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16 pages, 3027 KiB  
Article
Molecular and Morphological Evidence Reveals Four New Neocosmospora Species from Dragon Trees in Yunnan Province, China
by Mei Jia, Qi Fan, Zu-Shun Yang, Yuan-Bing Wang, Xing-Hong Wang and Wen-Bo Zeng
J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080571 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Neocosmospora (Nectriaceae) is a globally distributed fungal genus, traditionally recognized as a group of plant pathogens, with most members known to cause severe plant diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many of these fungi can also colonize plants endophytically, with [...] Read more.
Neocosmospora (Nectriaceae) is a globally distributed fungal genus, traditionally recognized as a group of plant pathogens, with most members known to cause severe plant diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many of these fungi can also colonize plants endophytically, with certain strains capable of promoting plant growth and stimulating the production of secondary metabolites. In this study, 13 strains of Neocosmospora were isolated from the stems and leaves of Dracaena cambodiana and D. lourei in Yunnan Province, China. To clarify the taxonomic placement of these strains, morphological examination and multi-gene (ITS, nrLSU, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2) phylogenetic analyses were performed. Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, four new species are introduced and described here: N. hypertrophia, N. kunmingense, N. rugosa, and N. simplicillium. This study expands our understanding of the fungal diversity associated with Dracaena, provides essential data for the taxonomy of Neocosmospora, and serves as a resource for the future development and utilization of Neocosmospora endophytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)
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19 pages, 10978 KiB  
Article
Identification of Fungi Causing Root Rot in Oregano Crops in Southern Peru: Morphological and Molecular Analysis
by Rubí Adelin Quispe-Mamani, Liduvina Sulca-Quispe, Wilson Huanca-Mamani, Mirna G. Garcia-Castillo, Patricio Muñoz-Torres and German Sepúlveda-Chavera
Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080746 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 272
Abstract
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) cultivation is of great economic importance in Peru. Tacna stands out as its main producer. However, the presence of phytopathogenic fungi represents a challenge for its production. This study aimed to characterize both the morphological and molecular levels [...] Read more.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) cultivation is of great economic importance in Peru. Tacna stands out as its main producer. However, the presence of phytopathogenic fungi represents a challenge for its production. This study aimed to characterize both the morphological and molecular levels of the causal agent of crown and root rot in a crop field in the Camilaca district, Candarave, Tacna. To this end, systematic sampling was carried out using the five-gold method, collecting plants with typical symptoms. Fungi were isolated from diseased roots and characterized using macroscopic and microscopic morphological analysis as well as sequencing and multilocus phylogenetic analysis (ITS, 28S, HIS3, TEF1, TUB2). In addition, pathogenicity tests were performed on healthy plants to confirm the infectivity of the isolates. The results demonstrated that root rot was caused by a complex of phytopathogenic fungi through phylogenetic analysis of Dactylonectria torresensis, Fusarium oxysporum, F. iranicum, and F. redolens. These findings represent the first report of these species as causal agents of oregano root rot in Peru, highlighting the need for integrated management strategies that reduce the economic impact of these diseases and contribute to the sustainability of the crop in key producing regions such as Tacna. Full article
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12 pages, 2176 KiB  
Article
Technical Skill Acquisition in Pediatric Minimally Invasive Surgery: Evaluation of a 3D-Printed Simulator for Thoracoscopic Esophageal Atresia Repair
by Sara Maria Cravano, Annalisa Di Carmine, Chiara De Maio, Marco Di Mitri, Cristian Bisanti, Edoardo Collautti, Michele Libri, Simone D’Antonio, Tommaso Gargano, Enrico Ciardini and Mario Lima
Healthcare 2025, 13(14), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13141720 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
Background: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is increasingly adopted in pediatric surgical practice, yet it demands specific technical skills that require structured training. Simulation-based education offers a safe and effective environment for skill acquisition, especially in complex procedures such as thoracoscopic repair of esophageal [...] Read more.
