Search Results (128)

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Malaria are serious infectious diseases endemic in tropical regions, caused by protozoan parasites, and necessitating an urgent development of new antiprotozoal drugs. As part of our ongoing search for new antiprotozoal steroidal alkaloids from plants, we investigated the methanolic stem bark extract of Holarrhena pubescens (Apocynaceae). H. pubescens is a tropical tree that some Kenyan coastal communities have long used to treat various ailments, including fever and stomach pain. The crude extract, alkaloid fraction, and 16 subfractions acquired through centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) displayed promising in vitro antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Partial least squares (PLS) regression modeling of UHPLC/+ESI QqTOF-MS data and the antiprotozoal activity data of the crude extract and its fractions was performed to predict compounds that may be responsible for the observed antiplasmodial activity. Chromatographic separation of the alkaloid fraction afforded one new steroidal alkaloid (5), along with 18 known compounds (1, 2, 4, 6–20), and one artifact (3) that was presumably formed during the acid–base extraction process. The structural characterization of the isolated compounds was accomplished using UHPLC/+ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were tested for their in vitro antiprotozoal properties against the two aforementioned pathogens, as well as for their cytotoxicity against mammalian cells (L6 cell line). Compounds 2 and 16 (IC₅₀ = 0.2 μmol/L) demonstrated the highest antitrypanosomal activity, with compound 2 showing the highest selectivity (SI = 127). The new compound 5 exhibited the strongest antiplasmodial activity and selectivity against Pf (IC₅₀ = 0.7 μmol/L, SI = 43). Our findings provide further promising antiprotozoal leads for HAT and Malaria. Full article

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) constitutes a major and persistent global public health burden, accounting for approximately 600,000 deaths annually, largely driven by opioid use. Despite substantial advances in addiction neuroscience, currently approved therapeutic strategies remain limited in efficacy, as they predominantly target isolated neurobiological processes and fail to concurrently address core mechanisms such as glutamatergic hyperactivity, mesolimbic hypodopaminergic, and dysfunction of cortical and executive control networks. This mechanistic fragmentation contributes to persistently high relapse rates and underscores the need for integrative and multitarget therapeutic approaches. Within this context, ibogaine has re-emerged as a clinical candidate due to its distinctive multimodal neuropharmacological profile and its reported capacity to modulate multiple pathways implicated in addictive behaviours. However, the clinical translation of ibogaine remains substantially constrained by fragmented and heterogeneous evidence, the absence of regulatory frameworks in several jurisdictions, limited phytochemical validation and standardization of available formulations, and unresolved concerns regarding cardiac safety. This scoping review critically synthesizes the available preclinical and clinical literature on ibogaine in the treatment of SUD, with particular emphasis on reported effects on withdrawal symptoms and craving, dose–response relationships, and the occurrence of cardiac adverse events. By clarifying the current state of the evidence and delineating key translational constraints, this review defines the conditions under which ibogaine, an indole alkaloid isolated from Tabernanthe iboga Baill. (Apocynaceae), may warrant continued investigation. The hypothesis of a neurobiological “reset”, supported by emerging preclinical and clinical data, positions ibogaine as a compound of relevance in addiction research and highlights the need for rigorous pharmacological, toxicological, and regulatory evaluation to inform safer and more standardized clinical pathways. Full article

Understanding diet–health linkages in endangered oriental storks (Ciconia boyciana) occupying non-traditional overwintering habitats is imperative for conservation prioritization. Integrated high-throughput sequencing and microscopic analyses revealed their food composition, gut microbiome profile, and critical associations between diet selection and health status. Dominant gut microbial phyla included Firmicutes (64.62%), Fusobacteriota (24.08%), and Bacteroidota (4.10%), with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (21.93%), Paeniclostridium (14.21%), and Fusobacterium (12.58%) at genus level. Microscopic examination of fecal samples identified six plant species (three families, six genera), while sequencing detected five plant-derived and two animal-derived food families. Both methods confirmed Poaceae, Cannabaceae, and Apocynaceae; sequencing uniquely revealed Malvaceae and Leguminosae. There was a significant negative correlation between Cyprinidae and Bacteroidota (0.01 < p ≤ 0.05). Both diet composition and gut microbial structure of the Ciconia boyciana in this study reflect flexible adaptation in response to winter thermoregulation and local food availability, providing a scientific basis for evidence-based conservation of this endangered species as well as other ecologically similar species. This work offers practical guidance for habitat restoration and dietary supplementation in non-traditional wintering sites while informing conservation strategies for ecologically similar species. Due to the limited sample size, future efforts will expand sampling to more accurately characterize population-level dietary patterns and gut microbiota profiles, thereby strengthening conservation decision-making. Full article

