Search Results (1,239)

Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services have transformed the way people interact with their environment, enhancing comfort and quality of life. Additionally, Machine Learning (ML) approaches show significant promise for detecting intrusions in IoT environments. However, the high dimensionality, class imbalance, and complexity of network traffic—combined with the dynamic nature of sensor networks—pose substantial challenges to the development of efficient and effective detection algorithms. In this study, a multi-objective metaheuristic optimization approach, referred to as MOOIDS-IoT, is integrated with ML techniques to develop an intelligent cybersecurity system for IoT environments. MOOIDS-IoT combines a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based feature selection technique with a multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. PSO optimizes convergence speed, model complexity, and classification accuracy by dynamically adjusting the weights and thresholds of the deployed classifiers. Furthermore, PSO integrates Pareto-based multi-objective optimization directly into the particle swarm framework, extending conventional swarm intelligence while preserving a diverse set of non-dominated solutions. In addition, the GA reduces training time and eliminates redundancy by identifying the most significant input characteristics. The MOOIDS-IoT framework is evaluated using two lightweight models—MOO-PSO-XGBoost and MOO-PSO-RF—across two benchmark datasets, namely the NSL-KDD and CICIoT2023 datasets. On CICIoT2023, MOO-PSO-RF obtains 91.42% accuracy, whereas MOO-PSO-XGBoost obtains 98.38% accuracy. In addition, both models perform well on NSL-KDD (MOO-PSO-RF: 99.66% accuracy, MOO-PSO-XGBoost: 98.46% accuracy). The proposed approach is particularly appropriate for IoT applications with limited resources, where scalability and model efficiency are crucial considerations. Full article

High-performance waterproof and breathable nanofiber membranes (WBNMs) are in great demand for various advanced applications. However, the fabrication of such membranes often relies on fluorinated materials or involves complex preparation processes, limiting their practical use. In this study, we present an innovative approach by utilizing silicon-containing polyurethane (SiPU) as a single-component, fluorine-free raw material to prepare high-performance WBNMs via a simple one-step electrospinning process. The electrospinning technique enables the formation of SiPU nanofibrous membranes with a small maximum pore size (d_max) and high porosity, while the intrinsic hydrophobicity of SiPU imparts excellent water-repellent characteristics to the membranes. As a result, the single-component SiPU WBNM exhibits superior waterproofness and breathability, with a hydrostatic pressure of 52 kPa and a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 5798 g m⁻² d⁻¹. Moreover, the optimized SiPU-14 WBNM demonstrates outstanding mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 6.15 MPa and an elongation at break of 98.80%. These findings indicate that the single-component SiPU-14 WBNMs not only achieve excellent waterproof and breathable performance but also possess robust mechanical strength, thereby enhancing the comfort and expanding the potential applications of protective textiles, such as outdoor apparel and car seats. Full article

Green buildings are recognised for their potential to reduce energy consumption, minimise environmental impact, and improve occupants’ well-being, benefits that are especially critical in rapidly urbanising regions. However, questions remain about whether these buildings fully meet occupant comfort expectations while delivering energy efficiency. This is particularly relevant in Africa, where climate conditions and energy infrastructure challenges make sustainable building operation essential. Although interest in sustainable construction has increased, limited research has examined the real-world performance of green buildings in Africa. This study helps address that gap by evaluating indoor thermal comfort in a green-certified office building and two conventional office buildings in Abuja, Nigeria, through post-occupancy evaluation (POE). The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) were used to assess comfort, revealing discrepancies between predicted and actual occupant responses. In the green building, PMV indicated near-neutral conditions (0.28), yet occupants reported a slightly cool sensation (TSV: −1.1). Neutral temperature analysis showed that the TSV-based neutral temperature (26.5 °C) was 2.2 °C higher than the operative temperature (24.3 °C), suggesting overcooling. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating occupant feedback into HVAC control. Aligning cooling setpoints with comfort preferences could improve satisfaction and reduce unnecessary cooling, promoting energy-efficient building operation. Full article

