Search Results (1,035)

Temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) incorporate temporal information into traditional triplets, enhancing the dynamic representation of real-world events. Temporal knowledge graph reasoning aims to infer unknown quadruples at future timestamps through dynamic modeling and learning of nodes and edges in the knowledge graph. Existing TKG reasoning approaches often suffer from two main limitations: neglecting the influence of temporal information during entity embedding and insufficient or unreasonable processing of relational structures. To address these issues, we propose DERP, a relation-aware reasoning model with dynamic evolution mechanisms. The model enhances entity embeddings by jointly encoding time-varying and static features. It processes graph-structured data through relational graph convolutional layers, which effectively capture complex relational patterns between entities. Notably, it introduces an innovative relational-aware attention mechanism (RAGAT) that dynamically adapts the importance weights of relations between entities. This facilitates enhanced information aggregation from neighboring nodes and strengthens the model’s ability to capture local structural features. Subsequently, prediction scores are generated utilizing a convolutional decoder. The proposed model significantly enhances the accuracy of temporal knowledge graph reasoning and effectively handles dynamically evolving entity relationships. Experimental results on four public datasets demonstrate the model’s superior performance, as evidenced by strong results on standard evaluation metrics, including Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR), Hits@1, Hits@3, and Hits@10. Full article

Background: Field hockey is a high-intensity intermittent sport, where nutrition and sleep play an important role in the performance and health of all players, especially in women, who often exhibit a dietary pattern characterized by low energy and carbohydrate intake, along with poor nighttime habits. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the profile of female field hockey players by analyzing their energy and macronutrient intake, prevalence of LEA risk, use of SS, and sleep characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study was carried out with 75 female players. Validated questionnaires were used to determine general sports nutrition knowledge (NUKYA) and specific knowledge of carbohydrates in sports (CEAC-Q), sleep quality (ASSQ), low energy availability risk (LEAF-Q), and use of sport supplements. In addition, a 7-day dietary record was analyzed. Results: Players showed a high general nutrition knowledge (NUKYA mean: 66.0 ± 8.5 points; 68.0% scored high), but a pronounced deficiency in specific carbohydrate knowledge (CEAC-Q mean: 24.3 ± 14.9 points; 84.0% scored low). Dietary intake analysis revealed significant deficiencies: mean energy intake was 31.9 ± 10.8 kcal/kg/day, resulting in insufficient intake for 78.7% of players. Carbohydrate intake was particularly low (3.6 ± 1.5 g/kg/day), with 86.7% failing to meet recommendations. Furthermore, 33.3% of players were at risk of Low Energy Availability (LEA). LEA risk (LEAF-Q score) was negatively correlated with both protein (r = −0.363; p = 0.001) and carbohydrate intake (r = −0.347; p = 0.003). Regarding sleep, the mean disturbance score (SDS) was 6.5 ± 2.9 (mild disturbance), with 33.3% showing moderate–severe disturbance, and 92.0% sleeping ≤8 h. Finally, 78.7% of players used supplements, with usage correlated with CEAC-Q scores (r = 0.233; p = 0.044), and 86.4% were guided by non-professional sources. Conclusions: Female hockey players do not meet dietary recommendations for energy and carbohydrates and exhibit a high prevalence of low energy availability and sleep disturbances, despite having acceptable general sports nutrition knowledge. It is recommended to implement specific educational and nutritional strategies to enhance the knowledge, performance, and health of female hockey players. Full article

