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Search Results (272)

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Keywords = electrophoretic deposition

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23 pages, 8079 KiB  
Article
Electrophoretic Deposition of Green-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite on Thermally Oxidized Titanium: Enhanced Bioactivity and Antibacterial Performance
by Mariana Relva, Daniela Santo, Ricardo Alexandre, Pedro Faia, Sandra Carvalho, Zohra Benzarti and Susana Devesa
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8598; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158598 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 127
Abstract
Titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V are widely used in biomedical implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, but their bioinert nature limits osseointegration and antibacterial performance. This study proposes a multifunctional surface coating system integrating a thermally oxidized TiO2 interlayer [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V are widely used in biomedical implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, but their bioinert nature limits osseointegration and antibacterial performance. This study proposes a multifunctional surface coating system integrating a thermally oxidized TiO2 interlayer with a hydroxyapatite (HAp) top layer synthesized via a green route using Hylocereus undatus extract. The HAp was deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), enabling continuous coverage and strong adhesion to the pre-treated Ti-6Al-4V substrate. Structural, morphological, chemical, and electrical characterizations were performed using XRD, SEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. Bioactivity was assessed through apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF), while antibacterial properties were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated successful formation of crystalline TiO2 (rutile phase) and calcium-rich HAp with good surface coverage. The HAp-coated surfaces exhibited significantly enhanced bioactivity and strong antibacterial performance, likely due to the combined effects of surface roughness and the bioactive compounds present in the plant extract. This study highlights the potential of eco-friendly, bio-inspired surface engineering to improve the biological performance of titanium-based implants. Full article
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20 pages, 1471 KiB  
Article
A New Approach for Interferent-Free Amperometric Biosensor Production Based on All-Electrochemically Assisted Procedures
by Rosanna Ciriello, Maria Assunta Acquavia, Giuliana Bianco, Angela Di Capua and Antonio Guerrieri
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080470 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
A new approach in amperometric enzyme electrodes production based on all-electrochemically assisted procedures will be described. Enzyme (glucose oxidase) immobilization was performed by in situ co-crosslinking of enzyme molecules through electrophoretic protein deposition, assuring enzyme immobilization exclusively onto the transducer surface (Pt electrode). [...] Read more.
A new approach in amperometric enzyme electrodes production based on all-electrochemically assisted procedures will be described. Enzyme (glucose oxidase) immobilization was performed by in situ co-crosslinking of enzyme molecules through electrophoretic protein deposition, assuring enzyme immobilization exclusively onto the transducer surface (Pt electrode). Analogously, the poor selectivity of the transducer was dramatically improved by the electrosynthesis of non-conducting polymers with built-in permselectivity, permitting the formation of a thin permselective film onto the transducer surface, able to reject common interferents usually found in real samples. Since both approaches required a proper and distinct electrochemical perturbation (a pulsed current sequence for electrophoretic protein deposition and cyclic voltammetry for the electrosynthesis of non-conducting polymers), an appropriate coupling of the two all-electrochemical approaches was assured by a thorough study of the likely combinations of the electrosynthesis of permselective polymers with enzyme immobilization by electrophoretic protein deposition and by the use of several electrosynthesized polymers. For each investigated combination and for each polymer, the analytical performances and the rejection capabilities of the resulting biosensor were acquired so to gain information about their sensing abilities eventually in real sample analysis. This study shows that the proper coupling of the two all-electrochemical approaches and the appropriate choice of the electrosynthesized, permselective polymer permits the easy fabrication of novel glucose oxidase biosensors with good analytical performance and low bias in glucose measurement from typical interferent in serum. This novel approach, resembling classical electroplating procedures, is expected to allow all the advantages expected from such procedures like an easy preparation biosensor, a bi-dimensional control of enzyme immobilization and thickness, interferent- and fouling-free transduction of the electrodic sensor and, last but not the least, possibility of miniaturization of the biosensing device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Designs and Applications for Electrochemical Biosensors)
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20 pages, 4241 KiB  
Article
Strontium-Doped Ti3C2Tx MXene Coatings on Titanium Surfaces: Synergistic Osteogenesis Enhancement and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation
by Yancheng Lai and Anchun Mo
Coatings 2025, 15(7), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070847 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
To improve implant osseointegration while preventing infection, we developed a strontium (Sr)-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene coating on titanium, aiming to synergistically enhance bone integration and antibacterial performance. MXene is a family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides/nitrides whose abundant surface terminations [...] Read more.
