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Keywords = cold drops.

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11 pages, 1539 KiB  
Article
Heat Exchange and Flow Resistance in a Heat Exchanger Based on a Minimal Surface of the Gyroid Type—Results of Experimental Studies
by Krzysztof Dutkowski, Marcin Kruzel and Marcin Walczak
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4134; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154134 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The gyroid minimal surface is one type of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS). TPMS is a minimal surface replicated in the three main directions of the Cartesian coordinate system. The minimal surface is a surface stretched between two objects, known as the smallest [...] Read more.
The gyroid minimal surface is one type of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS). TPMS is a minimal surface replicated in the three main directions of the Cartesian coordinate system. The minimal surface is a surface stretched between two objects, known as the smallest possible area (e.g., a soap bubble with a saddle shape stretched between two parallel circles). The complicated shape of the TPMS makes its production possible only by additive methods (3D printing). This article presents the results of experimental studies on heat transfer and flow resistance in a heat exchanger made of stainless steel. The heat exchange surface, a TPMS gyroid, separates two working media: hot and cold water. The water flow rate was varied in the range from 8 kg/h to 25 kg/h (Re = 246–1171). The water temperature at the inlet to the exchanger was maintained at a constant level of 8.8 ± 0.3 °C and 49.5 ± 0.5 °C for cold and hot water, respectively. The effect of water flow rate on the change in its temperature, the heat output of the exchanger, the average heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and overall resistance factor was presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)
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15 pages, 3222 KiB  
Article
Process Optimization of Thawed Cloudy Huyou Juice Clarification Using a Composite of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Sodium Alginate
by Peichao Zhang, Liang Zhang, Xiayu Liu, Yuxi Wang, Jiatong Xu, Pengfei Liu and Boyuan Guan
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152658 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 168
Abstract
Cloudy huyou juice is increasingly popular for its unique flavor, but flocculent precipitation after cold storage and thawing affects its sensory quality and increases production costs. This study optimized the clarification of thawed cloudy huyou juice using a composite of carboxymethyl chitosan (CC) [...] Read more.
Cloudy huyou juice is increasingly popular for its unique flavor, but flocculent precipitation after cold storage and thawing affects its sensory quality and increases production costs. This study optimized the clarification of thawed cloudy huyou juice using a composite of carboxymethyl chitosan (CC) and sodium alginate (SA), prepared via ionic and covalent crosslinking. The composite was characterized by SEM, FTIR, and thermal analysis. Transmittance was used to evaluate clarification performance. The effects of dosage, adsorption time, and temperature were first assessed through single-factor experiments, followed by optimization using a Box–Behnken response surface methodology. The composite significantly improved clarity (p < 0.05), reaching 85.38% transmittance under optimal conditions: 22 mg dosage, 80 min time, and 38 °C. The composite dosage and temperature were the most influential factors. Reusability tests showed declining performance, with the transmittance dropping to 57.13% after five cycles, likely due to incomplete desorption of adsorbed compounds. These results suggest that the CC-SA composite is an effective and reusable clarifying agent with potential for industrial applications in turbid fruit juice processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Biotechnology)
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30 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Direct Numerical Simulation of the Differentially Heated Cavity and Comparison with the κ-ε Model for High Rayleigh Numbers
by Fernando Iván Molina-Herrera and Hugo Jiménez-Islas
Modelling 2025, 6(3), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling6030066 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
This study presents a numerical comparison between Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and the standard κ-ε turbulence model to evaluate natural convection in a two-dimensional, differentially heated, air-filled cavity over the Rayleigh number range 103 to 1010. The objective is to [...] Read more.