This study investigates how cultural context shapes memorable tourism experiences at dark-tourism sites by comparing young visitors (aged between 18 to 34) from the Czech Republic and India. The Czech Republic and India were selected for this study because they offer two culturally and historically distinct contexts that allow for meaningful examination of cross-cultural variation in dark tourism experiences. It specifically aims to examine whether and how the seven dimensions of the Memorable Tourism Experience Scale (MTES), hedonism, refreshment, local culture, involvement, knowledge, meaningfulness, and novelty vary across these two cultural settings. A cross-sectional, comparative survey design was employed using a convenience sample of 100 Czech and 108 Indian university students who had previously visited dark-tourism attractions. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire based on the MTES, and analyzed using factor analysis and independent-sample t-tests to validate the scale and test for cross-cultural differences. Significant differences emerged for hedonic value and meaningfulness, with Indian participants reporting higher scores on both dimensions, while local culture, involvement, knowledge, novelty, and refreshment did not differ significantly between the two samples. The study contributes to the memorable tourism experience literature by demonstrating that dark tourism represents a hybrid eudaimonic–hedonic experience in which cognitive learning and reflective appraisal coexist with pleasure and arousal, and by showing that cultural context modulates affective and meaning-related dimensions more than cognitive ones. Practically, the findings suggest that dark-tourism managers should priorities interpretive designs that integrate knowledge acquisition with emotionally and morally resonant narratives, while tailoring hedonic and meaning framings to the cultural profiles of target markets. Full article

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine nutrition-related knowledge (NRK) and the implementation of national dietary guidelines (NDGs) as nutrition-related practices (NRPs) among women, identifying profiles and their determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 1294 Polish women (mean age 35.8 ± 14.6 years) was conducted in the period June 2021–December 2022 using the Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method. K-means cluster analysis was applied to standardized variables (NRK and NRP scores, age, and BMI), with the optimal number of clusters determined using the elbow method, to identify major participant profiles representing knowledge and practices with respect to the NDGs. Results: Three distinct clusters were identified. The “High” cluster showed median NRK and NRP scores of 15 (IQR = 14–17) and 11 points (IQR = 10–13), significantly higher than those of the “Low” (11 (IQR = 9–13) and 8 points (IQR = 7–10); p < 0.001) and “Moderate” cluster (13 (IQR = 11–14) and 7 points (IQR = 6–9); p < 0.001), respectively. There were significant differences between clusters in socio-demographics, lifestyle, and health-related distribution. Cluster “High” (38% of sample) had the best NRK and NRP scores and more advantageous socio-economic and lifestyle profiles (higher education, employment, better financial situation, normal BMI, less smoking and higher levels of physical activity), p < 0.001; “Moderate” (39%) was characterized by average to relatively good NRK but weaker implementation of NRPs, particularly among younger women, representing more advantageous socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics (p < 0.001); and “Low” (23% of sample) comprising middle-aged and older women with lower education, more frequent rural residence, poorer financial status, less favourable lifestyle factors, the lowest NRK and NRP scores, higher prevalence of overweight or obesity, and the lowest level of physical activity (p < 0.001)—thus indicating a marked knowledge–practice gap, with this group constituting a potential high-risk population. Conclusions: Greater awareness of national dietary guidelines among women is observed alongside higher nutrition-related knowledge and healthier dietary practices. A persistent gap between knowledge and practical implementation among women highlights the need for interventions that support behaviour change alongside nutritional education. Targeted public health strategies are required for women with lower levels of nutrition-related knowledge and less favourable lifestyle profiles. Full article

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the world’s most prevalent X-linked enzymopathy, yet public literacy regarding its inheritance, haemolytic triggers, and preventive actions remains inadequate in many high-risk populations. This study assessed public knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices toward G6PD deficiency among adults in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, a region reporting haemoglobinopathy burden and a recent expansion of national newborn screening. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was administered between May and September 2025 using a bilingual, self-administered questionnaire. A total of 1104 adults (≥18 years) were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. Knowledge was scored using 13 dichotomous factual items, and findings are reported as proportions with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: Participants were predominantly female (57%) and university-educated (34.2%). Although 58.5% had heard of “fava bean anaemia”, only 38% recognised the X-linked mode of inheritance and 36.1% identified medication-induced haemolysis, despite 61.8% correctly linking fava beans to haemolytic risk. The mean knowledge score across items was 34.4%. Preventive practices were limited: 41.5% reported premarital medical consultation, and only 21.6% had undergone genetic assessment. Conclusions: Despite national advances in newborn screening, substantial public knowledge deficits and low engagement with preventive practices persist. Strengthened community-level education, particularly regarding inheritance, medication safety, and proactive screening, may reduce preventable haemolysis events. Integrating G6PD-targeted messaging within premarital, antenatal, and primary-care services may support long-term preventive health objectives. Full article