Orbea is a morphologically diverse lineage within the subtribe Stapeliinae, yet plastome evolution in Arabian taxa remains insufficiently characterized. This study reports the first complete chloroplast genomes of Orbea sprengeri subsp. commutata and O. wissmannii var. eremastrum and investigates plastome structure, sequence variability, and phylogenetic relationships across tribe Ceropegieae. Chloroplast genomes were assembled, annotated, and compared with 13 published plastomes representing major Ceropegieae lineages. Both Arabian plastomes displayed the typical quadripartite structure and identical gene content of 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, and four ribosomal RNA genes. However, O. wissmannii var. eremastrum exhibited pronounced structural divergence, possessing the largest plastome recorded for the tribe (170,054 bp), an 8.9 kb expansion of the inverted repeat regions, and an 8.4 kb inversion spanning the ndhG–ndhF region. Comparative analyses revealed conserved gene order across Ceropegieae but identified six highly variable loci (accD, clpP, ndhF, ycf1, psbM–trnD, and rpl32–trnL) as potential DNA barcodes. Selection pressure analyses indicated strong purifying selection across most genes, with localized adaptive signals in accD, ndhE, ycf1, and ycf2. Phylogenomic reconstruction consistently resolved the two Arabian Orbea taxa as a distinct clade separate from the African O. variegata. This study fills a gap in Ceropegieae plastid genomics and underscores the importance of sequencing additional Orbea species to capture the full extent of genomic variation within this diverse genus. Full article

Homegardens are traditional agroforestry systems that harbor genetic resources and ancestral knowledge, as well as contributing to food security and self-sufficiency in many rural communities. In this study, we analyze homegardens in a Mixtec community in coastal Oaxaca, Mexico, to document their arrangement and components, the useful flora and fauna they contain, and the social, cultural and economic aspects associated with their management. We used snowball sampling to perform semistructured interviews with 36 women in charge of homegardens, which represented 10% of the total homes in the community. During guided tours, we diagrammed the homegardens and collected and identified plant specimens to compile a full floristic listing. Plant specimens were deposited in the CHAP herbarium. We also calculated the Jacknife alpha diversity index and Sorensen’s beta diversity index to quantify the diversity of the garden flora. We summarized the interview data using descriptive statistics and performed a multiple regression analysis to evaluate the effects of the size of the homegarden and the homegarden owner’s age, years of school attendance, and language use on the number of useful plant species in the garden. Additionally, we conducted a multiple correspondence analysis on the homegardens, the sociodemographic variables, and the plant species contained. The components of the homegardens were the main dwelling, patio, kitchen, bathroom, chicken coop, and pigpen. We documented 15 animal species from 15 genera and 13 families and 236 plant species from 197 genera and 84 families. The most represented plant families were Araceae, Fabaceae and Apocynaceae. The main plant uses were ornamental, edible, and medicinal. The multiple correspondence analysis and multiple regression both showed sociodemographic variables to make a very low contribution to homegarden species richness (evidenced by low percentage variance explained and no statistically significant effects, respectively). The first-order Jacknife diversity index estimated a total of 309 plant species present in the homegardens, indicating high agrobiodiversity. The Sorensen index value ranged from 0.400 to 0.513. Similarity among the gardens was mostly due to high similarity among edible plants. There was community-level resilience in family food self-sufficiency, as 80.56% of the interviewees use harvest from their homegardens to cover their families’ food needs. Women play a central role in the establishment and management of the gardens. Overall, our findings demonstrate that homegardens in this community are sustainable; have high agrobiodiversity; provide food, medicine, and well-being to residents; contribute to food self-sufficiency; and conserve agrobiodiversity as well as traditional culture and knowledge. Full article