This study investigates the influence of façade-design parameters on daylighting performance in hot arid climates, with a particular focus on Egypt. A total of nine façade configurations of a residential building were modeled and simulated using Autodesk Revit and Insight 360, varying three critical variables: glazing type (clear, blue, and dark), Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) of 15%, 50%, 75%, and indoor wall finish (light, moderate, dark) colors. These were compared to the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) daylighting quality thresholds. The results revealed that clear glazing paired with high WWR (75%) achieved the highest Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), reaching up to 92% in living spaces. However, this also led to elevated Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), with peak values of 53%, exceeding the LEED discomfort threshold of 10%. Blue and dark glazing types successfully reduced ASE to as low as 0–13%, yet often resulted in underlit spaces, especially in private rooms such as bedrooms and bathrooms, with sDA values falling below 20%. A 50% WWR emerged as the optimal balance, providing consistent daylight distribution while maintaining ASE within acceptable limits (≤33%). Similarly, moderate color wall finishes delivered the most balanced lighting performance, enhancing sDA by up to 30% while controlling reflective glare. Statistical analysis using Pearson correlation revealed a strong positive relationship between sDA and ASE (r = 0.84) in highly glazed, clear glass scenarios. Sensitivity analysis further indicated that low WWR configurations of 15% were highly influenced by glazing and finishing types, leading to variability in daylight metrics reaching ±40%. The study concludes that moderate glazing (blue), medium WWR (50%), and moderate color indoor finishes provide the most robust daylighting performance across diverse room types. These findings support an evidence-based approach to façade design, promoting visual comfort, daylight quality, and sustainable building practices. Full article

Background and Objectives: Depression is a leading cause of disability globally, with treatment challenges including limited access, stigma, and poor adherence. Gamification, which applies game elements such as points, levels, and storytelling into non-game contexts, offers a promising strategy to enhance engagement and augment traditional treatments. Our research is the first study designed to explore the implementation of gamification within the Malaysian context. The objective was to explore the feasibility of implementation of gamification as an adjunctive treatment for adults with depression. Materials and Methods: Focus group discussions were held with five mental health professionals and ten patients diagnosed with moderate depression. The qualitative component assessed perceptions of gamified interventions, while quantitative measures evaluated participants’ depressive and anxiety symptomatology. Results: Three key themes were identified: (1) understanding of gamification as a treatment option, (2) factors influencing its acceptance, and (3) characteristics of a practical and feasible intervention. Clinicians saw potential in gamification to boost motivation, support psychoeducation, and encourage self-paced learning, but they expressed concerns about possible addiction, stigma, and the complexity of gameplay for some patients. Patients spoke of gaming as a source of comfort, escapism, and social connection. Acceptance was shaped by engaging storylines, intuitive design, balanced difficulty, therapist guidance, and clear safety measures. Both groups agreed that gamification should be used in conjunction with standard treatments, be culturally sensitive, and be presented as a meaningful therapeutic approach rather than merely as entertainment. Conclusions: Gamification emerges as an acceptable and feasible supplementary approach for managing depression in Malaysia. Its success depends on culturally sensitive design, robust clinical oversight, and seamless integration with existing care pathways. Future studies should investigate long-term outcomes and establish guidelines for the safe and effective implementation of this approach. We recommend targeted investment into culturally adapted gamified tools, including training, policy development, and collaboration with key stakeholders to realistically implement gamification as a mental health intervention in Malaysia. Full article