Background: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is increasingly adopted in pediatric surgical practice, yet it demands specific technical skills that require structured training. Simulation-based education offers a safe and effective environment for skill acquisition, especially in complex procedures such as thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 3D-printed simulator for training pediatric surgeons in thoracoscopic EA-TEF repair, assessing improvements in operative time and technical performance. Methods: A high-fidelity, 3D-printed simulator replicating neonatal thoracic anatomy was developed. Six pediatric surgeons at different training levels performed eight simulation sessions, including fistula ligation and esophageal anastomosis. Operative time and technical skill were assessed using the Stanford Microsurgery and Resident Training (SMaRT) Scale. Results: All participants showed significant improvements. The average operative time decreased from 115.6 ± 3.51 to 90 ± 6.55 min for junior trainees and from 100.5 ± 3.55 to 77.5 ± 4.94 min for senior trainees. The mean SMaRT score increased from 23.8 ± 3.18 to 38.3 ± 3.93. These results demonstrate a clear learning curve and enhanced technical performance after repeated sessions. Conclusions: Such 3D-printed simulation models represent an effective tool for pediatric MIS training. Even within a short time frame, repeated practice significantly improves surgical proficiency, supporting their integration into pediatric surgical curricula as an ethical, safe, and efficient educational strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Surgical Trends and Management)
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23 pages, 2535 KiB  
Article
Defining Soilborne Pathogen Complexes Provides a New Foundation for the Effective Management of Faba Bean Root Diseases in Ethiopia
by Solomon Yilma, Berhanu Bekele, Joop Van Leur, Ming Pei You, Seid-Ahmed Kemal, Danièle Giblot-Ducray, Kelly Hill, Thangavel Selvaraji, Alemu Lencho, Lemma Driba and Martin J. Barbetti
Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070695 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 755
Abstract
Soilborne diseases cause losses of 45–70% in faba bean in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken to define soilborne pathogens and their complexes in Ethiopia. First, the severity of root rot was assessed in 150 field sites across seven Ethiopian regions. Soil samples were collected, [...] Read more.
Soilborne diseases cause losses of 45–70% in faba bean in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken to define soilborne pathogens and their complexes in Ethiopia. First, the severity of root rot was assessed in 150 field sites across seven Ethiopian regions. Soil samples were collected, and the DNA of 29 pests and pathogens was quantified using a commercial quantitative PCR (qPCR) soil testing service. There was a very high incidence rate of Macrophomina phaseolina, as well as Pythium clades F and I. The other detected species in order of incidence included Fusarium redolens, Rhizoctonia solani, Aphanomyces euteiches, Phytophthora megasperma, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor, and Verticillium dahliae, as well as low levels of Thielaviopsis basicola. Five anastomosis groups (AG) of R. solani, namely AG2.1, AG2.2, AG3, AG4, and AG5, were detected, of which AG2.2 and AG4 were most prevalent. We believe this is the first report of occurrence for Ethiopia of A. euteiches, Ph. megasperma, T. basicola, and the five AGs for R. solani. There were very high incidence rates of the foliar pathogens Botrytis cinerea, B. fabae, Didymella pinodes, and Phoma pinodella and of the nematode Pratylenchus thornei, followed by P. neglectus and P. penetrans. The root rot severity and distribution varied significantly across regions, as well as with soil types, soil pH, and soil drainage. Subsequently, metabarcoding of the soil DNA was undertaken using three primer pairs targeting fungi (ITS2), Fusarium species (TEF1 α), and Oomycetes (ITS1Oo). The ITS2 and TEF1α primers emphasized F. oxysporum as the most abundant soilborne fungal pathogen and highlighted F. ananatum, F. brachygibbosum, F. brevicaudatum, F. clavum, F. flagelliforme, F. keratoplasticum, F. napiforme, F. nelsonii, F. neocosmosporiellum, F. torulosum, and F. vanettenii as first reports of occurrence for Ethiopia. The ITS1Oo primer confirmed Pythium spp. as the most prevalent of all Oomycetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Fungal Infections)
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13 pages, 1449 KiB  
Article
Novel DNA Barcoding and Multiplex PCR Strategy for the Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Gene Detection of Fusarium spp. in Maize from Bulgaria
by Daniela Stoeva, Deyana Gencheva, Georgi Radoslavov, Peter Hristov, Rozalina Yordanova and Georgi Beev
Methods Protoc. 2025, 8(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps8040078 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 287
Abstract
Fusarium spp. represent a critical threat to maize production and food safety due to their mycotoxin production. This study introduces a refined molecular identification protocol integrating four genomic regions—ITS1, IGS, TEF-1α, and β-TUB—for robust species differentiation of Fusarium spp. isolates from [...] Read more.
