IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, with a heterogeneous clinical course that may progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in approximately 20% of patients. Despite recent advances, including the U.S....
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most perilous side effects of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 (T1DM and T2DM).). It is known that sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT 2i) and glucagone like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA...
Mesangial cells (MC) maintain the architecture and cellular communication and indirectly join in the glomerular filtration rate for the correct functioning of the glomerulus. Consequently, these cells are activated constantly in response to changes i...
Moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem affecting hundreds of millions of people around the world. Started early, nephroprotection measures are able to prevent the degradation of renal function and are a major issue...
Glomerulonephritis are renal disorders resulting from different pathogenic mechanisms (i.e., autoimmunity, complement, inflammatory activation, etc.). Clarifying details of the pathogenic cascade is basic to limit the progression from starting inflam...
Dementia is an age-related syndrome characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognition and capacity for independent living. Diabetes is often associated with cognitive decline and shares similar pathophysiological mechanisms with dementia, s...
A low-protein diet (LPD) can be expected to retard renal function decline in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and is recommended in a clinical setting. Regarding the molecular mechanisms of an...
The history of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) is so long and started in 1835 when Petersen extracted a compound called phlorizin from apple tree bark. About fifty years later, von Mering discovered its glucosuric properties. In th...
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major global health issue, with diabetes being its primary cause and cardiovascular disease contributing significantly to patient mortality. Recently, two classes of medications—sodium–glucose...