Search Results (5,200)

Silts are generally unsuitable for direct use as subgrade fill material due to their low shear strength and deformation resistance. In this study, a novel technique for strengthening silt using enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) with the addition of non-fat milk powder is proposed to improve the mechanical properties of silt for use as subgrade fill material. The effect of EICP on the mechanical properties of silt, in terms of internal friction angle and shear strength, was examined through consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial shear tests. The results showed that, with the EICP technique involving non-fat milk powder, the mechanical behaviors of silts were significantly enhanced due to the improved bonding ability of the silt particles. Furthermore, an optimum content of non-fat milk powder of 6 g/L is proposed to increase the mechanical properties. Compared with EICP treatment alone, under the optimum condition of 6 g/L non-fat milk powder and 14 days of curing, the shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle increased by 44.1%, 51.86%, and 31.4%, respectively. Finally, microstructural analyses were conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the improvement of silt. The findings of this study can provide guidance for the application of silt improvement through the EICP technique involving non-fat milk powder. Full article

Background/Objectives: Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties. This study evaluated the effects of two beetroot cultivars (Boldor and Wodan) on blood serum parameters, body composition, and organ weights in male WKY rats fed a low-protein diet (LPD, 8.8% protein). Methods: Five-week-old male rats were maintained on an LPD for 8 weeks and subsequently continued on the LPD diet supplemented with 4% dried beetroot for 45 days. The experimental diets included beetroot from the Boldor and Wodan cultivars, either treated or untreated with a plant growth stimulator during cultivation. Results: Foliar application of the selenium-based plant growth stimulator did not significantly increase selenium or other element concentrations in beet roots. Elemental analysis showed higher levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, As, Cd, and Sb in the Wodan group, while Boldor increased Cr, Pb, and As; Ni and Se remained unchanged. Beetroot supplementation significantly affected 14 of the 30 measured biochemical parameters, including biomarkers of liver function (ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, and total protein), renal function (uric acid), pancreatic activity (amylase and lipase), electrolyte balance (sodium, potassium, and chloride), mineral metabolism (calcium), inflammatory status (CRP), and nutritional metabolism (iron). Conversely, no significant effects were observed on lipid profile parameters or biomarkers of cardiac and skeletal muscle injury. Among the beetroot cultivars evaluated, Wodan exerted distinct effects relative to Boldor, resulting in higher circulating total bilirubin and potassium concentrations, alongside reduced uric acid and lipase levels in treated rats. Boldor supplementation significantly increased body weight gain and fat mass, with a trend toward higher lean mass, and increased kidney weight. Wodan did not significantly affect body weight but increased kidney and spleen mass. Feed intake was similar across groups. No changes in cardiovascular function were observed ex vivo. Conclusions: Beetroot supplementation modulated multiple metabolic and physiological biomarkers in rats fed a low-protein diet, with distinct cultivar-specific effects, underscoring the importance of cultivar selection for optimizing functional dietary interventions. Full article

A ketogenic diet (KD) is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat dietary approach. Beyond treating neurologic disorders, KDs have attracted significant media attention for their potential to improve obesity and diabetes. The diet induces a metabolic shift from glucose toward fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. This shift leads to ketosis, which may reduce hunger, partly through the anorexigenic effects of ketone bodies, thereby contributing to weight loss and improved metabolic parameters, including glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity. In particular, the positive effects of KDs lower insulin demand and may thereby improve β-cell function. However, the long-term efficacy, safety, and sustainability of KDs, especially for diabetes, remain debated. This review offers current insights into the effects of ketogenesis and ketosis, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying them. We explore the metabolic effects of KDs in obesity and diabetes, drawing on preclinical and clinical studies, and suggest that combining KDs with antidiabetic agents may provide synergistic benefits. However, combining KDs with these pharmacotherapies, particularly SGLT-2 inhibitors, requires careful clinical supervision because of potential risks, including euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis. We explore how a KD alters the composition of the gut microbiota, thereby affecting host health. We conclude by highlighting challenges and future directions for optimising KD-based therapies and by outlining the limitations of the current review. Full article