To improve implant osseointegration while preventing infection, we developed a strontium (Sr)-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene coating on titanium, aiming to synergistically enhance bone integration and antibacterial performance. MXene is a family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides/nitrides whose abundant surface terminations endow high hydrophilicity and bioactivity. The coating was fabricated via anodic electrophoretic deposition (40 V, 2 min) of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, followed by SrCl2 immersion to incorporate Sr2+. The coating morphology, phase composition, chemistry, hydrophilicity, mechanical stability, and Sr2+ release were characterized. In vitro bioactivity was assessed with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)—with respect to viability, proliferation, migration, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and Alizarin Red S mineralization—while the antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) via live/dead staining, colony-forming-unit enumeration, and AlamarBlue assays. The Sr-doped MXene coating formed a uniform lamellar structure, lowered the water-contact angle to ~69°, and sustained Sr2+ release (0.36–1.37 ppm). Compared to undoped MXene, MXene/Sr enhanced BMSC proliferation on day 5, migration by 51%, ALP activity and mineralization by 47%, and reduced S. aureus viability by 49% within 24 h. Greater BMSCs activity accelerates early bone integration, whereas rapid bacterial suppression mitigates peri-implant infection—two critical requirements for implant success. Sr-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene thus offers a simple, dual-function surface-engineering strategy for dental and orthopedic implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Surface Coatings for Biomedicine and Bioengineering)
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44 pages, 7563 KiB  
Review
Green Batteries: A Sustainable Approach Towards Next-Generation Batteries
by Annu, Bairi Sri Harisha, Manesh Yewale, Bhargav Akkinepally and Dong Kil Shin
Batteries 2025, 11(7), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11070258 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1017
Abstract
The rising demand for sustainable energy storage has fueled the development of green batteries as alternatives to conventional systems. However, a major research gap lies in the unified integration of environmentally friendly materials and processes across all battery components—electrodes, electrolytes, and separators—without compromising [...] Read more.
The rising demand for sustainable energy storage has fueled the development of green batteries as alternatives to conventional systems. However, a major research gap lies in the unified integration of environmentally friendly materials and processes across all battery components—electrodes, electrolytes, and separators—without compromising performance or scalability. This review addresses this gap by highlighting recent advances in eco-conscious battery technologies, focusing on green electrode fabrication using water-based methods, electrophoretic deposition, solvent-free dry-press coating, 3D printing, and biomass-derived materials. It also examines the shift toward safer electrolytes, including ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, water-based systems, and solid biopolymer matrices, which improve both environmental compatibility and safety. Additionally, biodegradable separators made from natural polymers such as cellulose and chitosan offer enhanced thermal stability and ecological benefits. The review emphasizes the importance of lifecycle considerations like recyclability and biodegradability, aligning battery design with circular economy principles. While significant progress has been made, challenges such as standardization, long-term stability, and industrial scalability remain. By identifying key strategies and future directions, this article contributes to the foundation for next-generation green batteries, promoting their adoption in environmentally sensitive applications ranging from wearable electronics to grid storage. Full article
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18 pages, 2187 KiB  
Article
Study of Three-Component Fe2O3/TiO2/rGO Nanocomposite Thin Films Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Kaspars Kaprans, Gunars Bajars and Gints Kucinskis
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3490; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133490 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 346
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized anode materials based on iron oxide (Fe2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via the electrophoretic deposition technique. The structural and morphological characteristics of electrodes were examined through various methods [...] Read more.
In this study, we synthesized anode materials based on iron oxide (Fe2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via the electrophoretic deposition technique. The structural and morphological characteristics of electrodes were examined through various methods including SEM, XRD, Raman, and XPS. Among the investigated compositions, the three-component Fe2O3/TiO2/rGO electrode displayed superior electrochemical characteristics in comparison to the binary Fe2O3/rGO and TiO2/rGO electrodes. Specific capacities of 571, 683, and 729 mAh/g were achieved at 0.5 mA for the respective Fe2O3:TiO2 molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The 2:1 ratio configuration offered the most promising balance between cycling stability and capacity, highlighting its potential as a high-performance anode in lithium-ion batteries. This work contributes valuable insights into the synergistic behavior of dual-transition metal oxides in composite electrode design using a low-cost and scalable method. Full article
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15 pages, 1787 KiB  
Article
Probing Solid-State Interface Kinetics via Alternating Current Electrophoretic Deposition: LiFePO4 Li-Metal Batteries
by Su Jeong Lee and Byoungnam Park
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7120; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137120 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive investigation into the interfacial charge storage mechanisms and lithium-ion transport behavior of Li-metal all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) employing LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes fabricated via alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC-EPD) and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4) [...] Read more.