Calotropis procera, known as “Silk cotton”, stands out for the presence of various classes of bioactive compounds responsible for its ethnopharmacological properties. The study aimed to conduct a phytochemical investigation, evaluating the in vitro and in vivo toxicity together with the antinociceptive potential of an n-butanolic fraction (FB) from the leaves. The crude ethanolic extract (CEE) was obtained by maceration in ethanol for 72 h. It was then partitioned using a gradual solvent sequence. The FB was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in negative mode and ¹H and ¹³C NMR. Toxicity was assessed by the erythrocyte hemolytic assay and acute oral toxicity test at a single dose of 300 mg·kg⁻¹. The antinociceptive effect was assessed by the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test and the formalin test in mice at doses of 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg·kg⁻¹ per os. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified flavonoids, phenolic acids, and the megastigmane roseoside, isolated for the first time in C. procera. The FB did not cause hemolytic effects or behavioral or physiological changes in mice. It showed an antinociceptive effect at all doses, reducing abdominal writhing by up to 91.46% and the licking time in phases 1 and 2 of the formalin test by up to 63.83% and 91.73%, respectively. In this study, it was possible to determine that an FB of a crude extract of C. procera leaves has antinociceptive activity, possibly associated with the phenolic compounds and roseoside found, with a lack of toxicity in vitro and in vivo, validating its ethnopharmacological use. Full article

Background/Objectives: Regenerating critical-sized bone defects is a significant clinical challenge. Autogenous bone grafts are the gold standard but have limitations, including donor site morbidity. As an alternative, this study introduces a novel biocomposite combining an ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) polymer with Hancornia speciosa (Hs) latex. The ECA acts as a scaffold and delivery vehicle for the latex, which contains phytochemicals with known angiogenic properties. Methods: We created 5 mm critical-sized calvarial defects in 36 Wistar rats, which were divided into four experimental groups. Bone regeneration was evaluated at 30, 60, and 90 days using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for morphometric analysis and hematoxylin and eosin staining for histology. Results: The composite-treated group (Hs+ECA) showed significantly higher bone volume (57.2; IQR: 56.7–61.2) than the control (53.9; IQR: 49.4–56.4) and ECA-only (48.4; IQR: 47.2–59.9) groups at 90 days (p < 0.05). By day 60, the bone volume in the Hs+ECA group was statistically similar (p > 0.05) to that of the autogenous bone group. Histological analysis revealed an organized repair process with neoangiogenesis observed only in the Hs+ECA group, confirming the material’s strong bioactivity. Conclusions: The Hs+ECA composite is a promising biomaterial that acts as an effective delivery system for the bioactive components of the latex. The induced angiogenesis was critical to its regenerative success. This cost-effective material warrants further investigation for clinical applications in regenerative dentistry. Full article

The present work reports the bioguided isolation of constituents from the ethanol extract of Holarrhena floribunda stem bark, their identification by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identification, and the in silico prediction of the pharmacokinetic and toxicity parameters. The crude extract, along with its n-hexane and alkaloid-rich fractions, displayed moderate to good antiplasmodial activity in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and multidrug-resistant (Dd2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.54 to 43.54 µg/mL. Seventeen steroidal alkaloids (1–17) were identified in the most active fraction using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, based on their fragmentation patterns and analysis with the Structural Similarity Network Annotation Platform for Mass Spectrometry (SNAP-MS). Furthermore, bioguided isolation of the ethanol extract yielded twenty-one compounds (3, 5, 10, 14–16, 18–31), whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Among them, compounds 5, 14, and 27 showed the highest potency against the two strains of P. falciparum, with IC₅₀ values between 25.97 and 55.78 µM. In addition, the in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-likeness using the SwissADME web tool indicated that most of the evaluated compounds (1, 3–5, and 14–16) complied with Lipinski’s rule of five. Full article

Control strategies for leishmaniasis increasingly target sand fly vectors through sugar feeding approaches containing bioactive compounds. This study investigated the behavioral and toxicological effects of the iridoids plumericin and isoplumericin, isolated from Himatanthus sucuuba, on Lutzomyia longipalpis by integrating computational and experimental approaches focused on gustatory system interactions. The iridoids were purified by column chromatography and characterized by GC-MS. The gustatory receptor A0A1B0CHD5 was structurally characterized through homology modeling, followed by molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. Behavioral assays evaluated survival, repellency, and feeding preferences using sugar solutions supplemented with an iridoid mixture. Toxicity was assessed in Drosophila melanogaster as a non-target organism model. Molecular docking results revealed comparable binding affinities between sucrose (ChemPLP score 57.96) and the iridoids plumericin (49.08) and isoplumericin (47.75). Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the ligand–receptor complexes and revealed distinct conformational changes. The iridoids did not affect L. longipalpis survival, showed no repellency, and did not reduce sugar feeding acceptance. Preference for the control diet was observed only after continuous exposure (48 h), suggesting involvement of post-ingestive sensory processing. No acute toxicity was observed in D. melanogaster (96% survival). These findings demonstrate that iridoids preserve vector feeding behavior and survival while exhibiting low toxicity to non-target organisms, supporting their potential use in gustatory modulation strategies in leishmaniasis vector control without compromising ecological safety. Full article