Background/Objectives: Paediatricians’ recommendations influence parental decisions to vaccinate their children. On 19 January 2022, the World Health Organization authorized the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) under Emergency Use Listing for children under 12 years as a measure to mitigate disease spread and direct protection for children with underlying conditions. We assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Palestinian paediatricians regarding COVID-19 vaccination for children under 12 years and identified factors affecting support for vaccination. Methods: From 1 October to 8 November 2023, we surveyed paediatricians across the West Bank using structured telephone interviews. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics and KAP regarding COVID-19 vaccination and calculated KAP scores from eight, nine, and nine items, respectively, with total scores categorized as poor/moderate/good. We performed bivariable and multivariable analyses to identify factors associated with paediatricians supporting COVID-19 vaccination for children under 12 years. Results: Of the 367 eligible paediatricians, 323 (88%) responded; the median age was 51 years (range: 28–70); 27% supported COVID-19 vaccination for children. Mean scores for knowledge (range 0–8), attitude (0–9), and practice (0–9) were 3.0 ± 2.1, 3.9 ± 2.4, and 4.0 ± 1.7, respectively. The mean overall KAP score (0–26) was 11 ± 4.8. Safety and efficacy concerns and lack of long-term data were the main reasons for hesitancy. Higher knowledge scores (PR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3–2.5, p = 0.001) and positive attitudes (PR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.3, p = 0.01) were significantly associated with paediatricians’ support for vaccination. After adjustment for other factors, participants with regular continuing medical education attendance (aPR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–2.6, p = 0.045), trusting WHO recommendations (aPR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.4–7.8, p = 0.047), having a positive attitude score (aPR = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.4–4.4, p = 0.041), and a good total KAP score (aPR = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.2, p = 0.044) supported COVID-19 vaccination for children. Conclusions: Support for COVID-19 vaccination among Palestinian paediatricians was low, associated with their knowledge, attitudes, and trust in health authorities. The revised WHO recommendations from 10 November 2023, decreasing the priority of vaccinating healthy children, could influence the opinion of paediatricians. However, the low support for COVID-19 vaccinations could affect the performance of other vaccination programmes and should be carefully addressed through targeted education. Full article

