Isabel Bourbon, Miguel A. Cerqueira, Lorenzo Pastrana, Paula Jauregi, José A. Teixeira and Maria das Graças Carneiro-da-Cunha

Appl. Nano 2023, 4(2), 159-177; https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano4020009 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3113

Abstract

The objective of this work was to prepare different concentrations of liposomes based on lecithin containing quercetin, and evaluate their effect on the properties of galactomannan films obtained from Cassia grandis seeds. Quercetin-loaded lecithin liposomes (QT-LL) were obtained by the ethanol injection method [...] Read more.

The objective of this work was to prepare different concentrations of liposomes based on lecithin containing quercetin, and evaluate their effect on the properties of galactomannan films obtained from Cassia grandis seeds. Quercetin-loaded lecithin liposomes (QT-LL) were obtained by the ethanol injection method by incorporating quercetin in different concentrations in a previously prepared suspension of lecithin liposomes in water. Following characterization of QT-LLs by zeta potential and dynamic light scattering, QT-LL with 75 µg quercetin/mL suspension was incorporated at different concentrations in galactomannan films. The films obtained were characterized for color, solubility, moisture content (MC), water vapor permeability (WVP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The size of lecithin liposomes with no quercetin was statistically than those containing quercetin above 50 µg/mL. All the QT-LLs presented a low polydispersity index, even considering their significant differences and similar values for zeta potential. The films displayed a rough surface and the galactomannan structure was confirmed by FTIR. Additionally, the amorphous nature of the polysaccharide was observed by XRD. The films were luminous, with a predominant yellow tendency and low opacity. The incorporation of QT-LL in galactomannan films did not lead to statistical differences for solubility and MC, while significant differences were observed for WVP. Galactomannan films were shown to be a promising structure for the incorporation of lecithin liposomes loaded with quercetin, pointing at promising applications for different applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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13 pages, 3878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Shielding Enhancement of Butyl Rubber/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites via Water-Induced Modification

by Xin Guo and Guangye Liu

Polymers 2023, 15(9), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092101 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1592

Abstract

Electromagnetic properties of polymer composites strongly depend on the loading amount and the completeness of the filler’s dispersive structure. Improving the compatibility of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with isobutylene butyl rubber (IIR) is a good solution to mitigate aggregation. The change in configuration [...] Read more.

Electromagnetic properties of polymer composites strongly depend on the loading amount and the completeness of the filler’s dispersive structure. Improving the compatibility of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with isobutylene butyl rubber (IIR) is a good solution to mitigate aggregation. The change in configuration of poly-oxyethylene octyl phenol ether (OP-10) was induced using water as the exposed hydrophilic groups linking with water molecules. The SWCNT and IIR/SWCNT composites were then prepared via wetly-melt mixing at a relatively high temperature to remove water, and they were then mixed with other agents after vacuum drying and cured. The SWCNTs were dispersed uniformly to form a good network for a lower percolation threshold of the wave-absorbing property to 2 phr from 8 phr. With 8 phr SWCNTs, the tensile strength of the material improved significantly from 7.1 MPa to 15.1 MPa, and the total electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the material was enhanced to 23.8 dB, a 3-fold increase compared to the melt-mixed material. It was demonstrated that water-induced modification achieved good dispersion of SWCNTs for electromagnetic shielding enhancement while maintaining a wide damping temperature range from −55 °C to 40 °C with a damping factor over 0.2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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14 pages, 3895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Graphite Nanoplatelet Size and Dispersion on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites

by Elsye Agustina, Jeung Choon Goak, Suntae Lee, Yongse Kim, Sung Chul Hong, Yongho Seo and Naesung Lee

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(8), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081328 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) size and dispersion on the thermal conductivities and tensile strengths of epoxy-based composites. GNPs of four different platelet sizes, ranging from 1.6 to 3 µm, were derived by mechanically exfoliating and breaking expanded graphite [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) size and dispersion on the thermal conductivities and tensile strengths of epoxy-based composites. GNPs of four different platelet sizes, ranging from 1.6 to 3 µm, were derived by mechanically exfoliating and breaking expanded graphite (EG) particles using high-energy bead milling and sonication. The GNPs were used as fillers at loadings of 0–10 wt%. As the GNP size and loading amount increased, the thermal conductivities of the GNP/epoxy composites increased, but their tensile strengths decreased. However, interestingly, the tensile strength reached a maximum value at the low GNP content of 0.3% and thereafter decreased, irrespective of the GNP size. Our observations of the morphologies and dispersions of the GNPs in the composites indicated that the thermal conductivity was more likely related to the size and loading number of fillers, whereas the tensile strength was more influenced by the dispersion of fillers in the matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Preparation and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites)

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