Search Results (850)

The fabrication and application of single-site heterogeneous reaction centers are new frontiers in chemistry. Single-site heterogeneous reaction centers are analogous to metal centers in enzymes and transition-metal complexes: they are charged and decorated with ligands and would exhibit superior reactivity and selectivity in chemical conversion. Such high reactivity would also result in significant response, such as a band gap or resistance change, to approaching molecules, which can be used for sensing applications. As a proof of concept, the electronic structure and reaction pathways with NO and NO₂ of Au(I) fragments dispersed on phosphorene (Pene) were investigated with first-principle-based calculations. Atomic-deposited Au atoms on Pene (Au₁-Pene) have hybridized Au states in the bulk band gap of Pene and a decreased band gap of 0.14 eV and would aggregate into clusters. Passivation of the Au hybrid states with -OH and -CH₃ forms thermodynamically plausible HO-Au₁-Pene and H₃C-Au₁-Pene and restores the band gap to that of bulk Pene. Inspired by this, HO-Au₁-Pene and H₃C-Au₁-Pene were examined for detection of NO and NO₂ that would react with -OH and -CH₃, and the resulting decrease of band gap back to that of Au₁-Pene would be measurable. HO-Au₁-Pene and H₃C-Au₁-Pene are highly sensitive to NO and NO₂, and their calculated theoretical sensitivities are all 99.99%. The reaction of NO₂ with HO-Au₁-Pene is endothermic, making the dissociation of product HNO₃ more plausible, while the barriers for the reaction of CH₃-Au₁-Pene with NO and NO₂ are too high for spontaneous detection. Therefore, HO-Au₁-Pene is not eligible for NO₂ sensing and CH₃-Au₁-Pene is not eligible for NO and NO₂ sensing. The calculated energy barrier for the reaction of HO-Au-Pene with NO is 0.36 eV, and the reaction is about thermal neutral, suggesting HO-Au-Pene is highly sensitive for NO sensing and the reaction for NO detection is spontaneous. This work highlights the potential superior sensing performance of transition-metal fragments and their potential for next-generation sensing applications. Full article

As a bridge for human–machine interaction, the performance improvement of sensors relies on the in-depth understanding of ion transport mechanisms. This study focuses on the surface effect of resistive gel sensors and designs a polyacrylic acid/ferric ion hydrogel (PAA/Fe³⁺) gas flow sensor. Prepared by one-pot polymerization, PAA/Fe³⁺ forms a three-dimensional network through the entanglement of crosslinked and uncrosslinked PAA chains, where the coordination between Fe³⁺ and carboxyl groups endows the material with excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 80 kPa and elongation at break of 1100%). Experiments show that when a gas flow acts on the hydrogel surface, changes in surface humidity alter the density of the network structure, thereby regulating ion migration rates: the network loosens to promote ion transport during water absorption, while it tightens to hinder transport during water loss. This mechanism enables the sensor to exhibit significant resistance responses (ΔR/R₀ up to 0.55) to gentle breezes (0–13 m/s), with a response time of approximately 166 ms and a sensitivity 40 times higher than that of bulk deformation. The surface ion transport model proposed in this study provides a new strategy for ultrasensitive gas flow sensing, showing potential application values in intelligent robotics, electronic skin, and other fields. Full article