Background/Objectives: Quantitative computed tomography (CT) metrics are widely used to assess pulmonary involvement and to predict short-term severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it remains unclear whether baseline artificial intelligence (AI)-based quantitative high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) metrics of pneumonia burden provide incremental prognostic value for in-hospital composite adverse outcomes beyond routine clinical factors, or whether these imaging-derived markers carry any exploratory signal for long-term severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection among hospitalized patients. Most existing imaging studies have focused on diagnosis and acute-phase prognosis, leaving a specific knowledge gap regarding AI-based quantitative HRCT correlates of early deterioration and subsequent reinfection in this population. To evaluate whether combining deep learning-derived, quantitative, HRCT features and clinical factors improve prediction of in-hospital composite adverse events and to explore their association with long-term reinfection in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed 236 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 patients who underwent baseline HRCT. Median follow-up durations were 7.65 days for in-hospital outcomes and 611 days for long-term outcomes. A pre-trained, adaptive, artificial-intelligence-based, prototype model (Siemens Healthineers) was used for pneumonia analysis. Inflammatory lung lesions were automatically segmented, and multiple quantitative metrics were extracted, including opacity score, volume and percentage of opacities and high-attenuation opacities, and mean Hounsfield units (HU) of the total lung and opacity. Patients were stratified based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-derived optimal thresholds, and multivariable Cox regression was used to identify predictors of the composite adverse outcome (intensive care unit [ICU] admission or all-cause death) and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, defined as a second RT-PCR-confirmed episode of COVID-19 occurring ≥90 days after initial infection. Results: The composite adverse outcome occurred in 38 of 236 patients (16.1%). Higher AI-derived opacity burden was significantly associated with poorer outcomes; for example, opacity score cut-off of 5.5 yielded an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–0.79), and similar performance was observed for the volume and percentage of opacities and high-attenuation opacities (AUCs up to 0.71; all p < 0.05). After adjustment for age and comorbidities, selected HRCT metrics—including opacity score, percentage of opacities, and mean HU of the total lung (cut-off −662.38 HU; AUC 0.64, 95% CI 0.54–0.74)—remained independently associated with adverse events. Individual predictors demonstrated modest discriminatory ability, with C-indices of 0.59 for age, 0.57 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 0.62 for opacity score, 0.63 for percentage of opacities, and 0.63 for mean total-lung HU, whereas a combined model integrating clinical and imaging variables improved prediction performance (C-index = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57–0.80). During long-term follow-up, RT-PCR–confirmed reinfection occurred in 18 of 193 patients (9.3%). Higher baseline CT-derived metrics—particularly opacity score and both volume and percentage of high-attenuation opacities (percentage cut-off = 4.94%, AUC 0.69, 95% CI 0.60–0.79)—showed exploratory associations with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. However, this analysis was constrained by the very small number of events (n = 18) and wide confidence intervals, indicating substantial statistical uncertainty. In this context, individual predictors again showed only modest C-indices (e.g., 0.62 for procalcitonin [PCT], 0.66 for opacity score, 0.66 for the volume and 0.64 for the percentage of high-attenuation opacities), whereas the combined model achieved an apparent C-index of 0.73 (95% CI 0.64–0.83), suggesting moderate discrimination in this underpowered exploratory reinfection sample that requires confirmation in external cohorts. Conclusions: Fully automated, deep learning-derived, quantitative HRCT parameters provide useful prognostic information for early in-hospital deterioration beyond routine clinical factors and offer preliminary, hypothesis-generating insights into long-term reinfection risk. The reinfection-related findings, however, require external validation and should be interpreted with caution given the small number of events and limited precision. In both settings, combining AI-based imaging and clinical variables yields better risk stratification than either modality alone. Full article

Background: Orthorexia nervosa (OrNe) and healthy orthorexia (HeOr) are two distinct but related dimensions of interest in eating behavior research. Evidence regarding their associations with sociodemographic, dietary, and sport-related variables in physically active young adults remains limited. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 190 physically active young adults (53.2% women; mean age = 23.16 ± 5.13 years). Participants practiced a variety of sports including fitness (25.3%), soccer (13.7%), handball (10.5%), athletics, martial arts, cycling, and other individual or team sports. Although all participants belonged to organized sports teams or structured training groups, 38.9% were not actively competing at the time of data collection. Participants completed validated instruments assessing OrNe, HeOr, and eating-related cognitions, alongside questionnaires on sociodemographic data, dietary habits, sport discipline, training frequency, and supplement use. Hierarchical and K-means clustering were applied using the standardized scores of HeOr, OrNe, and the EHQ total score. Group differences were assessed using t-tests and ANOVA with effect sizes (η²p) reported. Results: Age correlated positively with OrNe, HeOr, and eating-related cognitions, indicating greater consolidation of rigid eating patterns in young adulthood. BMI was associated with OrNe only among men. Vegetarian participants showed higher nutritional knowledge but lower overall orthorexia scores. Supplement users in fitness-related sports reported higher OrNe, whereas participants in collective sports reported lower scores. Three distinct orthorexia profiles were identified, characterized by lower, slightly above-average, and higher scores on orthorexia-related variables. Participants in the higher-scoring profile showed significantly higher EHQ total, OrNe, and HeOr scores compared with the other groups (η²p range = 0.11–0.19). Correlations among orthorexia dimensions were positive and moderate to large. Differences between clusters in sport modality, training frequency, and supplement use underscored the influence of the sporting context. Conclusions: Orthorexia in young physically active adults reflects heterogeneous patterns shaped by the interplay of individual (age, sex, BMI), dietary, and sport-related factors. The identification of differentiated profiles reinforces the multidimensional nature of orthorexia and underscores the relevance of considering specific sport environments when interpreting orthorexic tendencies. Longitudinal research is warranted to examine the stability or variability of these patterns over time and to enable the use of more robust multivariate approaches that further clarify the characterization of orthorexia. Full article