This work presents a comprehensive investigation into the interfacial charge storage mechanisms and lithium-ion transport behavior of Li-metal all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) employing LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes fabricated via alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC-EPD) and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) as the solid-state electrolyte. We demonstrate that optimal sintering improves the LATP–LFP interfacial contact, leading to higher lithium diffusivity (~10−9 cm2∙s−1) and diffusion-controlled kinetics (b ≈ 0.5), which directly translate to better rate capability. Structural and electrochemical analyses—including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and rate capability tests—demonstrate that the cell with LATP sintered at 900 °C delivers the highest Li-ion diffusivity (~10−9 cm2∙s−1), near-ideal diffusion-controlled behavior (b-values ~0.5), and superior rate capability. In contrast, excessive sintering at 1000 °C led to reduced diffusivity (~10−10 cm2∙s−1). The liquid electrolyte system showed higher b-values (~0.58), indicating the inclusion of surface capacitive behavior. The correlation between b-values, diffusivity, and morphology underscores the critical role of interface engineering and electrolyte processing in determining the performance of solid-state batteries. This study establishes AC-EPD as a viable and scalable method for fabricating additive-free LFP cathodes and offers new insights into the structure–property relationships governing the interfacial transport in ASSBs. Full article
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12 pages, 2114 KiB  
Article
Interface-Sensitive Charge Storage and Activation Behavior of Mn(1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic Acid (BTC))-Derived Mn3O4/Carbon Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
by Jieun Lee and Byoungnam Park
Molecules 2025, 30(12), 2566; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30122566 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 362
Abstract
In this study, we couple precise interface engineering via alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC–EPD) with performance-enhancing structural transformation via annealing, enabling the development of high-performance, stable, and tunable Mn-based cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). Using AC–EPD to fabricate Mn(BTC) (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic [...] Read more.
In this study, we couple precise interface engineering via alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC–EPD) with performance-enhancing structural transformation via annealing, enabling the development of high-performance, stable, and tunable Mn-based cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). Using AC–EPD to fabricate Mn(BTC) (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid) cathodes followed by thermal annealing to synthesize MOF-derived Mn3O4 offers a synergistic approach that addresses several key challenges in aqueous ZIB systems. The Mn3O4 cathode prepared via AC–EPD from Mn(BTC) exhibited a remarkable specific capacity of up to 430 mAh/g at a current density of 200 mA/g. Interestingly, the capacity continued to increase progressively with cycling, suggesting dynamic structural or interfacial changes that improved Zn2+ transport and utilization over time. Such capacity enhancement behavior during prolonged cycling at elevated rates has not been observed in previously reported Mn3O4-based ZIB systems. Kinetic analysis further revealed that the charge storage process is predominantly governed by diffusion-controlled mechanisms. This behavior can be attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of the Mn3O4 phase formed from the MOF precursor, where the bulk redox reactions involving Zn2+ insertion require ion migration into the electrode interior. Even though the electrode was processed as an ultrathin film with enhanced electrolyte contact, the charge storage remains limited by solid-state ion diffusion rather than fast surface-driven reactions, reinforcing the diffusion-dominant nature of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Porous Frameworks: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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12 pages, 2936 KiB  
Article
Binder-Free Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Zn(CN)2/V2O3/Carbon Cathode Fabricated via Electrophoretic Deposition for High-Performance Zn-Ion Batteries
by Hyemin Lee and Byoungnam Park
Inorganics 2025, 13(6), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13060194 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 475
Abstract
In this study, a Zn(CN)2–V2O3–C composite cathode was synthesized via AC electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and evaluated for application in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). Here, we report for the first time a binder-free Zn(CN)2–V2O [...] Read more.