B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is classified into more than 20 molecular subtypes, and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of these with high sensitivity. Bulk RNA-seq analysis of bone marrow was realized to identify molecular subtypes in Mexican pediatric patients with B-ALL. High hyperdiploidy (27.3%) was the most frequent molecular subtype, followed by DUX4 (13.6%), TCF3::PBX1 (9.1%), ETV6::RUNX1 (9.1%), Ph-like (9.1%), ETV6::RUNX1-like (9.1%), PAX5alt (4.5%), Ph (4.5%), KMT2A (4.5%), and ZNF384 (4.5%), with one patient presenting both the PAX5alt and low hypodiploidy subtypes (4.5%). The genes TYK2, SEMA6A, FLT3, NRAS, SETD2, JAK2, NT5C2, RAG1, and SPATS2L harbor deleterious missense variants across different B-ALL molecular subtypes. The Ph-like subtype exhibited mutations in STAT2, ADGRF1, TCF3, BCR, JAK2, and NRAS with overexpression of the CRLF2 gene. The DUX4 subtype showed mutually exclusive missense variants in the PDGRFA gene. Here, we have demonstrated the importance of using RNA-seq to facilitate the differential diagnosis of B-ALL with successful detection of gene fusions and mutations. This will aid both patient risk stratification and precision medicine. Full article

Background and Objectives: This is the first systematic review to focus exclusively on in vivo randomized controlled trials that compare bulk-fill and conventional incremental composite restorations in primary teeth. Our aim was to synthesize current evidence on their clinical performance, including retention, two-year survival rates, marginal integrity, and procedural efficiency. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and the Elicit AI platform up to March 2025. Eligible studies were in vivo randomized controlled trials involving children aged 3–12 years with carious primary teeth, directly comparing bulk-fill and incremental composite restorations. Primary outcomes included retention rates, two-year survival, and marginal integrity, while secondary outcomes were postoperative sensitivity, secondary caries, and aesthetic outcomes. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessments using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. A narrative synthesis was undertaken due to substantial heterogeneity in study design and outcome reporting. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251021433). Results: Thirteen randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Both restoration techniques demonstrated high short-term retention rates (>90%) and comparable two-year survival (85–90%). Marginal integrity was generally equivalent, though incremental techniques showed modest advantages in complex cavities. Secondary outcomes were inconsistently reported, with no significant group differences. Bulk-fill restorations consistently reduced the procedural time by 2–4 min per restoration, representing a meaningful advantage in pediatric clinical settings. Conclusions: Bulk-fill composites offer a clinically effective and time-efficient alternative to incremental layering in the restoration of primary teeth. This focused synthesis addresses a gap in existing reviews by concentrating solely on primary dentition and in vivo evidence. Despite similar clinical outcomes, the time savings associated with bulk-fill techniques may enhance their utility in pediatric dentistry. Further standardized and long-term trials are warranted to confirm these findings and inform clinical guidelines. Full article

The increasing release of nanoparticles into aquatic environments, particularly via wastewater, raises concerns about their biological effects on microbial communities. This study investigated the molecular response of Pseudomonas putida to aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃NPs) under controlled conditions and in synthetic wastewater, both before and after biological treatment. Acute toxicity was evaluated using growth inhibition assays, while the expression of katE, ahpC, and ctaD—genes associated with oxidative stress and energy metabolism—was quantified via RT-qPCR. Exposure to pristine Al₂O₃NPs induced a strong, time-dependent upregulation of all tested genes (e.g., katE and ahpC up to 4.5-fold). In untreated wastewater, this effect persisted but at a lower intensity; bulk Al₂O₃ caused only moderate changes. Treated wastewater samples showed markedly reduced gene expression, indicating partial detoxification. Nanoparticles elicited stronger biological responses than their bulk counterparts, confirming the material form-specific effects. Comparative analysis with Daphnia magna revealed similar patterns of oxidative stress gene activation. These findings highlight the influence of nanoparticle form and environmental matrix on microbial responses and support the use of gene expression analysis as a sensitive biomarker for nanoparticle-induced stress in environmental risk assessment. Full article