This study presents a numerical comparison between Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and the standard κ-ε turbulence model to evaluate natural convection in a two-dimensional, differentially heated, air-filled cavity over the Rayleigh number range 103 to 1010. The objective is to assess the predictive capabilities of both methods across laminar and turbulent regimes, with a particular emphasis on the quantitative comparison of thermal characteristics under high Rayleigh number conditions. The Navier–Stokes and energy equations were solved using the finite element method with Boussinesq approximation, employing refined meshes near the hot and cold walls to resolve thermal and velocity boundary layers. The results indicate that for Ra ≤ 106, the κ-ε model significantly underestimates temperature gradients, maximum velocities, and average Nusselt numbers, with errors up to 19.39%, due to isotropic assumptions and empirical formulation. DNS, in contrast, achieves global energy balance errors of less than 0.0018% across the entire range. As Ra increases, the κ-ε model predictions converge to DNS, with Nusselt number deviations dropping below 1.2% at Ra = 1010. Streamlines, temperature profiles, and velocity distributions confirm that DNS captures flow dynamics more accurately, particularly near the wall vortices. These findings validate DNS as a reference solution for high-Ra natural convection and establish benchmark data for assessing turbulence models in confined geometries Full article
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22 pages, 3505 KiB  
Article
Coupled Study on the Building Load Dynamics and Thermal Response of Ground Sources in Shallow Geothermal Heat Pump Systems Under Severe Cold Climate Conditions
by Jianlin Li, Xupeng Qi, Xiaoli Li, Huijie Huang and Jian Gao
Modelling 2025, 6(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling6030063 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 214
Abstract
To address thermal imbalance and ground temperature degradation in shallow geothermal heat pump (GSHP) systems in severely cold climates, this study analyzes a typical logistics building using an hourly dynamic load model. Multiyear simulations were conducted to investigate the coupling between building load [...] Read more.
To address thermal imbalance and ground temperature degradation in shallow geothermal heat pump (GSHP) systems in severely cold climates, this study analyzes a typical logistics building using an hourly dynamic load model. Multiyear simulations were conducted to investigate the coupling between building load variation and soil thermal response. The results indicate that with a cumulative heating load of 14.681 million kWh and cooling load of 6.3948 million kWh, annual heat extraction significantly exceeds heat rejection, causing ground temperature to decline by about 1 °C per year. Over five and ten years, the cumulative drops reached 2.65 °C and 4.71 °C, respectively, leading to a noticeable reduction in borehole heat exchanger performance and system COP. The study quantitatively evaluates ground temperature and heat exchange degradation, highlighting the key role of load imbalance. To mitigate long-term thermal deterioration, strategies such as load optimization, summer heat reinjection, and operational adjustments are proposed. The findings offer guidance for the design and sustainable operation of GSHP systems in cold regions. Full article
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22 pages, 3213 KiB  
Article
Innovative Cold Processing of PVOH-Based Composites: A Gate-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Benefits
by Andrea Marinelli, Fulvio Seva, Alberto Cigada, Luca Paterlini, MariaPia Pedeferri, Maria Vittoria Diamanti and Barbara Del Curto
Macromol 2025, 5(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5030030 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
Conventional thermoplastic polymer composites are produced using energy-intensive equipment. From an environmental perspective, reducing energy and material consumption, as well as selecting polymers and fillers that biodegrade without harmful consequences for the environment, is considered good practice. In this work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), [...] Read more.
Conventional thermoplastic polymer composites are produced using energy-intensive equipment. From an environmental perspective, reducing energy and material consumption, as well as selecting polymers and fillers that biodegrade without harmful consequences for the environment, is considered good practice. In this work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), a biodegradable and water-soluble polymer, was compounded with 30 w%, 40 µm long cellulose fibres. Conventional melt blending production and innovative cold processing were compared from a tensile testing, thermogravimetric, and life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective through primary data collection. The granule production process significantly affects the mechanical performance of injected samples, with a 23.4% drop in tensile strength and an increase of 67.9% in elongation at break. The thermogravimetric analysis reported slight differences due to an additional thermal process involved in the melt blending of PVOH. From an LCA perspective, the innovative cold blending of PVOH-based composites drops all environmental indicators by 58–92%, maximizing the reduction of the “Water use” indicator. The most impactful production phase in the analysed production processes was drying, accounting for 46% and 85% of the conventional melt blending and innovative cold-blending processes, respectively. Full article
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22 pages, 9767 KiB  
Article
Freeze–Thaw-Induced Degradation Mechanisms and Slope Stability of Filled Fractured Rock Masses in Cold Region Open-Pit Mines
by Jun Hou, Penghai Zhang, Ning Gao, Wanni Yan and Qinglei Yu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7429; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137429 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 245
Abstract
In cold regions, the rock mass of open-pit mine slopes is continuously exposed to freeze–thaw (FT) environments, during which the fracture structures and their infilling materials undergo significant degradation, severely affecting slope stability and the assessment of service life. Conventional laboratory [...] Read more.