Transportation is often cited as a significant barrier to healthcare access by Veterans, particularly those from minority groups, who have disabilities, or live in rural areas. Autonomous shuttles (AS) offer a potential solution, yet limited research has explored Veterans’ experiences with this technology. This study qualitatively investigated Veterans’ lived experiences with AS through focus groups, enrolling participants aged 18+ from Gainesville, The Villages, and Lake Nona, Florida. Via a directed content analysis, six key themes were identified: Perceived Benefits, Safety, Experience with Autonomous Vehicles (AV), AS Experience, AV Adoption, and Perception Change. Among 26 participants (aged 30–85; 77% men; 88% urban residents), prominent themes included Safety (n = 161), Perceived Benefits (n = 153), and AS Experience (n = 118), with predominantly positive counts in all themes except AS Experience. Participants acknowledged safety advantages and multitasking potential of AS over human-operated vehicles while recommending improvements to the shuttle’s slow speed, availability and convenience. While the AS ride was positively received overall, some participants noted issues with comfort and braking, emphasizing the need for further technological enhancements. Real-world exposure to AS appeared to influence acceptance positively, offering insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders aiming to optimize AS deployment for mobility-vulnerable Veterans. Full article

Background/Objectives: Conventional blood collection can be challenging in a non-clinical or home-based setting. In response, vacuum-assisted lancing devices for capillary blood collection (typically from the upper arm) have gained popularity to broaden access to diagnostic testing. However, these devices are often costly relative to the reimbursement rate for common laboratory testing panels. This study describes the design and evaluation of Comfort Draw™, a simplified and economical vacuum-assisted capillary blood collection device. Methods: Comfort Draw™ was evaluated by 12 participants in a preliminary study and by 42 participants in a follow-up study. Metrics assessed included the following: vacuum pressure of the device, skin temperature generated by the Comfort Draw prep warmer, blood collection volume, and analytical accuracy (for 19 common serum-based analytes). Results: Acceptable blood volume (>400 µL) and serum volume (>100 µL) were collected by Comfort Draw in 85.5% and 95.1% of cases, respectively. Seventeen of the nineteen analytes examined were within CLIA acceptance limits compared to matched venous samples. Self-reported pain scores associated with Comfort Draw collection averaged 0.39 on a scale from 0 to 10. Conclusions: In this preliminary clinical study, Comfort Draw was found to be a valid and relatively painless method for collecting capillary blood specimens. The device’s simple design and lower cost could enable broader applications compared to more complex alternative capillary blood collection devices. Full article

History tools facilitate iterative analysis data by allowing users to view, retrieve, and revisit visualization states. However, traditional history tools are constrained by screen space limitations, which restrict the user’s ability to fully understand historical states and make it challenging to provide an intuitive preview of these states. Most immersive history tools, in contrast, operate independently of screen space and fail to consider their integration. This paper proposes HybridFilm, an innovative mixed-reality history tool that seamlessly integrates screen space and immersive reality. First, it expands the user’s understanding of historical states through a multi-source spatial fusion approach. Second, it proposes a “focus + context”-based multi-source spatial historical data visualization and interaction scheme. Furthermore, we assessed the usability and utility of HybridFilm through experimental evaluation. In comparison to traditional history tools, HybridFilm offers a more intuitive and immersive experience while maintaining a comparable level of interaction comfort and fluency. Full article

Background/Objectives: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving the basal ganglia and is characterized by psychiatric, cognitive, and movement dysfunction, including gait and balance impairment. Given the limited efficacy of pharmacological treatments for HD motor symptoms, nonpharmacological approaches like rhythmic auditory stimulation are being explored. This study aims to describe walking performance in people with HD during rhythmic auditory stimulation using external musical cues and internal singing cues. Methods: Individuals in the manifest stage of HD performed walking in four conditions: (1) comfortable pace, (2) cognitive dual task, (3) musical cue (music was played aloud), and (4) singing cue (participants sang aloud). Sensors measured cadence, velocity, stride length, and variability. Relationships between change in cadence and motor and cognitive measures were explored. Results: While no direct measurements of synchronization were performed, limiting our interpretation, neither the external musical cue nor the singing cue significantly improved walking performance. Both cues increased variability, similar to what was observed during the dual task. Greater subjective balance confidence and better cognitive performance were associated with positive cadence change during cueing. Conclusions: Musical cues may be too cognitively demanding for individuals with Huntington’s disease as they worsen gait variability without increasing gait speed, cadence, or stride length. Although global cognition and perceived balance confidence were related to the ability to increase cadence, very few people were able to increase their cadence during either cue. Therefore, the results do not support the use of musical cues to improve gait for individuals with Huntington’s disease. Full article