Fusarium spp. represent a critical threat to maize production and food safety due to their mycotoxin production. This study introduces a refined molecular identification protocol integrating four genomic regions—ITS1, IGS, TEF-1α, and β-TUB—for robust species differentiation of Fusarium spp. isolates from post-harvest maize in Bulgaria. The protocol enhances species resolution, especially for closely related taxa within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). A newly optimized multiplex PCR strategy was developed using three primer sets, each designed to co-amplify a specific pair of toxigenic genes: fum6/fum8, tri5/tri6, and tri5/zea2. Although all five genes were analyzed, they were detected through separate two-target reactions, not in a single multiplex tube. Among 17 identified isolates, F. proliferatum (52.9%) dominated, followed by F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. fujikuroi, and F. subglutinans. All isolates harbored at least one toxin biosynthesis gene, with 18% co-harboring genes for both fumonisins and zearalenone. This dual-protocol approach enhances diagnostic precision and supports targeted mycotoxin risk management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Biology)
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17 pages, 4546 KiB  
Article
Growth-Promoting Effects of Dark Septate Endophytes Fungus Acrocalymma on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
by Xiaoxiao Feng, Ying Jin, Zhupeiqi Zhong, Yongli Zheng and Huiming Wu
J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070510 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
This study investigates the potential role of Acrocalymma dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in promoting the growth of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Recognized as important symbionts that enhance plant growth and resilience under stress, particularly Acrocalymma species, DSE fungi were the focus of this [...] Read more.
This study investigates the potential role of Acrocalymma dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in promoting the growth of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Recognized as important symbionts that enhance plant growth and resilience under stress, particularly Acrocalymma species, DSE fungi were the focus of this investigation. Specifically, four stains isolated from gramineous plant roots (Acrocalymma sp. E00677, Acrocalymma vagum E00690, Acrocalymma chuxiongense E01299A, and Acrocalymma chuxiongense E01299B) were examined. Morphological characteristics were observed using three different media, confirming typical DSE traits such as dark pigmentation and septate hyphae. Phylogenetic analysis using six genetic markers (ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1, rpb2, and tub2) placed the strains within the Acrocalymma genus. Co-culture test and physiological index measurements showed that all strains significantly enhanced root development, as evidenced by an increased root-to-shoot ratio and a higher number of lateral roots. Additionally, the Acrocalymma DSE strains elevated chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content, suggesting improved photosynthetic efficiency. Anthocyanin levels were also increased in the tomato leaves, indicating enhanced antioxidative defense mechanisms. Among these strains, Acrocalymma vagum E00690 exhibited the most substantial effect on root activity. The widespread presence of 325 Acrocalymma isolates from 25 countries underscores its broad ecological adaptability. These findings suggest that Acrocalymma DSE fungi positively influence tomato growth, with potential implications for improving plant resilience under environmental stress. This study highlights the importance of further exploring DSEs, particularly Acrocalymma fungi, to better understand their ecological roles in agricultural practices, particularly in tomato cultivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Ascomycota)
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12 pages, 2880 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Stem Gummosis Disease in Rubber Trees and Its Chemical Control Strategies
by Chunping He, Jinjing Lin, He Wu, Jinlong Zheng, Yong Zhang, Yu Zhang, Zengping Li, Yanqiong Liang, Ying Lu, Kexian Yi and Weihuai Wu
Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071586 - 5 Jul 2025
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) is a major tropical cash crop in southern China, with Hainan and Yunnan provinces being the main planting areas. In July 2023, bark cracking and gumming were observed on the trunks of mature rubber trees in [...] Read more.
Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) is a major tropical cash crop in southern China, with Hainan and Yunnan provinces being the main planting areas. In July 2023, bark cracking and gumming were observed on the trunks of mature rubber trees in Haikou City, Hainan Province, leading to xylem rot, which severely impacted the healthy growth of the rubber trees. The present study was conducted to confirm the pathogenicity of the patho-gen associated with stem gummosis disease, characterize it using morphological and mo-lecular tools, and devise field management strategies. Pathogenicity testing showed that this strain induced symptoms similar to those of natural outdoor infestation. Based on morphological study and molecular analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), transla-tion elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1-α), and β-tubulin 2 (TUB2) sequences, the causal agent was identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Field trials demonstrated that an inte-grated fungicide approach—combining trunk application of Bordeaux mixture with root irrigation using citric acid–copper 6.4% + chelated copper-ammonium 15% at both 0.1% and 0.2% concentration—effectively suppressed stem gummosis disease incidence in rub-ber trees. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing stem gummosis on rubber tree in China. The findings of this study can provide valuable infor-mation for the management strategies and understanding of this disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microorganisms in Agriculture, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 3418 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Hysteresis Phenomena and Compensation in Piezoelectric Stacks for Active Rotor
by Xiancheng Gu, Weidong Yang, Linghua Dong and Jinlong Zhou
Actuators 2025, 14(7), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14070327 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
An active rotor with trailing edge flaps (TEFs) is an effective method for helicopter vibration elimination. The nonlinear hysteresis of piezoelectric actuators used to drive TEFs can adversely affect helicopter vibration control performance. In this paper, a hysteresis modeling and compensation study is [...] Read more.
An active rotor with trailing edge flaps (TEFs) is an effective method for helicopter vibration elimination. The nonlinear hysteresis of piezoelectric actuators used to drive TEFs can adversely affect helicopter vibration control performance. In this paper, a hysteresis modeling and compensation study is performed for piezoelectric actuators used in TEFs. Firstly, the hysteresis characteristics of a rhombic frame actuator with input voltages at different frequencies are investigated by bench-top tests. Subsequently, the Bouc–Wen model is adopted to establish the hysteresis model of the piezoelectric actuator, with its parameters identified through the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of accurately capturing the hysteresis phenomenon of the piezoelectric actuator within the frequency range of 10–60 Hz. Finally, a compound control regime is established by integrating inverse Bouc–Wen model control with fuzzy PID feedback control. The experimental results indicate that the developed compound control regime can significantly suppress the piezoelectric actuator hysteresis of TEFs within the frequency bandwidth of 10–60 Hz, which lays the foundation for improving the vibration control performance of the active rotor with TEFs in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)
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57 pages, 1430 KiB  
Review
A Fresh Perspective on Cyanobacterial Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: History, Methodology, and Toxicology
by Zacharias J. Smith, Kandis M. Arlinghaus, Gregory L. Boyer and Cathleen J. Hapeman
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(7), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23070271 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 811