Background: Nutritional biomarkers are linked to body composition changes, but limited evidence has studied how nutritional biomarkers relate to low muscle mass, excess adiposity, and both coexisting conditions across different physical activity levels. This study aims to investigate associations between low muscle mass, obesity, and low muscle mass with obesity and nutritional biomarkers across physical activity levels among U.S. adults across physical activity levels. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from adults aged 20–59 years from the 2015–2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2018. Low muscle mass was defined by low appendicular lean mass relative to body weight (LALM/W). Obesity was classified using body mass index (BMI¹), waist circumference (WC²), and body fat percentage (FM%³), and low muscle mass with obesity was defined using three coexisting phenotypes (LALM/W-O1, LALM/W-O2, LALM/W-O3). Nutritional biomarkers included serum albumin, vitamin D, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, iron, insulin resistance (HOMA IR), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Physical activity was categorized as inactive, insufficiently active, or sufficiently active based on MET minutes per week. Multivariable regression models accounted for the complex survey design and relevant covariates. Results: After adjustment, LALM/W was significantly associated with low serum albumin, low vitamin D, high triglyceride, high HOMA-IR, and high CRP. Obesity was significantly associated with low serum albumin, low vitamin D, high triglyceride, high LDL cholesterol, high HOMA-IR, and high CRP. LALM/W-O in all phenotypes were significantly associated with low serum albumin, low vitamin D, high triglyceride, high LDL cholesterol, high HOMA-IR, and high CRP. LALM/W-O phenotypes demonstrated the strongest associations, particularly with high HOMA-IR and hs-CRP. Although the associations varied by physical activity level, sufficiently active group was associated with lower odds of adverse nutritional biomarkers compared with insufficient activity. Conclusions: Nutritional biomarkers are associated with LALM/W and obesity. Sufficient physical activity was associated with fewer adverse outcomes. This suggests that adequate physical activity may be associated with better nutritional status and body composition. Full article

Background/Objectives: Nutrition plays a core role in chronic disease management, and there is growing interest in the health impact of plant-based diets (PBDs) in people with overweight or obesity. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the evidence on the health effect of PBDs compared to omnivorous diets in overweight or obese individuals. Methods: We searched the databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception to 3 January 2024. Two review authors independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, evaluated the risk of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021225525. We used random-effects meta-analysis to analyze data. Results: Of 2664 records identified, 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and six ongoing studies met the inclusion criteria. The available evidence suggests little to no difference between plant-based and omnivorous diets for body weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum glucose, serum insulin, insulin sensitivity, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and body fat mass. Plant-based diets may slightly reduce LDL cholesterol. They may also reduce BMI and HbA1c, although the certainty of the evidence is very low. Longer-duration dietary interventions (14 weeks or more) showed greater improvements in BMI, LDL cholesterol and HbA1c. Conclusions: Plant-based diets may represent a dietary option for people with overweight or obesity and may support modest improvements in selected cardiometabolic outcomes, although the available evidence is limited and uncertain. Most outcomes showed little or no difference between PBDs and comparison diets, while the observed effects on BMI and HbA1c were supported by very low certainty evidence. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity-related insulin resistance is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, but the extent to which weight loss modifies circulating cytokines in a sex-specific manner remains insufficiently understood. The aim of this study was to assess sex-specific cytokine responses and metabolic adaptation in adults with obesity and insulin resistance following a six-month weight-reduction program (WRP). Methods: Thirty-six participants (24 women and 12 men) with a value of Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) ≥ 2 underwent an individualized low-calorie diet combined with moderate physical activity and health education. Anthropometric, body composition, biochemical, oxidative stress, and cytokine parameters were evaluated before and after the intervention. Results: Both women and men showed significant reductions in body mass, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, visceral fat area (VFA), body fat mass (BFM), fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, modified Atherogenic Index of Plasma (new-AIP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI). Women additionally showed significant decreases in fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal-muscle mass (SMM), total body water (TBW), glycated hemoglobin A_1c (HbA1c), and triacylglycerols, whereas cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C) increased significantly in men. Cytokine changes were selective rather than uniform. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) decreased in both women and men. In sex-stratified analyses, IL-1β decreased significantly only in women, whereas IL-7 decreased significantly only in men. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: [NCT07645105] (retrospectively registered on [11 June 2026]). Conclusions: A 6-month lifestyle-based weight-reduction program in adults with overweight or obesity and insulin resistance was associated with metabolic improvement, reduced oxidative stress, and partial attenuation of obesity-related low-grade inflammation. The observed cytokine and metabolic changes suggest sex-related patterns of immunometabolic adaptation to weight reduction. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the relatively small sex-stratified subgroups and the number of cytokine endpoints analyzed, and they require confirmation in larger, sex-balanced studies. Full article