Electrospinning is a versatile technique for producing porous nanofibers with a high specific surface area, making them ideal for several tissue engineering applications. Although Raman spectroscopy has been widely employed to characterize electrospun materials, but most studies report bulk-averaged properties without addressing the spatial heterogeneity of their chemical composition. Raman imaging has emerged as a promising tool to overcome this limitation; however, challenges remain, including limited sensitivity for detecting minor components, reliance on distinctive high-intensity bands, and the frequent use of commercial software. In this study, we present a methodology based on Raman hyperspectral image processing using open-source software (Python), capable of identifying components present at concentrations as low as 2% and 5%, even in the absence of exclusive bands of high or medium intensity, respectively. The proposed approach integrates spectral segmentation, end member extraction via the N-FINDR algorithm, and analysis of average spectra to map and characterize the chemical heterogeneity within electrospun fibers. Finally, its performance is compared with the traditional approach based on band intensities, highlighting improvements in sensitivity and the detection of weak signals. Full article

Potatoes are highly sensitive to drought, particularly during tuber initiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of film-forming (Vapor Gard [VG]) and metabolic (abscisic acid [ABA]) antitranspirants in mitigating drought stress and reducing tuber physiological disorders in four potato varieties. Two experiments examined the effects of VG and ABA antitranspirants on drought-stressed potato plants of four varieties (Challenger, Markies, Nectar, and Russet Burbank) grown in pots in a polytunnel (semi-controlled environment). Experiment 1 imposed severe drought by withholding irrigation until 70% of the available water content was depleted (reaching 15–17% volumetric water content within ~15 days), while Experiment 2 featured gradual drought stress from tuber initiation, with the soil volumetric water content declining to <10% over 30 days. Antitranspirants were applied at the start of the tuber initiation and two weeks later to assess their impact on the soil volumetric water content, stomatal conductance, relative water content, yield, and tuber physiological disorders. Drought significantly reduced the soil and plant water status, tuber yield, and quality across both experiments, with more severe effects observed in Experiment 1. VG and ABA had repeatable effects in both experiments and in all varieties, reducing water stress by preventing a large reduction in the relative water content during the tuber initiation and bulking stages. Both antitranspirants improved the tuber appearance by reducing the tuber skin disorder of russeting in the susceptible Challenger variety in both experiments, with VG being more effective than ABA. Beneficial reductions in the effects of drought from antitranspirants were also recorded in the volumetric water content, stomatal conductance, yield, and jelly end rot but not consistently in all varieties and in both experiments. The results show that antitranspirants have the potential to minimise water stress in droughted potatoes and subsequently reduce the physiological disorder of russeting and improve the tuber appearance of the Challenger variety. Full article

Lactylation and PANoptosis are emerging modes of tumor progression regulation; however, their interplay and effect on the prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. This research analyzed both bulk and single-cell transcriptomic profiles of LUAD and identified 506 potential markers related to lactylation and PANoptosis. Employing 117 machine learning approaches and 5 LUAD datasets, lactylation and PANoptosis-related signatures (LAPRS) and further predictive nomograms were constructed with 85 prognostic genes. The performance of LAPRS was validated with multifaceted validation, including Kaplan–Meier analysis, time-dependent ROC curves and comparison with 55 existing LUAD models. LAPRS enabled the stratification of LUAD patients into high- and low-risk subgroups. Through additional investigation, high-risk individuals showed elevated genomic alterations, reduced immune infiltration, and poorer immunotherapy response, while low-risk individuals showed better drug sensitivity and a higher tumor mutation burden. Further analysis via 18 models and experimental validation revealed APOL1 as a poor prognostic factor, potentially interacting with the lactylation-related gene VIM through TNF signaling. This research clarifies the mechanistic roles of lactylation and PANoptosis in LUAD and proposes APOL1 as a novel prognostic marker, offering insights for therapeutic stratification. Full article