In cold regions, the rock mass of open-pit mine slopes is continuously exposed to freeze–thaw (FT) environments, during which the fracture structures and their infilling materials undergo significant degradation, severely affecting slope stability and the assessment of service life. Conventional laboratory FT tests are typically based on uniform temperature settings, which fail to reflect the actual thermal variations at different burial depths, thereby limiting the accuracy of mechanical parameter acquisition. Taking the Wushan open-pit mine as the engineering background, this study establishes a temperature–depth relationship, defines multiple thermal intervals, and conducts direct shear tests on structural plane filling materials under various FT conditions to characterize the evolution of cohesion and internal friction angle. Results from rock mass testing and numerical simulation demonstrate that shear strength parameters exhibit an exponential decline with increasing FT cycles and decreasing burial depth, with the filling material playing a dominant role in the initial stage of degradation. Furthermore, a two-dimensional fracture network model of the rock mass was constructed, and the representative elementary volume (REV) was determined through the evolution of equivalent plastic strain. Based on this, spatial assignment of slope strength was performed, followed by stability analysis. Based on regression fitting using 0–25 FT cycles, regression model predictions indicate that when the number of FT cycles exceeds 42, the slope safety factor drops below 1.0, entering a critical instability state. This research successfully establishes a spatial field of mechanical parameters and evaluates slope stability, providing a theoretical foundation and parameter support for the long-term service evaluation and stability assessment of cold-region open-pit mine slopes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rock Mechanics and Mining Engineering)
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11 pages, 2494 KiB  
Case Report
Exploring Chromogranin A (CgA) as a Diagnostic Marker in Hypothermia-Related Deaths: Two Case Studies and a Literature Review
by Luca Tomassini, Erika Buratti, Giulia Ricchezze and Roberto Scendoni
Diagnostics 2025, 15(13), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15131673 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
Background: Hypothermia, occurring when core temperature drops below 35 °C, can lead to death when the body’s heat loss exceeds its heat production. This study investigates two hypothermia-related deaths, exploring the utility of immunohistochemistry, specifically focusing on chromogranin A (CgA) as a potential [...] Read more.
Background: Hypothermia, occurring when core temperature drops below 35 °C, can lead to death when the body’s heat loss exceeds its heat production. This study investigates two hypothermia-related deaths, exploring the utility of immunohistochemistry, specifically focusing on chromogranin A (CgA) as a potential diagnostic tool. The aim is to assess whether CgA expression in neuroendocrine tissues can be considered a reliable indicator of premortem stress response in fatal hypothermia cases. Case Presentation: In the first case, a 67-year-old man was found on a snowy road 24 h after his disappearance. The autopsy revealed cold-induced skin lesions, gastric hemorrhages, and cerebral and pulmonary edema. Positive CgA immunostaining was observed in the pancreatic islets and adrenal medulla. In the second case, a 49-year-old man was found dead in a wooded area with indications of suicide. Both cases were examined with attention to macroscopic findings and histological samples from major neuroendocrine organs. As in previous cases, CgA immunostaining was positive in the pancreatic islets and adrenal medulla. Staining intensity was moderate to strong, consistent with heightened neuroendocrine activity, supporting the hypothesis of systemic stress prior to death. Conclusions: Although CgA is a potentially valuable adjunct in hypothermia diagnosis, careful consideration of cadaveric preservation is emphasized, particularly when bodies are preserved before autopsy. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm its diagnostic specificity and to distinguish true pathological patterns from postmortem artifacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Forensic Diagnosis)
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24 pages, 15859 KiB  
Article
The Analysis of the Extreme Cold in North America Linked to the Western Hemisphere Circulation Pattern
by Mohan Shen and Xin Tan
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070781 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 276
Abstract
The Western Hemisphere (WH) circulation pattern was discovered in recent years through Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) clustering of the Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa geopotential height during winter. For example, the extremely cold wave that occurred in North America during 2013–14 is associated with WH [...] Read more.