The evolution of weather systems over the Tibetan Plateau (hereinafter referred to as the Plateau) significantly affects the quality of numerical weather prediction in its surrounding areas and downstream regions. Given the scarcity and relatively low quality of conventional observations over the Plateau, satellite observations with high spatial and temporal resolution are particularly important. However, the complex surface conditions of the Plateau severely limit the effective application and assimilation performance of satellite observations. The variational quality control (VarQC) scheme has demonstrated strong capability to reasonably utilize observations of varying quality to improve assimilation analyses. In view of this, this study developed a variational quality control scheme based on the non-Gaussian characteristics of observation errors, specifically a scheme based on a “Gaussian + flat” distribution (Flat-VarQC), tailored for satellite observations over the Plateau. Key parameters of the scheme are optimized for polar-orbiting satellite microwave sounders, enabling more appropriate adjustment of the observation weights in the assimilation process based on the innovations, thereby increasing the effective assimilation rate of polar-orbiting satellite microwave sounding data over the Plateau and improving the quality of analyses. Experimental results indicate that observation errors of satellite observations over the Plateau exhibit pronounced fat-tailed distribution characteristics. The conventional Gaussian assumption in variational assimilation schemes leads to a low effective assimilation rate of observations, thereby reducing the contribution of polar-orbiting satellite microwave sounding data to the analyses over the Plateau. The proposed Flat-VarQC scheme significantly improves the effective assimilation rate of both conventional and satellite observations over the Plateau, incorporates more beneficial observational information, and eliminates harmful observational information, thereby enhancing the positive contribution of observations to assimilation analyses. This scheme leads to particularly significant improvements in the assimilation of spaceborne microwave temperature sounder observations over the Plateau and in forecasts of heavy precipitation associated with meso- and micro-scale weather systems. Full article

Background: Frequent consumption of foods high in fat and sugar (HFS) has been linked to disrupted appetite regulation (via hippocampal dysfunction) and an increased tendency to continue desiring palatable foods, even when physiologically full. While we have previously shown that motivational drive for such foods can persist when full, it remains unclear whether attentional engagement (i.e., the visual attention captured by palatable foods) shows a similar sustained desire to consume palatable foods when full. Understanding whether attention persists is critical, as attention can powerfully shape food choice and overeating. Methods: This study investigates whether habitual HFS intake was associated with the maintenance of visual attention, motivational responses, and food consumption when satiated. Twenty-four adults aged 18–30 years completed a food frequency questionnaire and a bogus taste-rating task once when hungry and again after consuming a standardised meal. Using Tobii Pro Glasses 3 wireless eye-tracking glasses, we measured fixations on real snack foods, and participants rated wanting and liking for each item. Results: Eating a meal significantly reduced total fixations to snack foods, and wanting was more sensitive than liking to physiological state. Fixations were higher for ‘healthy’ snacks compared to ‘unhealthy’ snacks, with this effect more pronounced when participants were hungry. Notably, individuals in the low-fat/low-sugar group showed strong alignment between post-meal decreases in visual attention and decreases in wanting and liking, whereas this coupling was diminished in the high-fat/high-sugar group. Discussion: Extending previous work into the domain of attention, this study reveals diet-related differences in how visual attention interacts with motivational evaluations of food. The disrupted coupling associated with high-fat/high-sugar intake suggests potential alterations in attentional and motivational processes supporting appetite regulation. Understanding how diet shapes these cognitive–motivational interactions provides a valuable foundation for future neurocognitive research on overeating and obesity risk. Full article

