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Agriculture
Volume 16
Issue 12
10.3390/agriculture16121310
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Descriptive Profiles of Milk Titratable Acidity and Its Within-Species Associations with Milk Composition and Quality Parameters Across Eight Dairy Animal Species

by
Qiaoyan Ye
1,2,
Nan Zheng
2,
Huimin Liu
2,
Li Min
3,
Lu Meng
2,
Xinyu Hao
2,
Yangdong Zhang
2,
Shengguo Zhao
2,
Yaxin Yang
2,
Yong Chen
1,
Changjiang Zang
1,* and
Jiaqi Wang
2,*
1
College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2
Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
3
Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2026, 16(12), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16121310 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 30 April 2026 / Revised: 10 June 2026 / Accepted: 12 June 2026 / Published: 13 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Animal Nutrition and Milk Quality)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Milk titratable acidity is a key indicator of raw milk freshness and quality, but its variation across different dairy animal species remains incompletely characterized. Based on 16,984 raw milk samples from eight dairy animal species (Holstein cow, goat, buffalo, camel, sheep, yak, donkey, and horse) collected within a retrospective raw milk quality monitoring framework in China from 2016 to 2024, this study provides a large-scale descriptive comparison of milk titratable acidity across species. Distinct titratable acidity profiles were observed among species, with camel and yak milk showing relatively high values, sheep, Holstein, and buffalo milk exhibiting intermediate values, and donkey and horse milk presenting markedly low values. Calendar-season-associated patterns also differed among species. Correlations between titratable acidity and milk components varied by species, with relatively stronger positive associations with protein and solids-not-fat (SNF) in several ruminant milks, suggesting that milk composition may contribute to differences in titratable acidity. However, because this study was based on an unbalanced observational dataset with limited animal-level, farm-level, feeding, management, physiological, and environmental metadata, these observations should be interpreted as descriptive and exploratory patterns rather than causal biological mechanisms. This dataset provides preliminary reference information for future studies on species-associated variation in raw milk titratable acidity and for discussions on species-specific raw milk quality evaluation.
Keywords: milk titratable acidity; dairy species; variation ranges; influencing factors; component characteristics milk titratable acidity; dairy species; variation ranges; influencing factors; component characteristics

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ye, Q.; Zheng, N.; Liu, H.; Min, L.; Meng, L.; Hao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, S.; Yang, Y.; Chen, Y.; et al. Descriptive Profiles of Milk Titratable Acidity and Its Within-Species Associations with Milk Composition and Quality Parameters Across Eight Dairy Animal Species. Agriculture 2026, 16, 1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16121310

AMA Style

Ye Q, Zheng N, Liu H, Min L, Meng L, Hao X, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Yang Y, Chen Y, et al. Descriptive Profiles of Milk Titratable Acidity and Its Within-Species Associations with Milk Composition and Quality Parameters Across Eight Dairy Animal Species. Agriculture. 2026; 16(12):1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16121310

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ye, Qiaoyan, Nan Zheng, Huimin Liu, Li Min, Lu Meng, Xinyu Hao, Yangdong Zhang, Shengguo Zhao, Yaxin Yang, Yong Chen, and et al. 2026. "Descriptive Profiles of Milk Titratable Acidity and Its Within-Species Associations with Milk Composition and Quality Parameters Across Eight Dairy Animal Species" Agriculture 16, no. 12: 1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16121310

APA Style

Ye, Q., Zheng, N., Liu, H., Min, L., Meng, L., Hao, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, S., Yang, Y., Chen, Y., Zang, C., & Wang, J. (2026). Descriptive Profiles of Milk Titratable Acidity and Its Within-Species Associations with Milk Composition and Quality Parameters Across Eight Dairy Animal Species. Agriculture, 16(12), 1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16121310

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