In this study, a Zn(CN)2–V2O3–C composite cathode was synthesized via AC electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and evaluated for application in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). Here, we report for the first time a binder-free Zn(CN)2–V2O3–C composite cathode, using AC-EPD to create an ultrathin architecture optimized for probing the electrode–electrolyte interface without interference from additives or bulk effects. The composite combines Zn(CN)2 for structural support, V2O3 as the redox-active material, and carbon for improved conductivity. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of Zn(CN)2 and V2O3 phases, while scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform, ultrathin film morphology. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated a hybrid charge storage mechanism with a b-value of 0.64, indicating both capacitive and diffusion-controlled contributions. The electrode delivered a high specific capacity (~250 mAh/g at 500 mA/g) with stable cycling performance. These results highlight the potential of metal–organic framework-derived composites for high-performance ZIB cathodes. The composite is especially effective when prepared via AC-EPD, which yields ultrathin, uniform films with strong adhesion and low agglomeration. This enhances energy storage performance and provides a reliable platform for focusing on interfacial charge storage, excluding the effect of binders on electrochemical performance. Full article
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17 pages, 5661 KiB  
Article
Electrophoretic Co-Deposition of Chitosan and Cu-Doped Bioactive Glass 45S5 Composite Coatings on AISI 316L Stainless Steel Substrate for Biomedical Applications
by Sayed Mohammad Reza Mahmoudabadi, Abbas Bahrami, Mohammad Saeid Abbasi, Mojtaba Rajabinezhad, Benyamin Fadaei Ardestani and Farnaz Heidari Laybidi
Crystals 2025, 15(6), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15060549 - 8 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1402
Abstract
The growing demands for highly functional biomedical implants necessitate introducing innovative and easy-to-apply surface functionalization techniques, especially when it comes to stainless steel substrates. This study investigated the co-deposition of chitosan and Cu-doped bioactive glass on AISI 316L steel surfaces, with the latter [...] Read more.
The growing demands for highly functional biomedical implants necessitate introducing innovative and easy-to-apply surface functionalization techniques, especially when it comes to stainless steel substrates. This study investigated the co-deposition of chitosan and Cu-doped bioactive glass on AISI 316L steel surfaces, with the latter providing a matrix in which fine bioactive glass powders are distributed. Cu-doping into the matrix of bioactive glass was conducted to assess its influence on the bioactivity, antibacterial properties, and structural integrity of the coating. The microstructure, mechanical properties, phase composition, and surface roughness of coated specimens were investigated through a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), contact angles, adhesion tensile tests, and laser profilometry analyses. Results of adhesion tests indicated that Cu addition did not have a major implication for the mechanical properties of the coating layers. Results also revealed that the Cu-doped bioactive glass featured a hydrophilic and a rather uneven surface, both being upsides for biomedical properties. The cytotoxicity and antibacterial assessments showed promising cell viability and antibacterial properties of the deposited coatings. Full article
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11 pages, 1970 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical and Photoresponsive Behavior of MOF-Derived V2O3/C Cathodes for Zinc-Ion Batteries: ZIF-8 as a Nanoscale Reactor and Carbon Source
by Byoungnam Park
Crystals 2025, 15(5), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050436 - 3 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 454
Abstract
In this study, a V2O3/carbon (V2O3/C) composite was synthesized using zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) as both a sacrificial template and in situ carbon source. The composite was prepared by mixing ZIF-8 with NH4 [...] Read more.
In this study, a V2O3/carbon (V2O3/C) composite was synthesized using zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) as both a sacrificial template and in situ carbon source. The composite was prepared by mixing ZIF-8 with NH4VO3, followed by annealing at 800 °C, resulting in nanoscale V2O3 embedded in a nitrogen-doped porous carbon matrix. Fabricated into a thin-film cathode via alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC-EPD), the composite exhibited mixed capacitive–diffusion-controlled charge storage behavior with favorable Zn2+ transport kinetics, as confirmed by a b-value analysis (b = 0.72) and diffusion coefficient measurements (DZn = 6.2 × 10−11 cm2/s). Notably, the cathode displayed photoresponsive redox behavior under 450 nm illumination, enhancing the Zn-ion kinetics. These findings demonstrate the potential of MOF-derived V2O3/C composites for high-performance, photo-enhanced zinc-ion energy storage applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring New Materials for the Transition to Sustainable Energy)
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19 pages, 40454 KiB  
Article
Shining a Light on Carbon-Reinforced Polymers: Mg/MgO and TiO2 Nanomodifications for Enhanced Optical Performance
by Lukas Haiden, Michael Feuchter, Andreas J. Brunner, Michel Barbezat, Amol Pansare, Bharath Ravindran, Velislava Terziyska and Gerald Pinter
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9040187 - 12 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 504
Abstract
This study examines the intrinsic optical enhancements of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) achieved through the integration of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, as well as Mg/MgO and titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films onto carbon fibers. Integration was performed by quasi-continuous electrophoretic deposition [...] Read more.