This study aimed to develop low-fat acerola ice creams enriched with partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) at concentrations of 6% and 12% and supplemented with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Three formulations were prepared by partially or totally replacing fat with PHGG. After preparation, the ice creams were stored at −18 °C and evaluated over 180 days. Physicochemical analyses showed no differences in pH, acidity, moisture, or ash content among the samples. However, soluble solids and fat content varied depending on the PHGG level. The melting rate remained stable, while overrun increased proportionally with PHGG incorporation. Rheologically, PHGG addition significantly enhanced consistency. Microbiological analyses confirmed that all samples complied with safety standards. The ice creams exhibited symbiotic potential, maintaining L. rhamnosus GG viability > 8 log CFU/g for up to 180 days. In simulated gastrointestinal resistance tests, probiotic survival increased with PHGG concentration. After one day, counts during the enteric phase were 3.87, 6.20, and 6.08 log CFU/g for 0%, 6%, and 12% PHGG, respectively. After 180 days, the counts were 1.98, 4.41, and 3.25 log CFU/g, with corresponding survival rates of 47%, 84%, and 78% after one day, and 36%, 53%, and 42% after 180 days. Sensory analysis with 121 untrained panelists revealed no significant differences in aroma and taste. However, samples with higher fat content were better accepted in terms of appearance, texture, and purchase intent. Overall, partial fat replacement with PHGG proved effective in reducing fat while maintaining quality and enhancing probiotic stability, supporting its potential for functional low-fat foods. Full article

Background: Critical illness leads to profound metabolic, neuroendocrine and immune disorders that affect the prognosis of patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs). The ketogenic diet, a high-fat and low-carbohydrate eating model, is gaining increasing importance as a potential metabolic intervention in the ICU. Preliminary data suggest that the ketogenic diet (KD) may support the control of seizures in a super-refractive epileptic state (SRSE), stabilize glycemia, reduce insulin demand, and modulate the immune response in sepsis. The aim of this review was to present a synthetic presentation of the current state of knowledge regarding use of the KD in intensive care patients. Methods: The review was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR. PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases were searched (10–19 April 2026) using the Population–Concept–Context model. Full-text observational studies, randomized trials and reviews of the use of KDs in ICU patients were included. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Results: Of the 42 publications identified, seven studies were included in the analysis. The KD was feasible and safe in both critically ill adults and children. In SRSE, most patients achieved stable ketosis within a few days, which often allowed for reduction or discontinuation of anesthetics. In sepsis, the KD led to glycemic stabilization, reduced insulin demand and reduced immune deregulation; in one study, “after day 4, none of the patients in the KD group required insulin treatment.” The KD also showed beneficial effects on cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial function. The safety profile was acceptable and adverse reactions were manageable with appropriate monitoring. Conclusions: The KD represents a promising, non-pharmacological metabolic intervention in intensive care, particularly in the treatment of SRSE and in the stabilization of glucose metabolism in sepsis and other critical conditions. Despite the growing number of positive clinical observations, the available evidence remains limited due to small samples, heterogeneous protocols, and a lack of randomized trials. Further, well-designed prospective studies are needed to determine optimal KD implementation protocols and identify the patient populations that benefit most. Full article