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSPTs) are a class of neurotoxins most known for causing illness from consuming contaminated shellfish. These toxins are also present in freshwater systems with the concern that they contaminate drinking and recreational waters. This review provides (1) a complete [...] Read more.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSPTs) are a class of neurotoxins most known for causing illness from consuming contaminated shellfish. These toxins are also present in freshwater systems with the concern that they contaminate drinking and recreational waters. This review provides (1) a complete list of the 84+ known PSPTs and important chemical features; (2) a complete list of all environmental freshwater PSPT detections; (3) an outline of the certified PSPT methods and their inherent weaknesses; and (4) a discussion of PSPT toxicology, the weaknesses in existing data, and existing freshwater regulatory limits. We show ample evidence of production of freshwater PSPTs by cyanobacteria worldwide, but data and method uncertainties limit a proper risk assessment. One impediment is the poor understanding of freshwater PSPT profiles and lack of commercially available standards needed to identify and quantify freshwater PSPTs. Further constraints are the limitations of toxicological data derived from human and animal model exposures. Unassessed mouse toxicity data from 1978 allowed us to calculate and propose toxicity equivalency factors (TEF) for 11-hydroxysaxitoxin (11-OH STX; M2) and 11-OH dcSTX (dcM2). TEFs for the 11-OH STX epimers were calculated to be 0.4 and 0.6 for 11α-OH STX (M2α) and 11β-OH STX (M2β), while we estimate that TEFs for 11α-OH dcSTX (dcM2α) and 11β-OH dcSTX (dcM2β) congeners would be 0.16 and 0.23, respectively. Future needs for freshwater PSPTs include increasing the number of reference materials for environmental detection and toxicity evaluation, developing a better understanding of PSPT profiles and important environmental drivers, incorporating safety factors into exposure guidelines, and evaluating the accuracy of the established no-observed-adverse-effect level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Toxins)
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20 pages, 4596 KiB  
Article
Five New Hypocrealean Species from Algae and Sediment in the Intertidal Zones of China
by Meng-Meng Wang, Wang-Ying Mo, Meng-Yi Sun, Ye-Hui Tu and Wei Li
J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070476 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 449
Abstract
Hypocrealean fungi are a well-documented group of fungi, with a wide range of ecological roles that include saprobic, parasitic, and endophytic forms, capable of thriving in diverse environments, both terrestrial and marine. Members in this group are abundant and widely distributed in marine [...] Read more.
Hypocrealean fungi are a well-documented group of fungi, with a wide range of ecological roles that include saprobic, parasitic, and endophytic forms, capable of thriving in diverse environments, both terrestrial and marine. Members in this group are abundant and widely distributed in marine environments around the world. However, the species diversity and distribution of this fungal group in Chinese seas is rarely reported. This study introduces five new species, namely Fusarium flavoides M.M. Wang & W. Li, Gliomastix fasciculata M.M. Wang & W. Li, Marquandomyces ulvae M.M. Wang & W. Li, Stephanonectria arenicola M.M. Wang & W. Li, and Verruciconidia oligospora M.M. Wang & W. Li, based on morphological characteristics and LSU-ITS-tef1-rpb2 phylogenetics. These new species were discovered from marine algae (Ulva spinulosa) and sediments (mud and sand). A detailed comparison of these new species and their close relatives is also presented. Full article
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14 pages, 3355 KiB  
Article
Establishment and Application of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays for Pathogens of Rice Bakanae Disease
by Xinchun Liu, Yan Wang, Yating Zhang, Jingzhao Xia, Chenxi Liu, Yu Song, Tao Han, Songhong Wei and Wenjing Zheng
Agriculture 2025, 15(12), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15121319 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
Rice bakanae disease (RBD), a major threat in rice-cropping nations, can reduce rice yield and quality. As it is a seed-borne disease, effective seed detection is crucial. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) can rapidly and specifically amplify DNA at a constant temperature with high [...] Read more.