This study examines the intrinsic optical enhancements of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) achieved through the integration of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, as well as Mg/MgO and titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films onto carbon fibers. Integration was performed by quasi-continuous electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD), respectively. Employing a customized electrophoretic cell, EPD facilitated uniform MgO nanoparticle deposition onto unsized carbon fibers, ensuring stable nanoparticle dispersion and precise fiber coating. As a result, the fibers exhibited increased ultraviolet (UV) reflectance, largely attributed to the optical properties of the protective MgO layer. In parallel, PVD enabled the deposition of Mg/MgO and TiO2 thin films with tailored thicknesses, providing precise control over key optical parameters such as reflectivity and interference effects. Mg/MgO coatings demonstrated high UV reflectivity, while TiO2 layers, with their varying refractive indices, generated vibrant colors in the visible (Vis) range through thickness-dependent light interference. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) assessed the quality, thickness, and uniformity of these thin films, and UV/Vis spectroscopy confirmed the influence of deposition parameters on the resulting optical performance. Post-lamination analyses revealed that both EPD and PVD modifications significantly enhanced UV reflectivity and allowed for customizable color effects. This dual strategy underscores the potential of combining EPD and PVD to develop advanced CFRPs with superior UV resistance, decorative optical features, and improved environmental stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, 4th Edition)
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18 pages, 7546 KiB  
Article
Few-Layered MXene Modulating In Situ Growth of Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Microwave Absorption
by Qing Tang, Qi Fan, Lei He, Ping Yu, Qing Huang, Yuanming Chen, Bingbing Fan and Kun Liang
Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071625 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 628
Abstract
MXene is widely used in the fields of microwave absorption and electromagnetic shielding to balance electromagnetic pollution with the development of communication technologies and human health, due to its excellent surface functional groups and tunable electronic properties. Although pure multilayered MXene has an [...] Read more.
MXene is widely used in the fields of microwave absorption and electromagnetic shielding to balance electromagnetic pollution with the development of communication technologies and human health, due to its excellent surface functional groups and tunable electronic properties. Although pure multilayered MXene has an excellent accordion-like structure, the weak dielectric loss and lack of magnetic loss result in poor microwave absorption performance. Here, we propose a strategy for the catalytic growth of CNTs by the electrophoretic deposition of adsorbed metal ions, leading to the successful preparation of Ni-MWCNTs/Ti3C2Tx composites with a “layer-by-layer” structure, achieved through in situ regulated growth of CNTs. By introducing dielectric–magnetic synergy to improve the impedance matching conditions, and by regulating the diameter of the CNTs to alter the electromagnetic parameters of Ni-MWCNTs/Ti3C2Tx, the 2-Ni-MWCNTs/Ti3C2Tx composite achieves the best reflection loss (RL) value of −44.08 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 1.52 GHz at only 2.49 mm thickness. This unique layered structure and the regulation strategy provide new opportunities for the development of few-layered MXene composites. Full article
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13 pages, 5967 KiB  
Article
Ultrasonic Spray Coating of Carbon Fibers for Composite Cathodes in Structural Batteries
by Thomas Burns, Liliana DeLatte, Gabriela Roman-Martinez, Kyra Glassey, Paul Ziehl, Monirosadat Sadati, Ralph E. White and Paul T. Coman
Electrochem 2025, 6(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6020013 - 1 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Structural batteries, also known as “massless batteries”, integrate energy storage directly into load-bearing materials, offering a transformative alternative to traditional Li-ion batteries. Unlike conventional systems that serve only as energy storage devices, structural batteries replace passive structural components, reducing overall weight while providing [...] Read more.