Improving tenderness in whole-muscle pork products remains a technological challenge, particularly when natural processing strategies are preferred over conventional additives, as texture is regarded as one of the most important quality attributes influencing consumer perception and acceptance of meat products. This study investigated whether two plant proteases, papain and bromelain, incorporated into a red algae-based brine containing Palmaria palmata could enhance the quality of injected pork loin without compromising microbiological safety or sensory acceptance. Seven batches were produced: a control sample and six enzyme-treated samples containing papain or bromelain at 0.015%, 0.030%, and 0.045%. Overall, the enzymatic treatments had a limited effect on proximate composition. However, a modest decrease in fat content was observed, from 3.09% in the control sample to 2.70–2.82% in the samples treated with the highest concentrations of papain and bromelain (0.045%). In contrast, instrumental color and texture were strongly affected. Enzyme-treated samples became lighter, less red, and less saturated, with redness decreasing from 13.07 in the control to 5.19–6.66 in the highest-dose treatments and total color differences reaching 8.66. The most relevant effect was observed in texture, where papain and bromelain markedly reduced shear force, shear work, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness; shear force decreased from 26.22 N/cm² in the control to 10.78 N/cm² and 9.38 N/cm² in the batches treated with the highest enzyme concentrations. During refrigerated storage, total viable counts increased gradually but remained low, with a maximum of 4.56 × 10² CFU/g, while Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. Sensory analysis further showed that enzymatic treatment improved perceived tenderness and juiciness without reducing overall acceptability. These findings indicate that papain and bromelain can be used as natural tenderizing tools in injected pork loin, offering a promising route toward cleaner-label meat products with improved texture and preserved microbiological quality. Full article

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the metabolic response of women to a six-week consumption of full-fat sheep milk yogurt, with a focus on cardiovascular risk markers, lipid profile, and subfractions of low-density (LDL) and high-density (HDL) lipoproteins of both atherogenic and non-atherogenic nature. Methods: A total of 55 women were enrolled in the nutritional intervention after the application of inclusion criteria. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the six-week intervention period. Lipoprotein subfractions were determined in serum using the Lipoprint System LDL/HDL Subfractions Kit in combination with the Lipoprint^® analyzer. Results: In the group of women over 40 years of age with overweight or obesity, without adjustment for total cholesterol, a significant increase was observed in selected HDL subfractions (intermediate HDL-6, HDL-7 and small HDL-8, HDL-9; p < 0.05), while the small/large HDL ratio, LDL subfractions, and mean LDL particle size remained unchanged (p > 0.05). A decrease in triglycerides, LDL/HDL ratio, TG/HDL ratio, and cardiovascular risk index was recorded, alongside a slight increase in LDL-C and HDL-C levels. After adjustment for total cholesterol (T-C), no significant deterioration in the lipid profile was observed in either the group with normal or elevated T-C levels; in the group with elevated T-C, only the intermediate HDL-7 subfraction increased significantly (p < 0.05). Despite the presence of risk-level values in some parameters already at baseline (VLDL, IDL-A, IDL-B, small HDL), no worsening was observed. Conclusions: Six-week consumption of full-fat sheep milk yogurt did not lead to deterioration of the lipid profile or lipoprotein subfractions. The results suggest a neutral to mildly beneficial effect on selected cardiovascular risk markers. Full article

Chicken meat palatability is shaped by what the meat contains (e.g., intramuscular fat and fatty-acid composition), what happens to those components during storage and cooking (including oxidation and transfer into soups or meat juices), and how tastebud signaling integrates the resulting stimuli. Chicken sold in Japan as “Jidori” (premium native-line products) is often described as having a richer flavor that lingers longer than that of standard broiler chicken, and published poultry work, including reports by the author and their colleagues, has linked this phenotype to higher arachidonic acid (AA) levels in the meat; however, the mechanistic basis remains under debate and has not been overturned. In addition, intact AA is a highly hydrophobic long-chain fatty acid that partitions poorly into aqueous phases, making a direct “AA-as-tastant” mechanism unlikely. This review develops a hierarchical interpretation that separates food-level associations from tastebud mechanisms and reframes AA as a primarily downstream lipid substrate. Two complementary routes are proposed: (i) a food-chemistry route in which cooking and storage oxidation generate low-molecular-weight, water-accessible lipid-oxidation products that partition into soups, meat juices, and cooking loss, and (ii) a receptor-centered route in which kokumi-related signaling pathways, particularly those involving the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), amplify taste intensity, continuity, and aftertaste within tastebuds. This framework emphasizes how these routes can be linked experimentally by combining matrix/phase manipulations with targeted carbonyl profiling, fractionation–reconstitution, and pathway-perturbation assays in tastebud readouts. Overall, the model is intended to support mechanism-focused study designs beyond single-compound explanations. Full article