The Western Hemisphere (WH) circulation pattern was discovered in recent years through Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) clustering of the Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa geopotential height during winter. For example, the extremely cold wave that occurred in North America during 2013–14 is associated with WH circulation anomalies. We discussed the extremely cold weather conditions within the WH pattern during the winter season from 1979 to 2023. The variations of cold air in North America during the WH pattern have been demonstrated using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets. By defining WH events and North American extremely cold events, we have identified a connection between the two. In extremely cold events, linear winds are the key factor driving the temperature drop, as determined by calculating temperature advection. The ridge in the Gulf of Alaska serves as an early signal for this cold weather. The WH circulation anomaly triggers an anomalous ridge in the Gulf of Alaska region, leading to trough anomalies downstream over North America. This results in the southward movement of cold air from the polar regions, causing cooling in the mid-to-northern parts of North America. With the maintenance of the stationary wave in the North Pacific (NP), the anomalous trough over North America can be deepened, driving cold air into the continent. Influenced by the low pressure over Greenland and the storm track, the cold anomalies are concentrated in the central and northern parts of North America. This cold air situation persists for approximately two weeks. The high-level patterns of the WH pattern in both the 500 hPa height and the troposphere level have been identified using SOM. This cold weather is primarily a tropospheric phenomenon with limited correlation to stratospheric activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)
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31 pages, 21407 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Heat Sink Designs on Thermoelectric Generator System Performance in a Turbocharged Tractor
by Ali Gürcan and Gülay Yakar
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3267; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133267 - 22 Jun 2025
Viewed by 755
Abstract
In this study, the effects of different heat sink designs on the cold side of the modules in a thermoelectric generator (TEG) system placed between the compressor and the intercooler of a turbocharged tractor on the system performance were numerically analyzed. In the [...] Read more.
In this study, the effects of different heat sink designs on the cold side of the modules in a thermoelectric generator (TEG) system placed between the compressor and the intercooler of a turbocharged tractor on the system performance were numerically analyzed. In the current literature, heat sinks used in TEG modules generally consist of plate fins. In this study, by using perforated and slotted fins, the thermal boundary layer behaviors were changed and there was an attempt to increase the heat transfer from the cold surface compared to plate fins. Thus, the performance of the TEG system was also increased. When looking at the literature, it is seen that there are studies which aim to increase the performance of TEG modules by changing the dimensions of p and n type semiconductors. However, there is no study aiming to increase the performance of TEG modules by making changes on the plate fins of the heat sinks used in these modules and thus increasing the heat transfer amount. In this respect, this study offers important results for the literature. According to the numerical analysis results, the total TEG output power, output voltage, and thermal efficiency obtained for S0.5H15 were 6.2%, about 3%, and about 5% higher than those for PF, respectively. In addition, the pressure drop values obtained for different heat sinks, except for aluminum foam, were approximately close to each other. In cases with TEG systems where different heat sinks were used, the intercooler inlet air temperatures decreased by approximately 3.4–3.5% compared to the case without the TEG system. This indicates that the use of TEG will positively affect the improvement in engine efficiency. Full article
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15 pages, 2149 KiB  
Article
Biofilm-Forming Lactic Acid Bacteria in Sausages: Isolation, Characterization, and Inhibition Using Eisenia bicyclis-Based Nanoparticles
by Do Kyung Oh, Du-Min Jo, Minji Kim, Jeong-Bin Jo, Ji-Hwan Choi, Jeong Mi Choi, Geum-Jae Jeong, Se Yun Jeong, Fazlurrahman Khan and Young-Mog Kim
Antibiotics 2025, 14(7), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14070637 - 22 Jun 2025
Viewed by 480