Structural batteries, also known as “massless batteries”, integrate energy storage directly into load-bearing materials, offering a transformative alternative to traditional Li-ion batteries. Unlike conventional systems that serve only as energy storage devices, structural batteries replace passive structural components, reducing overall weight while providing mechanical reinforcement. However, achieving uniform and efficient coatings of active materials on carbon fibers remains a major challenge, limiting their scalability and electrochemical performance. This study investigates ultrasonic spray coating as a precise and scalable technique for fabricating composite cathodes in structural batteries. Using a computer-controlled ultrasonic nozzle, this method ensures uniform deposition with minimal material waste while maintaining the mechanical integrity of carbon fibers. Compared to traditional techniques such as electrophoretic deposition, vacuum bag hot plate processing, and dip-coating, ultrasonic spray coating achieved superior coating consistency and reproducibility. Electrochemical testing revealed a specific capacity of 100 mAh/gLFP with 80% retention for more than 350 cycles at 0.5 C, demonstrating its potential as a viable coating solution. While structural batteries are not yet commercially viable, these findings represent a step toward their practical implementation. Further research and optimization will be essential in advancing this technology for next-generation aerospace and transportation applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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18 pages, 7134 KiB  
Article
Towards MRI Study of Biointegration of Carbon-Carbon Composites with Ca-P Coatings
by Victoria V. Zherdeva, Petr E. Zaitsev, Andrei S. Skriabin, Alexey V. Shakurov, Vladimir R. Vesnin, Elizaveta S. Skriabina, Petr A. Tsygankov, Irina K. Sviridova, Natalia S. Sergeeva, Valentina A. Kirsanova, Suraya A. Akhmedova and Natalya B. Serejnikova
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070492 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 2355
Abstract
The development of specific MRI criteria to monitor the implantation process may provide valuable information of individual tissue response. Using MRI and histological methods, the biointegration of carbon-carbon (C-C) composites into the subcutaneous tissues of BDF1 mice and their biocompatibility were investigated. The [...] Read more.
The development of specific MRI criteria to monitor the implantation process may provide valuable information of individual tissue response. Using MRI and histological methods, the biointegration of carbon-carbon (C-C) composites into the subcutaneous tissues of BDF1 mice and their biocompatibility were investigated. The study focused on autopsy specimens containing C-C composite implants, both uncoated and coated with synthetic hydroxyapatite (Ca-P) via electrodeposition or detonation techniques, assessed at 6 and 12 weeks post-implantation. The results revealed that the radiological characteristics of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the implants allowed for the differentiation between loose and dense connective tissues. Fat-suppressed T1-weighted MRI scans showed that the volume of both loose and dense connective tissue in the capsule increased proportionally at 6 and 12 weeks, with distinct ratios observed between the coated and uncoated specimens. The proposed MRI criteria provided a strategy for evaluating the density and homogeneity of the connective tissue capsule. This approach could be valuable for further non-invasive in vivo studies on implant biointegration. Full article
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12 pages, 6305 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Co-Diamond Composite Coatings Obtained in a Single-Step Hybrid Electrophoretic Deposition Process
by Diana Uțu, Roxana Muntean, Iasmina-Mădălina Anghel (Petculescu), Iosif Hulka and Ion-Dragoș Uțu
Materials 2025, 18(6), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061294 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 748
Abstract
The electrochemical co-deposition of various hard particles with metals or metal alloys has been recently studied, especially for developing wear-resistant coatings. In the current work, pure cobalt and cobalt–diamond composite coatings were electrochemically deposited onto a low-alloy steel substrate and further investigated in [...] Read more.
The electrochemical co-deposition of various hard particles with metals or metal alloys has been recently studied, especially for developing wear-resistant coatings. In the current work, pure cobalt and cobalt–diamond composite coatings were electrochemically deposited onto a low-alloy steel substrate and further investigated in terms of microstructure, corrosion behavior, and tribological characteristics. The electrodeposition process was carried out using direct current, from an additive-free electrolyte containing 300 g L−1 CoSO4, 50 g L−1 CoCl2, and 30 g L−1 H3BO3 with and without diamond particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used for the microstructural characterization correlated with the chemical composition identification of the resulting coatings. The pure Co coatings showed a dense microstructure with a nodular morphology. In contrast, for the Co-diamond composite coatings, more elongated grains were observed containing a uniform distribution of the reinforcing diamond particles. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiostatic polarization measurements in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, while the sliding wear resistance was assessed using the ball-on-disk testing method. The experimental results demonstrated that incorporating diamond particles into the cobalt deposition electrolyte positively impacted the tribological performance of the resulting composite coatings without significantly affecting the corrosion properties. Both cobalt and the composite coatings demonstrated substantially superior wear characteristics and corrosion resistance compared to the steel substrate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Thin Film Deposition Technologies)
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