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a crucial ecological security barrier in China and Asia. Its grassland ecosystem has high ecological service value. Scientific assessments and classifications of grasslands are crucial for determining the value of grassland resources and implementing refined management. Traditional grassland classification methods have used expert knowledge and linear models, which are subjective and cannot describe complex nonlinear relationships. We conducted a case study in Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province, in the water conservation area of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, using multi-source data including Landsat 8 (15 m/30 m), MOD15A2 (500 m), ALOS imagery (12.5 m), and 435 field survey samples, combined with machine learning models such as convolutional neural network (CNN), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), histogram gradient boosting (HistGradientBoosting), and random forest (RF). The objective was to develop a novel grassland classification method that integrates multi-source remote sensing data with machine learning algorithms. Based on the evaluation metrics of SHAP values, mean annual precipitation (MAP, 0.675), >0 °C Accumulated Temperature (AT, 0.591), and aspect (ASPECT, 0.548) were the most critical factors influencing alpine grasslands, revealing a driving mechanism characterized by climate dominance, topographic regulation, soil support, and vegetation response. The XGBoost model demonstrated the best performance (with an accuracy of 0.829, Precision of 0.818, Recall of 0.829, weighted F1-score of 0.820, and an AUC value of 0.870). The pixel-by-pixel absolute difference calculation between the model-predicted and the actual classification results showed that regions with no discrepancy (absolute value = 0) accounted for 75.82%, those with a minor discrepancy (absolute value = 1) accounted for 23.63%, and regions with a major discrepancy (absolute value = 2) accounted for only 0.54%. This study has established a replicable paradigm for the precise management and conservation of alpine grassland resources. Through the synergistic application of deep learning and machine learning, it generated superior baseline data, quantitatively uncovered a grassland differentiation mechanism dominated by hydrothermal factors and fine-tuned by topography in the complex Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and delivered high-precision spatial distribution maps of grassland classes. Full article

Background: The public harbors adverse perceptions of individuals with mental illness. The global prevalence of mental health illnesses has consistently risen. Untreated mental illness in high school adolescents can result in social, behavioral, and academic problems. Methods: A respondent-driven sample of 716 high school teachers working in Najran city was surveyed. The participants completed questionnaires assessing their mental health knowledge and Perceived Devaluation and Discrimination. Results: Almost two-thirds of participants had adequate knowledge. The highest knowledge scores were found in the items related to the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy. Schizophrenia was the most recognized mental health condition, followed by bipolar disorder and depression (mean scores 4.3, 4.0, 3.9, respectively). Almost two-thirds of the study participants (73.6%) had high perceived stigma in the total score of the PDD scale. The highest scores of perceived stigma were found in the scale items related to hiring a qualified person with severe mental illness (86.3%) and being close friends with a person with severe mental illness (85.6%). Participants with adequate knowledge had more perceived social stigma than those with inadequate knowledge (77% versus 66%). There were statistically significant associations between Stigma-related mental health knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study found that, despite the foundational level of knowledge, particularly regarding treatment effectiveness, gaps exist in understanding help-seeking behaviors. Socio-demographic factors play a role in shaping mental health literacy among high school teachers in Najran city. Full article