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Lactic acid bacteria produce biofilms in meat products that contribute to the products’ deterioration, reduction in quality, and shortened shelf life. Although LAB are generally considered benign, certain strains create slime and cause significant drops in pH. The study’s goal was to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Lactic acid bacteria produce biofilms in meat products that contribute to the products’ deterioration, reduction in quality, and shortened shelf life. Although LAB are generally considered benign, certain strains create slime and cause significant drops in pH. The study’s goal was to identify and characterize LAB strains from sausage products that are capable of biofilm formation, and to evaluate the inhibitory effects of E. bicyclis methanol extract, its ethyl acetate fraction, and phloroglucinol, as well as to synthesize AuNPs, and assess their efficacy in controlling biofilm formation. Methods: Slime or biofilm-producing LAB bacteria were isolated from commercial sausages and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Lactobacillus sakei S10, which can tolerate high salt concentrations and cold temperatures, was chosen as a representative strain. The isolates were subsequently tested for hemolytic activity, salt and temperature tolerance, and carbohydrate consumption patterns. To evaluate antibiofilm potential, marine-derived compounds from Eisenia bicyclis, such as phloroglucinol (PG), crude methanolic extracts, ethyl acetate fractions, and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) formulations, were tested in situ on sausage surfaces against L. sakei S10 and common pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). The biofilm-inhibitory effects of the extracts, PG, and PG-AuNPs were estimated using the colony-counting method. Results: The PG-AuNPs had an average particle size of 98.74 nm and a zeta potential of −29.82 mV, indicating nanoscale dimensions and considerable colloidal stability. Structural analysis confirmed their spherical form and crystalline structure, as well as the presence of phenolic groups in both reduction and stabilization processes. Among the studied treatments, the PG and PG-AuNPs had the strongest antibiofilm activities, dramatically lowering biofilm biomass, particularly for P. aeruginosa and L. sakei S10. However, the inhibitory effects were less prominent in in situ conditions than in in vitro testing, highlighting the complexity of real food matrices. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that polyphenolic compounds obtained from marine sources, particularly in nano-formulated forms, have a great deal of potential as natural antibiofilm products. Enhancing the microbiological safety of processed meat products and extending their shelf life could be accomplished through the application of these polyphenolic compounds in food packaging or surface treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Antibiofilm Strategies)
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22 pages, 3528 KiB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Redox and Non-Redox Epoxy–Clay Coatings for Corrosion Resistance in ACQ Saline Media
by Yun-Xiang Lan, Yun-Hsuan Chen, Hsin-Yu Chang, Karen S. Santiago, Li-Yun Su, Cheng-Yu Tsai, Chun-Hung Huang and Jui-Ming Yeh
Polymers 2025, 17(12), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121684 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 505
Abstract
This study prepared epoxy–clay nanocomposites (ECNs) by incorporating organophilic clays modified with either non-redox cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or redox-active aniline pentamer (AP), then compared their anticorrosion performance on metal substrates in saline environments. The test solution contained 2 wt% alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) [...] Read more.
This study prepared epoxy–clay nanocomposites (ECNs) by incorporating organophilic clays modified with either non-redox cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or redox-active aniline pentamer (AP), then compared their anticorrosion performance on metal substrates in saline environments. The test solution contained 2 wt% alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) wood preservatives. Cold-rolled steel (CRS) panels coated with the ECNs were evaluated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in saline media both with and without ACQ. For CRS coated with unmodified epoxy, the Nyquist plot showed impedance dropping from 255 kΩ to 121 kΩ upon adding 2 wt% ACQ—indicating that Cu2⁺ ions accelerate iron oxidation. Introducing 1 wt% CTAB–clay into the epoxy increased impedance from 121 kΩ to 271 kΩ, while 1 wt% AP–clay raised it to 702 kΩ. This improvement arises because the organophilic clay platelets create a more tortuous path for Cu2+ and O₂ diffusion, as confirmed by ICP–MS measurements of Cu2+ after EIS and oxygen permeability tests (GPA), thereby slowing iron oxidation. Moreover, ECN coatings containing AP–clay outperformed those with CTAB–clay in corrosion resistance, suggesting that AP not only enhances platelet dispersion but also promotes formation of a dense, passive metal oxide layer at the coating–metal interface, as shown by TEM, GPA, and XRD analyses. Finally, accelerated salt-spray exposure following ASTM B-117 yielded corrosion behavior consistent with the EIS results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Innovation of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers)
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37 pages, 5930 KiB  
Article
The Effectiveness of a Topical Rosehip Oil Treatment on Facial Skin Characteristics: A Pilot Study on Wrinkles, UV Spots Reduction, Erythema Mitigation, and Age-Related Signs
by Diana Patricia Oargă (Porumb), Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan, Silvia Amalia Nemeș and Mirela Irina Cordea
Cosmetics 2025, 12(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12030125 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 3091
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process influenced by several factors, including UV exposure, environmental stressors, and lifestyle choices. The demand for effective, natural skincare products has driven research into plant-based oils rich in bioactive compounds. Rosehip oil has garnered attention for its high [...] Read more.