Underground longwall mining conducted in the vicinity of the barrier pillars in the KWK ROW Ruch Marcel mine has led to volume changes in the rock mass. As the longwalls progressed, a gradual increase in stress occurred in the goaf overburden, as a result of which this part of the rock mass increased in density in relation to the surrounding strata. Seismic events occurring during mining as a result of elastic energy accumulation led to the relaxation of the medium and local decreases in its bulk density. The microgravimetric method is sensitive to variations in this physical parameter of rock. The most transparent effects of the differences in rock mass density can be observed by performing periodic local gravity field surveys and analysing their spatial and temporal variability. This paper analyses the relationship between ground deformations and the spatial and temporal gravity field distribution changes observed on the surface in the context of the safety of barrier pillars F1 and F2 in Marklowice (the GSB-GFO testing ground of project EPOS-PL+). Relative gravimetric surveys, referenced to the determined absolute values of g, were performed in 7 series over the period of 2021–2023. The collected data made it possible to chart differential maps of gravity field changes and anomalies with Bouguer reduction. The differential anomaly distributions between successive survey series and the reference series were analysed. This served as the basis for assessing the safety of the barrier pillars maintained by the mine and the possibility of ground deformation occurrence on the surface. Full article

Traditional approaches to constructing thermally conductive networks typically necessitate costly equipment and intricate processes, rendering them unsuitable for mass production and commercialization. Here, we propose a facile strategy to construct highly oriented boron nitride/polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive frameworks by a calendering process. A UV light-based bulk polymerization method is adopted to prepare the pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), which makes the preparation process solvent-free and volatile organic compound (VOC)-free, and environmentally friendly compared to emulsion and solvent-based pressure-sensitive adhesives. This simple, economical and scalable method provides new ideas and ways for the preparation of advanced thermal conductive networks. The highly oriented and flexible m-BNNSs/polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive composites (m-BNNSs/PSAs-Ori) exhibited a significantly high thermal conductivity (TC) of 0.9552 W/(m·K) at 25 wt% filler content. Significantly, m-BNNSs/PSAs-Ori composites showed a better thermal response than the single-layer thermally conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive. Moreover, the composites also possess excellent electrical insulation and mechanical properties. This exploration not only provides a reasonable design scheme for thermal interface materials, but also promotes the practical application of polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive composites in thermal management. Full article

For every tractor test carried out on a concrete road under defined conditions, the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory (NTTL) provides values of the specific volumetric fuel efficiency (SVFE) in unit of kWh/L). Because soil tillage is a highly energy-intensive process and the energy consumption of tillage operations is a significant component of a farm budget, there is a growing amount of attention being given to the examination of the SVFE for tillage operations. Nonetheless, the study of the tillage process and a scientific approach to the tillage process are becoming more and more dependent on scientific modeling. Therefore, in this study based on real-tillage field operation, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was built to predict SVFE. This study aimed to confirm that the ANN model could incorporate 10 inputs for prediction: initial soil moisture content, draft force, initial soil bulk density, sand, silt, and clay proportions in the soil tractor power, plow width, tillage depth, and tillage speed. The Qnet v2000, as an ANN simulation software, was employed for the simulation of the SVFE. In this regard, 20,000 runs of Qnet v2000 were completed for the training and testing stages. The anticipated results displayed that the determination coefficient (R²) was larger than 0.96; using the training dataset, R² was 0.982 and using the testing dataset, R² was 0.9741, indicating that the recognition of a full ANN model makes it likely to reply to essential enquiries that were previously unanswerable regarding the impact of working and soil conditions on the SVFE of a tractor–tillage implement system. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were completed to specify which modeled parameters were more sensitive to the factors using the obtained ANN model. According to the sensitivity analysis, SVFE was more affected by changes in the tillage speed (21.07%), silt content in the soil (15.56%), draft force (11.01%), and clay content in the soil (10.86%). Predicting SVFE can lead to more appropriate decisions on tractor–chisel plow combination management. Therefore, it is highly advisable to use the newly created ANN model to appropriately manage SVFE to reduce tractor–tillage implement energy dissipation. Additionally, suitable management of some variables, for example, tillage depth, tillage speed, and soil moisture content, can help enhance fuel consumption in the tractor–tillage implementation system. Full article