The saddle’s adaptability to the rider–horse pair’s biomechanics is essential for equestrian comfort and performance. However, approaches to dynamic evaluation of saddle fitting are still limited in equestrian conditions. The purpose of this study is to propose a method of quantifying saddle adaptation to the rider–horse pair in motion. Eight rider–horse pairs were tested using four similar saddles with small modifications (seat depth, flap width, and front panel thickness). Seven inertial sensors were attached to the riders and horses to measure the active range of motion of the horses’ forelimbs and hindlimbs, stride duration, active range of motion of the rider’s pelvis, and rider–horse interaction. The results reveal that even small saddle changes affect the pair’s biomechanics. Some saddle configurations limit the limbs’ active range of motion, lengthen strides, or modify the rider’s pelvic motion. The temporal offset between the movements of the horse and the rider changes depending on the saddle modifications. These findings support the effect of fine saddle changes on the locomotion and synchronization of the rider–horse pair. The use of inertial sensors can be a potential way for quantifying the influence of dynamic saddle fitting and optimizing saddle adaptability in stable conditions with saddle fitter constraints. Full article

Evaporative cooling (EC) offers an energy-efficient alternative to direct expansion (DX) cooling but suffers from high water consumption. This limitation can be mitigated by pre-cooling incoming fresh air using cooler exhaust air via energy recovery. This study presents and optimizes a solar-driven EC system integrated with underfloor air distribution (UFAD) to enhance thermal comfort and minimize water use in a temporary office in Riyadh’s arid climate. A 3D CFD model was developed and validated against published data to simulate indoor airflow, providing data for thermal comfort evaluation using the predicted mean vote model in cases with and without energy recovery. A year-round hourly energy analysis revealed that the solar-driven EC-UFAD system reduces grid power consumption by 93.5% compared to DX-based UFAD under identical conditions. Energy recovery further cuts annual EC water usage by up to 31.3%. Operational costs decreased by 84% without recovery and 87% with recovery versus DX-UFAD. Full article

Sustainable building design is significantly impacted by the local climate response knowledge ingrained in traditional architecture. However, its integration and dissemination with contemporary green technologies are limited by the absence of a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the regulation of its humid and temperature environment. The Ganzhou Wei family compound from China’s wind–heat environmental regulation systems are examined in this study. We statistically evaluate the synergy between spatial morphology, material qualities, and microclimate using field data with Thsware and Ecotect software in a multiscale simulation framework. The findings indicate that the compound’s special design greatly controls the thermal and wind conditions. Cold alleyways and courtyards work together to maximize thermal environment regulation and encourage natural ventilation. According to quantitative studies, courtyards with particular depths (1–4 m) and height-to-width ratios (e.g., 1:1) reduce wind speed loss. A cool alley (5:1 height–width ratio) creates a dynamic wind–speed–temperature–humidity balance by lowering summer daytime temperatures by 2.5 °C. It also serves as a “cold source area” that moderates temperatures in the surrounding area by up to 2.1 °C. This study suggests a quantitative correlation model based on “spatial morphology–material performance–microclimate response,” which offers a technical route for historic building conservation renovation and green renewal, as well as a scientific foundation for traditional buildings to maintain thermal comfort under low energy consumption. Although based on a specific geographical case, the innovative analytical methods and strategies of this study are of great theoretical and practical significance for promoting the modernization and transformation of traditional architecture, low-carbon city construction, and sustainable building design. Full article