Background: Nutrition literacy (NL) plays a crucial role in shaping long-term health behaviors among college students, particularly during the transformative final phase of their school education. This study investigated the level of NL among college students in Beijing and examined its association with these behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 765 students from 12 universities in Beijing. The questionnaire comprised three sections: demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and a nutrition literacy scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.893; χ²/DF = 4.750; RMSEA = 0.048; GFI = 0.891; AGFI = 0.876). The NL scale was divided into two domains: cognition and skills. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize NL scores and their distributions across dimensions and subgroups. Group differences for categorical variables were examined using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Logistic regression analyses was employed to identify factors associated with NL. Mediation effects were tested using the Baron and Kenny approach. Results: The mean NL score was 67.74 ± 9.07, with only 7.6% of participants achieving an excellent NL level. Several lifestyle factors were significantly associated with excellent NL. Students with monthly living expenses of 2000–3000 CNY (OR = 2.35, p = 0.019) and >3000 CNY (OR = 3.22, p = 0.023) had higher odds of excellent NL compared to those spending <2000 CNY. Occasional exercise (OR = 2.36, p = 0.026) and daily breakfast consumption (OR = 2.76, p = 0.027) were also positively associated with excellent NL. In contrast, frequent midnight snacking significantly reduced the likelihood of excellent NL (OR = 0.20, p = 0.031). Better self-rated health status was strongly correlated with higher NL (OR = 2.82, p = 0.012). Moreover, NL mediated the relationship between lifestyle factors and healthy eating behaviors, underscoring a gap between nutritional knowledge and practical food skills. Conclusions: Current findings indicated suboptimal nutrition literacy among college students in Beijing, particularly in food selection skills. Excellent NL rates were associated with demographic and lifestyle factors, with NL serving as a mediator between lifestyle and health-related behaviors. These results emphasize the need for targeted nutrition education programs to enhance both knowledge and practical skills among university students. Full article

As immersive technologies increasingly permeate education and professional training, their cognitive implications for novice learners remain underexplored. This study examines the relative effectiveness of virtual reality (VR)-based instruction compared with conventional teaching modalities in a controlled experimental setting. A total of 106 undergraduate medical students with no prior technical experience were randomly assigned to one of three instructional conditions: (1) PowerPoint-based presentation, (2) real-person demonstration, or (3) immersive VR simulation of a five-axis CNC machine. Participants’ cognitive ability was assessed using Raven’s Progressive Matrices, and their learning styles were measured via the Honey and Mumford questionnaire. Immediate knowledge retention was evaluated through a 20-item multiple-choice test. Results revealed a significant main effect of instructional method on post-test performance (p < 0.001), with the real-person group achieving the highest mean score, followed by PowerPoint and VR groups. IQ was a significant predictor of performance across conditions but did not moderate the effect of instructional method. Gender and learning-style preferences showed no meaningful associations with learning outcomes. The findings suggest that, for novice learners engaging with complex technical content, immersive VR may impose additional cognitive demands that hinder immediate knowledge acquisition. These results contribute empirical support to Cognitive Load Theory and the Cognitive Affective Model of Immersive Learning, emphasizing the need for careful instructional design and cognitive scaffolding in VR-based education. Full article

Abortive zoonoses represent a major public-health threat and a significant constraint on small-ruminant production in West Africa, particularly in Benin. Yet they remain largely undocumented from the perspective of frontline actors. This cross-sectional study assessed the levels of knowledge, attitude, and perception (KAP) of Beninese farmers, butchers, meat inspectors, and para-veterinary staff. A structured questionnaire containing 28 items (11 knowledge, 9 attitudes, 8 perception) was administered to four professional groups (small ruminant keeper, para-veterinarian, butcher and meat inspectors) from four communes in the South, Central, and North of Benin. The number of correct and desirable responses was evaluated on a 0–100% scale. Overall, respondents demonstrated limited knowledge (50.4 ± 25.2%), highly undesirable attitudes (71.0 ± 23.2%) (higher attitude score means risky practices), and likely desirable (65.0 ± 24.4%) toward abortive zoonoses. Mixed-effect linear regression revealed that knowledge was generally higher among trained professionals such as meat inspectors and para-veterinarians. On the other hand, farmers and butchers showed larger informational gaps and more frequent risky practices. Respondents with previous experience of livestock abortion tended to be more aware of zoonotic risks but did not consistently translate this awareness into safer behavior. Correlations between knowledge and perception were weak and non-significant (r = 0.14; p = 0.135). Psychometric analysis revealed that the Knowledge scale was robust and effectively discriminated between respondents, while the Attitude scale showed poor validity, likely due to social desirability bias. Most participants perceived abortive diseases as a serious threat, yet this awareness did not translate into safer practices. The findings highlight substantial cognitive gaps, persistent risky practices and an incomplete perception of danger among value-chain actors. They underscore the need for targeted, behavior-change interventions in Benin, prioritizing practical training for farmers and butchers and the scaling-up of flock vaccination within a strengthened One Health framework. Full article