Rice bakanae disease (RBD), a major threat in rice-cropping nations, can reduce rice yield and quality. As it is a seed-borne disease, effective seed detection is crucial. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) can rapidly and specifically amplify DNA at a constant temperature with high sensitivity. This research uses LAMP to develop rapid RBD pathogen detection systems. Primers were designed targeting the NRPS31 gene of Fusarium fujikuroi and conserved TEF1α sequences of Fusarium asiaticum, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium andiyazi. These reactions at 60 °C for 60 min had a detection limit of 100 pg·μL−1, and LAMP proved applicable in field trials. Full article
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16 pages, 767 KiB  
Article
Male Layer-Type Birds (Lohmann Brown Classic Hybrid) as a Meat Source for Chicken Pâtés
by Nikolay Kolev, Desislav Balev, Stefan Dragoev, Teodora Popova, Evgeni Petkov, Krasimir Dimov, Surendranath Suman, Ana Paula Salim and Desislava Vlahova-Vangelova
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6702; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126702 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 420
Abstract
The valorisation of underutilized male layer-type chickens offers a sustainable and ethically aligned opportunity for the poultry industry. This study evaluated the feasibility of male layer-type chicken meat in the production of chicken pâtés and compared the effects of different meat sources—commercial broiler [...] Read more.
The valorisation of underutilized male layer-type chickens offers a sustainable and ethically aligned opportunity for the poultry industry. This study evaluated the feasibility of male layer-type chicken meat in the production of chicken pâtés and compared the effects of different meat sources—commercial broiler (CP), and 5 (5wP) and 9-week-old (9wP) male layer-type chickens—on product quality during refrigerated storage using the general linear model with the Tukey–Kramer post-hoc test. Pâtés made from 5wP meat exhibited the most favourable technological properties, including the lowest (p < 0.05) total expressible fluid (TEF), highest (p < 0.05) water retention (TEFWater), and lowest (p < 0.05) fat content (TEFFat) than CP and 9wP indicating superior emulsion stability. The 5wP pâtés also presented the lowest (p < 0.05) TBARS values on day 1, along with reduced colour deterioration (ΔE) over 7 days of storage. CP samples demonstrated the greatest (p < 0.05) hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, but lower (p < 0.05) springiness and resilience compared to 5wP and 9wP, yielding softer and elastic pâtés. Overall, pâtés formulated with 5wP can be a promising option for the development of value-added poultry products. The incorporation of male layer-type chicken meat into commercial formulations will encourage further research of their market potential. Full article
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12 pages, 2035 KiB  
Brief Report
Identification and Characterization of Diaporthe citri as the Causal Agent of Melanose in Lemon in China
by Yang Zhou, Liangfen Yin, Wei Han, Chingchai Chaisiri, Xiangyu Liu, Xiaofeng Yue, Qi Zhang, Chaoxi Luo and Peiwu Li
Plants 2025, 14(12), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121771 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 509
Abstract
Lemon, widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other industries, has considerable value as a commodity and horticultural product. Previous research has shown that the fungus Diaporthe citri infects several citrus species, including mandarin, lemon, sweet orange, pomelo, and grapefruit, in China. Although [...] Read more.
Lemon, widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other industries, has considerable value as a commodity and horticultural product. Previous research has shown that the fungus Diaporthe citri infects several citrus species, including mandarin, lemon, sweet orange, pomelo, and grapefruit, in China. Although D. citri has been reported to cause melanose disease in lemons in China, key pathological evidence, such as Koch’s postulates fulfillment on lemon fruits and detailed morphological characterization, is still lacking. In May 2018, fruits, leaves, and twigs were observed to be infected with melanose disease in lemon orchards in Chongqing municipality in China. The symptoms appeared as small black discrete spots on the surface of fruits, leaves, and twigs without obvious prominent and convex pustules. D. citri was isolated consistently from symptomatic organs and identified provisionally based on the morphological characteristics. The identification was confirmed using sequencing and multigene phylogenetic analysis of ITS, TUB, TEF, HIS, and CAL regions. Pathogenicity tests were performed using a conidium suspension, and melanose symptoms similar to those observed in the field were reproduced. To our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive evidence for D. citri as a causal agent of melanose disease in lemons in China, including morphological characterization and pathogenicity assays on lemon fruits. This report broadens the spectrum of hosts of D. citri in China and provides useful information for the management of melanose in lemons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Plant Disease Diagnostics and Surveillance in Plant Protection)
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16 pages, 3004 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Species Diversity Within Early-Diverging Fungi from China VI: Four Absidia sp. nov. (Mucorales) in Guizhou and Hainan
by Yi-Xin Wang, Zi-Ying Ding, Xin-Yu Ji, Zhe Meng and Xiao-Yong Liu
Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061315 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 465
Abstract
Absidia is the most species-rich genus within the family Cunninghamellaceae, with its members commonly isolated from diverse substrates, particularly rhizosphere soil. In this study, four novel Absidia species, A. irregularis sp. nov., A. multiformis sp. nov., A. ovoidospora sp. nov., and A. verticilliformis [...] Read more.