Deciphering the responses of soil properties to land-use changes is of great importance for sustainable management in biogeochemically sensitive zones. This investigation examines the impacts of agricultural conversion on soil-microbial dynamics across four land-use patterns in western Xin-jiang, China: native grassland (NG), two-year paddy field (PF), one-year corn-rice rotation field (RF), and two-year sorghum field (SF). The results indicate that different land-use types significantly altered soil properties: NG retained superior soil structure, with significantly higher porosity and organic carbon (p < 0.05). Microbial communities differed distinctly across land uses. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria ranked SF > RF > PF > NG, contrasting with Bacteroidota trends. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed divergent structures of soil microbial communities under different land-use types. The results of correlation analysis and structural equation models (SEM) showed that land use could indirectly affect bacterial diversity through its influence on soil physicochemical properties, highlighting that land-use-driven shifts in bulk density, porosity, and carbon content critically shape microbial dynamics, particularly in bacteria. These results underscore the sensitivity of soil properties to land-use practices and offer actionable insights for optimizing soil quality and sustainability in vulnerable regions. Full article

Sensitized radiation-induced polymerization of indene monomer was achieved at a dose rate of 3 kGy/h. The sensitizer (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane or TCE) leads to higher polyindene yields and faster polymerization kinetics with respect to bulk radiation-induced polymerization of indene. The radiation chemical yield G_p was found to increase with the dose in sensitized polymerization of indene following a power law, while an opposite trend was detected in the absence of the sensitizer. The sensitizer enhances the cationic polymerization mechanism in parallel to the free radical mechanism, as shown with both electronic absorption spectroscopy and FT–IR analysis of the polyindenes. Despite the enhancement of the polymer yield and the faster polymerization kinetics offered by the presence of TCE, the molecular weight of the resulting polyindene was found to be rather low. This was true whether the molecular weight was measured by end group analysis using X-ray fluorescence or the glass transition temperature determination with respect to the polyindenes produced with γ radiation without the sensitizer or with a pure cationic mechanism. Full article

Titanium thin films with thicknesses of up to 105 nm were deposited on borosilicate glass implementing low-power continuous (25 W) and pulsed (85 W, with an ultra-low duty cycle) DC magnetron sputtering. The characteristics of the resulting films were studied via atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), VIS spectroscopy, and four-point-probe measurements. Both deposition modes yield films with low surface roughness, and AFM analysis showed no topographical features indicative of columnar-and-void structures. The films exhibited high optical reflectivity and stable transmittance and reflectance across the visible spectrum. The electric resistivity could be measured even at single nanometer thickness, emphasizing the metallic character of the films and approaching the bulk titanium value at higher film thicknesses. The low power regime of magnetron sputter deposition not only offers the possibility of studying the development of physical characteristics during the growth of ultra-thin films but also provides the advantage of extremely low heat development and no evident mechanical stress on the substrate during the coating process. These results outline a path for low-power DC sputtering as a reliable approach for studying the evolution of functional properties in ultra-thin films and for the gentle fabrication of coatings where thermal stress must be avoided, making the method compatible with temperature-sensitive applications. Full article

This study focuses on addressing the reflectivity reduction issue in La_1–xSr_xTiO_3+δ during high-temperature preparation, which is caused by oxygen vacancy generation. Bulk samples of CeO₂-doped La_1–xSr_xTiO_3+δ with varying doping contents as a second phase and sintering temperatures were prepared. The phase composition, reflectivity, and valence states were thoroughly investigated. Introducing 10 wt.%CeO₂ significantly suppressed the formation of oxygen vacancies. Thus, the occurrence of impurity levels caused by oxygen vacancies was reduced. This can further mitigate the reflection decrease caused by impurity levels as photon absorption traps. Additionally, the reduced pore structure achieved at 1450 °C contributed to improved reflectivity compared to pure La_1–xSr_xTiO_3+δ. The findings suggest that this approach has great potential for reducing oxygen vacancies sensitivity in high-reflection ceramics under high-temperature conditions and preserving their optical properties. Full article