Background: Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health interventions, yet hesitancy persists even among healthcare students who aid in promoting immunization. Understanding students’ perspective plays a crucial role in designing targeted educational interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthcare students (HSCs) in Kuwait about vaccines. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted between August and October 2024. A validated 21-item questionnaire was used to assess vaccine-related knowledge, attitude, and practices, along with demographic data. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of higher knowledge and positive attitude. Results: A total of 351 students participated (mean age 23.0 ± 2.4 years; 90.6% female). The mean knowledge score was 3.9/7 (55.7%), indicating moderate knowledge, with misconceptions noted regarding benefits of post-infection vaccination and extra vaccine doses. The mean attitude score was 3.6/6 (60%), indicating moderately positive attitude, yet safety concerns, particularly about long-term effect, were common (59.3%). Nearly half (45.9%) delayed vaccination until mandatory. Vaccine uptake was highest for COVID-19 (92.3%), followed by hepatitis B (73.8%). Older age, male gender, and being a medical student predicted higher knowledge (p = 0.011), while older age and being in later study years predicted more positive attitude (p = 0.032). Conclusions: HSCs demonstrated moderate knowledge and attitude toward vaccines, with significant hesitancy driven by safety concerns despite high eventual uptake. Early targeted curricular interventions addressing vaccine safety evidence, benefits of timely immunization, and professional responsibility are warranted to improve confidence and proactive vaccine acceptance among future healthcare professionals (HCPs). Full article

Background/Objectives: Optimal post-exercise nutrition is critical for maximizing recovery and subsequent performance. However, athletes often lack knowledge of guidelines, leading to suboptimal practices, particularly inadequate carbohydrate intake for glycogen resynthesis. This study aimed to assess the adherence of Hungarian endurance athletes to nutritional recommendations, identifying deficits and guiding the development of effective educational strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study surveyed 113 amateur Hungarian endurance athletes (mean age 40.04 ± 9.89 years) training ≥ 3 times/week using a self-developed online questionnaire. A ten-item composite measure, the Post-Exercise Nutrition Recommendation Adherence Score (PENRAS, max 10 points), was calculated to assess adherence. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and regression, were used to explore factors influencing PENRAS and nutritional practices. Results: The overall mean PENRAS was 5.32 ± 1.52, indicating room for improvement. The most pronounced deficit was observed in quantitative knowledge, with only 1.8% of participants correctly identifying the optimal carbohydrate content required for rapid glycogen resynthesis. Concurrently, high protein content (58.4%) was mentioned by a higher percentage than high carbohydrate content (52.2%) as an aspect of post-exercise meal planning. Triathletes had significantly higher PENRAS than runners (6.28 vs. 4.97, p = 0.001). Higher PENRAS was also significantly associated with consultation with a dietitian (p = 0.018). Reliance on professionals positively predicted knowledge, while online sources were a significant negative predictor. Higher PENRAS was associated with better meal planning and earlier post-exercise meal timing. Conclusions: Endurance athletes’ post-exercise nutritional practices are suboptimal. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions prioritizing education on carbohydrate intake and redirecting athletes towards evidence-based information to improve adherence and performance outcomes. Full article