Skin aging is a complex process influenced by several factors, including UV exposure, environmental stressors, and lifestyle choices. The demand for effective, natural skincare products has driven research into plant-based oils rich in bioactive compounds. Rosehip oil has garnered attention for its high content of carotenoids, phenolics, and antioxidants, which are known for their anti-aging, photoprotective, and skin-rejuvenating properties. Despite the growing interest in rosehip oil, limited studies have investigated its efficacy on human skin using advanced imaging technologies. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the efficacy of cold-pressed Rosa canina seed oil on facial skin characteristics, specifically wrinkles, ultraviolet (UV) spot reduction, and erythema mitigation, using imaging technologies (the VISIA analysis system). Seed oil pressed from R. canina collected from the Băișoara area of Cluj County has been selected for this study due to its high carotenoid, phenolic, and antioxidant contents. The oil has also been analyzed for the content of individual carotenoids (i.e., lutein, lycopene, β Carotene, and zeaxanthin) using HPLC-DAD (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography—Diode Array Detector), along with lutein and zeaxanthin esters and diesters. After the preliminary screening of multiple Rosa species for carotenoid, phenolic, and antioxidant contents, the R. canina sample with the highest therapeutic potential was selected. A cohort of 27 volunteers (aged 30–65) underwent a five-week treatment protocol, wherein three drops of the selected rosehip oil were topically applied to the face daily. The VISIA imaging was conducted before and after the treatment to evaluate changes in skin parameters, including the wrinkle depth, UV-induced spots, porphyrins, and texture. Regarding the bioactivities, rosehip oil showed a significant total carotenoids content (28.398 μg/mL), with the highest levels in the case of the β-carotene (4.49 μg/mL), lutein (4.33 μg/mL), and zexanthin (10.88 μg/mL) contents. Results indicated a significant reduction in mean wrinkle scores across several age groups, with notable improvements in individuals with deeper baseline wrinkles. UV spots also showed visible declines, suggesting ideal photoprotective and anti-pigmentary effects attributable to the oil’s high vitamin A and carotenoid content. Porphyrin levels, often correlated with bacterial activity, decreased in most subjects, hinting at an additional antimicrobial or microbiome-modulatory property. However, skin responses varied, possibly due to individual differences in skin sensitivity, environmental factors, or compliance with sun protection. Overall, the topical application of R. canina oil appeared to improve the facial skin quality, reduce the appearance of age-related markers, and support skin health. These findings reinforce the potential use of rosehip oil in anti-aging skincare formulations. Further long-term, large-scale studies are warranted to refine dosing regimens, investigate mechanisms of action, and explore synergistic effects with other bioactive compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Anti-Aging Strategies)
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21 pages, 2890 KiB  
Article
Modulation of Biochemical Traits in Cold-Stored ‘Karaerik’ Grapes by Different Edible Coatings
by Nurhan Keskin, Sinem Karakus, Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, Ozkan Kaya, Seyda Cavusoglu, Onur Tekin, Birhan Kunter, Sıddık Keskin, Ahmet Çağlar Kaya and Birol Karadogan
Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060672 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 413
Abstract
Understanding the effects of edible coatings on postharvest quality and shelf life of ‘Karaerik’ grapes is crucial for improving storage outcomes and reducing losses. However, limited information exists regarding the effectiveness of different coating materials on this regionally significant variety. In this study, [...] Read more.
Understanding the effects of edible coatings on postharvest quality and shelf life of ‘Karaerik’ grapes is crucial for improving storage outcomes and reducing losses. However, limited information exists regarding the effectiveness of different coating materials on this regionally significant variety. In this study, ‘Karaerik’ grapes were treated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and locust bean gum (KB) coatings and stored under cold conditions (0 ± 0.5 °C, 90–95% relative humidity) for 0, 25, 45, and 60 days. Storage duration and coating treatments significantly affected most physical, physiological, and biochemical parameters. During storage, grape weight loss progressively increased, reaching 9.60% in the control by day 60. Coatings slightly reduced this loss, with KB showing the lowest (5.11%) compared to the control (5.69%). Respiration initially declined but surged again at day 60, especially in the control (96.4 μmol CO2/kg·hour), while coatings helped mitigate this rise. Ethylene release remained unchanged. A slight pH decline (~4.6%) was observed in the control, while KB-treated grapes maintained higher pH and lower acidity. Soluble solids remained stable across treatments. Color changed notably during storage: a* nearly doubled (more redness), b* increased (less blue), and chroma (C*) declined by ~25%, especially in uncoated grapes. Total sugar dropped by ~43% in KB-treated grapes, with the control retaining the most. Tartaric acid decreased by ~55%, notably in KB samples. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics declined significantly (~66%) in the control. CMC coating better-preserved antioxidant capacity, while the control showed the highest phenolic levels overall. Ferulic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids increased toward the end of storage, particularly in coated grapes. In contrast, rutin and vanillic acid peaked mid-storage and were better preserved in the control. The heatmap showed significant metabolite changes in fruit samples across 0D, 25D, 45D, and 60D storage periods under CMC, CNT, and KB treatments, with distinct clustering patterns revealing treatment-specific biochemical responses. The correlation matrix revealed strong positive relationships (r > 0.70) between total sugar, glucose, and fructose levels, while ethylene showed significant negative correlations (−0.65 to −0.85) with maturity index, pH, and total soluble solids, indicating interconnected metabolic pathways during fruit ripening and storage. We conclude that edible coating selection significantly influences grape biochemical stability during cold storage, with CMC emerging as a superior choice for maintaining certain quality parameters. Full article
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19 pages, 2747 KiB  
Article
Assessing Thermal Stress in Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus): Oxidative Stress and Biochemical, Hematological, Hormonal, and Operculum Responses Within Survival Temperature Range
by Kanokporn Saenphet, Supap Saenphet, Nathamon Tanasrivaroottanun, Phanit Srisuttha, Wikit Phinrub, Dutrudi Panprommin and Paiboon Panase
Fishes 2025, 10(6), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10060287 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 464
Abstract
This study investigates the biochemical and physiological responses of the economically important fish Barbonymus gonionotus to acute temperature fluctuations. Focusing on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and visceral organs, serum biochemical indices, hematological parameters, cortisol levels, and operculum movement, this research assessed the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the biochemical and physiological responses of the economically important fish Barbonymus gonionotus to acute temperature fluctuations. Focusing on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and visceral organs, serum biochemical indices, hematological parameters, cortisol levels, and operculum movement, this research assessed the impacts of thermal stress. Experimental conditions involved two thermal regimes: heat shock at 25–29 °C and 25–37 °C; as well as cold shock at 25–21 °C and 25–13 °C sustained over 24 (D1), 48 (D2), and 72 (D3) h. Serum MDA levels increased significantly. Notably, MDA in the gills, brain, and liver fluctuated under cold stress, particularly at 13 °C. Serum parameters showed significant alterations except for AST, total protein, and cholesterol, which remained unaffected by heat shock. Red blood cell (RBC) counts dropped to their lowest at 13 °C, while white blood cell (WBC) counts diminished significantly when temperatures dropped to 21 °C and then stabilized. Cortisol surged with temperature changes, peaking at 13 °C and 29 °C for cold and heat shock, respectively. Operculum movement was inversely affected by thermal changes, decreasing with cold and increasing with heat. These findings underscore the sensitivity of silver barb to thermal extremes, providing insights for optimized aquaculture management and enhanced resilience to environmental stressors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Biochemistry)
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16 pages, 4515 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Cold Rolling and Annealing Behavior of Extra-Low-Carbon Steel by Magnetic NDE Parameters
by Siuli Dutta, Ashis K. Panda and Rajat K. Roy
NDT 2025, 3(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt3020014 - 11 Jun 2025
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Abstract
This study intends to understand the effect of annealing behavior on the microstructure and mechanical and magnetic properties of cold-rolled extra-low-carbon steel. Deformed steel samples are annealed at temperature ranges of 200–690 °C followed by air-cooling. As part of this study, Magnetic Hysteresis [...] Read more.
This study intends to understand the effect of annealing behavior on the microstructure and mechanical and magnetic properties of cold-rolled extra-low-carbon steel. Deformed steel samples are annealed at temperature ranges of 200–690 °C followed by air-cooling. As part of this study, Magnetic Hysteresis loop (MHL) and Barkhausen emission (MBE) measurements are carried out for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of the mechanical properties that are altered during annealing, viz. recovery and recrystallization. At low annealing temperature ranges 200 < T < 550 °C, the recovery causes no substantial variations in microstructure, hardness value from 191–185 HV, and tensile strength 456–452 MPa, while magnetic coercivity decreases from 293–275 A/m for cold-rolled annealed steels. The microstructural changes due to recovery and recrystallization are examined using transmission electron microscopy and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) through electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Recrystallization is found after annealing at T > 550 °C, confirmed by the lowering of the microstructural KAM value from 0.81° to 0.65° and a hardness drop from 190.02 to 98 HV for cold-rolled extra-low-carbon steel. Full article
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