The excellent moisture transport properties of yarns play a crucial role in improving the liquid moisture transfer behavior within textiles and maintaining their thermal-wet comfort. However, the current research on the moisture management performance of fabrics made from yarns with excellent liquid transport properties primarily compares the wicking results, without considering the varying requirements of testing conditions due to differences in human sweating rates during daily activities. Moreover, the understanding of moisture transport mechanisms in yarns within fabrics under different testing conditions remains insufficient. In this study, two types of twisted combination yarns, composed of hydrophobic profiled polyester filaments and hydrophilic spun yarns to form a hydrophobic-hydrophilic gradient along the axial direction of the yarn, were developed and compared with profiled polyester filaments to understand the liquid migration behaviors in the knitted fabrics formed by these yarns. Results showed that hydrophobic profiled polyester filament yarn demonstrated superior liquid transport performance with infinite saturated liquid supply (vertical wicking test). In contrast, the twisted combination yarns exhibited better moisture diffusion properties under limited liquid droplet supply conditions (droplet diffusion test and moisture management test). These contradictory findings indicated that the amount of liquid moisture supply in testing conditions significantly affected the moisture transport performance of yarns within fabrics. It was revealed that the liquid moisture in the twisted combination yarns migrated through capillary wicking for moisture transfer. Under an infinite saturated liquid supply condition, the higher the content of hydrophilic fibers in the spun yarns, the greater the amount of moisture transferred, demonstrating an excellent liquid transport performance. Under the limited liquid droplet supply conditions, both the volume of liquid water and the moisture absorption capacity of the yarn jointly influence internal moisture migration within the yarn. It provided a theoretical reference for testing the internal moisture wicking performance of fabrics under different states of human sweating. Full article

Improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings is essential for achieving global climate goals and reducing environmental impact. This study analyzes the Total Performance approach using the example of a modern semi-detached house built by a Polish developer, as an example. The building is designed with integrated systems that minimize energy consumption while maintaining resident comfort. The building is equipped with an air-to-water heat pump, underfloor heating, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, and automatic temperature control systems. Energy efficiency was assessed using ArCADia–TERMOCAD 8.0 software in accordance with Polish Technical Specifications (TS) and verified by monitoring real-time electricity consumption during the heating season. The results show a PED from non-renewable sources of 54.05 kWh/(m²·year), representing a 23% reduction compared to the Polish regulatory limit of 70 kWh/(m²·year). Real-time monitoring conducted from December 2024 to April 2025 confirmed these results, indicating an actual energy demand of approximately 1771 kWh/year. Domestic hot water (DHW) preparation accounted for the largest share of energy consumption. Despite its dependence on grid electricity, the building has the infrastructure to enable future photovoltaic (PV) installation, offering further potential for emissions reduction. The results confirm that Total Performance strategies are not only compliant with applicable standards, but also economically and environmentally viable. They represent a scalable model for sustainable residential construction, in line with the European Union’s (EU’s) decarbonization policy and the goals of the European Green Deal. Full article

This study assessed the baseline indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of secondary school classrooms in Tanzania by measuring temperature, relative humidity, noise, lighting, and indoor air quality. Objective measurements were conducted using calibrated sensors in 14 classrooms across five schools, with data collected during occupied school hours and additional noise measurements during unoccupied periods. All classrooms are naturally ventilated through operable windows and doors. The findings reveal a pattern of cumulative IEQ deficiencies: classroom temperatures frequently exceeded the recommended 20–24 °C range, reaching means as high as 30.4 °C, while relative humidity varied widely, with levels occasionally surpassing 65%. Noise levels consistently exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO)’s recommended 35 dBA threshold, with significant differences observed between occupied and unoccupied periods (p = 0.02). Light distribution was uneven, with significantly higher lux levels near windows than at classroom centers (p < 0.001), and artificial lighting was generally insufficient due to infrastructure limitations. Although CO₂ concentrations remained below the 1000 ppm threshold, indicating adequate ventilation, particulate matter levels were often elevated, with PM2.5 reaching up to 58.80 µg/m³ and PM10 up to 96.90 µg/m³, exceeding health-based guidelines. Together, these findings suggest that students are exposed to multiple environmental stressors that may impair health, comfort, and academic performance. This study provides a critical baseline for future research and context-specific interventions aimed at improving learning environments in Tanzanian schools and similar settings in East Africa. Full article