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a multifactorial complication of diabetes mellitus driven by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and disturbed metabolic homeostasis, leading to progressive injury of both the peripheral and central nervous systems. This study investigated whether L-serine supplementation could attenuate DN through dose-dependent metabolic and neuroprotective mechanisms in a high-fat diet (HFD) plus streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats (n = 8 per group) were allocated to five groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), pioglitazone (PIO; 1.5 mg/kg/day), low-dose L-serine (S1; 200 mg/kg/day), and high-dose L-serine (S2; 400 mg/kg/day). After 60 days of oral gavage, behavioural testing, glucose and insulin profiling, HOMA-IR calculation, brain histopathology, nerve growth factor (NGF) immunohistochemistry, and LC–MS/MS-based proteomic analysis of cerebral tissue were performed. Diabetic rats exhibited marked hyperglycaemia (355.33 ± 4.72 mg/dL), hyperinsulinaemia, severe insulin resistance (HOMA-IR 16.8 ± 3.2; a 14-fold increase), impaired thermal nociception, motor dysfunction, and pronounced neuronal degeneration. L-serine supplementation significantly improved metabolic status: S1 reduced HOMA-IR by 77.4% and S2 by 87.5% relative to diabetic controls (p < 0.001). High-dose L-serine produced greater improvements in thermal sensitivity, motor coordination (rotarod latency 26.67 ± 1.52 s vs. 16.1 ± 0.85 s in DC; p < 0.05), and NGF expression (8.6-fold increase vs. DC). Histopathology confirmed attenuation of neuronal injury and gliosis in both treatment groups. Exploratory, group-level proteomic profiling identified dose-specific molecular signatures: S1 was predominantly associated with carbohydrate, lipid, and biosynthetic pathways, whereas S2 was associated with synaptic, neurotransmission-related, and proteostasis pathways. Within the constraints of an exploratory design—group-level pooled proteomics, analysis of cerebral rather than peripheral-nerve tissue, and only two doses—these findings indicate that L-serine attenuates the metabolic and behavioural features of experimental diabetic neuropathy and generates the testable hypothesis of dose-dependent neuro-metabolic remodelling. The proteomic signatures are hypothesis-generating and require orthogonal validation before any mechanistic or translational inference can be drawn. Full article

Milk titratable acidity is a key indicator of raw milk freshness and quality, but its variation across different dairy animal species remains incompletely characterized. Based on 16,984 raw milk samples from eight dairy animal species (Holstein cow, goat, buffalo, camel, sheep, yak, donkey, and horse) collected within a retrospective raw milk quality monitoring framework in China from 2016 to 2024, this study provides a large-scale descriptive comparison of milk titratable acidity across species. Distinct titratable acidity profiles were observed among species, with camel and yak milk showing relatively high values, sheep, Holstein, and buffalo milk exhibiting intermediate values, and donkey and horse milk presenting markedly low values. Calendar-season-associated patterns also differed among species. Correlations between titratable acidity and milk components varied by species, with relatively stronger positive associations with protein and solids-not-fat (SNF) in several ruminant milks, suggesting that milk composition may contribute to differences in titratable acidity. However, because this study was based on an unbalanced observational dataset with limited animal-level, farm-level, feeding, management, physiological, and environmental metadata, these observations should be interpreted as descriptive and exploratory patterns rather than causal biological mechanisms. This dataset provides preliminary reference information for future studies on species-associated variation in raw milk titratable acidity and for discussions on species-specific raw milk quality evaluation. Full article