Absidia is the most species-rich genus within the family Cunninghamellaceae, with its members commonly isolated from diverse substrates, particularly rhizosphere soil. In this study, four novel Absidia species, A. irregularis sp. nov., A. multiformis sp. nov., A. ovoidospora sp. nov., and A. verticilliformis sp. nov., were discovered from soil samples collected in southern and southwestern China, using integrated morphological and molecular analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated ITS, SSU, LSU, Act, and TEF1α sequence data reconstructed trees that strongly supported the monophyly of each of these four new taxa. Key diagnostic features include A. irregularis (closely related to A. oblongispora) exhibiting irregular colony morphology, A. multiformis (sister to A. heterospora) demonstrating polymorphic sporangiospores, A. ovoidospora (forming a clade with A. panacisoli and A. abundans) producing distinctive ovoid sporangiospores, and A. verticilliformis (next to A. edaphica) displaying verticillately branched sporangiophores. Each novel species is formally described with comprehensive documentation, including morphological descriptions, illustrations, Fungal Names registration identifiers, designated type specimens, etymological explanations, maximum growth temperatures, and taxonomic comparisons. This work constitutes the sixth instalment in a series investigating early-diverging fungal diversity in China aiming to enhance our understanding of the diversity of fungi in tropical and subtropical ecosystems in Asia. In this paper, the known species of Absidia are expanded to 71. Full article
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26 pages, 38794 KiB  
Article
New Contributions to the Species Diversity of the Genus Hydnum (Hydnaceae, Cantharellales) in China: Four New Taxa and Newly Recorded Species
by Yong-Lan Tuo, Libo Wang, Xue-Fei Li, Hang Chu, Minghao Liu, Jiajun Hu, Zheng-Xiang Qi, Xiao Li, Yu Li and Bo Zhang
J. Fungi 2025, 11(6), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11060431 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
Hydnum, a well-defined genus in the family Hydnaceae (order Cantharellales), is characterized by its distinctive spine-bearing hymenophores. In this study, we performed a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (ITS-nrLSU-tef1) of Hydnum species. Integrating morphological examinations and phylogenetic evidence, we identified and [...] Read more.
Hydnum, a well-defined genus in the family Hydnaceae (order Cantharellales), is characterized by its distinctive spine-bearing hymenophores. In this study, we performed a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (ITS-nrLSU-tef1) of Hydnum species. Integrating morphological examinations and phylogenetic evidence, we identified and delineated five Hydnum species in China, which include four novel species (Hydnum crassipedum, H. albomarginatum, H. fulvostriatum, and H. bifurcatum) and the first record (H. orientalbidum) in Anhui Province. This study provides a comprehensive morphological description (including macroscopic morphology and microscopic structure), hand-drawn illustrations (encompassing basidiocarps, basidiospores, basidia, and pileipellis hyphae), morphological comparative analysis with similar species, and comparative phylogenetic analysis with related taxa. Furthermore, we developed a dichotomous key for identifying Hydnum species distributed in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)
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