In a continued search for novel plant-based therapeutics with multi-target pharmacological potential, the medicinal plant Dischidia bengalensis (Apocynaceae) was investigated for the first time for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and thrombolytic properties, addressing critical therapeutic areas such as rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, and thrombosis. The methanolic extract and solvent fractions (dichloromethane, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate) were evaluated through integrated in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Phytochemical screening and GC–MS profiling revealed a diverse array of bioactive constituents, including fatty acids, terpenoids, and phenolic derivatives, many of which are reported to exhibit pharmacological activities. In vivo assays demonstrated that the methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) markedly suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema (92.31% inhibition) from the 2nd to 4th hour (p  <  0.05, p  <  0.01), while the n-hexane fraction produced the most pronounced analgesic response in both writhing and tail-immersion models (p  <  0.001). Furthermore, the methanolic extract displayed significant thrombolytic activity (33.38  ±  4.27% at 20 mg/mL, p < 0.001) in human blood clot lysis, suggesting potential application in cardiovascular disorders. The scientific novelty of this study was further underscored by in silico molecular docking, ADME/T, and PASS prediction studies. Key bioactive compounds, identified by GC-MS, showed strong binding affinities and promising drug-like properties against pivotal human targets such as TNF-α (PDB: 2AZ5), COX-2 (PDB: 6COX), and tissue plasminogen activator. These findings conclusively establish D. Bengalensis as a promising and novel source of lead compounds for the development of novel therapeutics against inflammatory, pain-related, and cardiovascular disorders. Full article

This review highlights the significant therapeutic properties of four indigenous plants in the United Arab Emirates. These include Capparis spinosa L. (family: Capparaceae), commonly known as caper and locally referred to as Kabir; Citrullus colocynthis (L) Schrad. (family: Cucurbitaceae), known in English as bitter apple and locally as Alhanzal; Morus alba L. (family: Moraceae), referred to as white mulberry and locally named Firsad; and Rhazya stricta Decne. (family: Apocynaceae), commonly called harmal-e-shami and known locally as Alhi-rimi. These species are traditionally used for various ethnobotanical purposes and are important components of the region’s flora, such as managing diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. These plants contain diverse bioactive compounds with notable pharmacological activities. For example, caper exhibits antidiabetic effects through flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, which enhance insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose levels. Bitter apple is rich in cucurbitacins and alkaloids that lower glycated hemoglobin and support pancreatic β-cell function. White mulberry contains chlorogenic acid, rutin, and 1-deoxynojirimycin, which improve glucose uptake, inhibit α-glucosidase, and reduce oxidative stress. Harmal-e-shami exhibits variable antidiabetic activity, including dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition and enhancement of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion, which is influenced by the type and dosage of the extract. Despite these promising effects, challenges remain in standardization, phytochemical variability, and clinical validation. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of these plants and recommends further research for their integration into sustainable, plant-based diabetes management strategies. Full article

Soil salinization, affecting approximately 954 million hectares globally, severely impairs plant growth and agricultural productivity. Apocynum venetum L., a perennial herbaceous plant with ecological and economic value, demonstrates remarkable tolerance to saline and alkali soils. This study investigated the effects of saline (NaCl) and alkali (Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃) stress on the growth, anatomical adaptations, and metabolite accumulation of A. venetum (Apocynum venetum L.). Results showed that alkali stress (100 mM Na₂CO₃ and 50 mM NaHCO₃) inhibited growth more than saline stress (NaCl 240 mM), reducing plant height by 29.36%. Anatomical adaptations included a 40.32% increase in the root cortex-to-diameter ratio (100 mM Na₂CO₃ and 50 mM NaHCO₃), a 101.52% enlargement of xylem vessel diameter (NaCl 240 mM), and a 68.69% thickening of phloem fiber walls in the stem (NaCl 240 mM), enhancing water absorption, salt exclusion, and structural support. Additionally, leaf palisade tissue densification (44.68% increase at NaCl 160 mM), along with epidermal and wax layer adjustments, balanced photosynthesis and water efficiency. Metabolic responses varied with stress conditions. Root soluble sugar content increased 49.28% at NaCl 160 mM. Flavonoid accumulation in roots increased 53.58% at Na₂CO₃ 100 mM and NaHCO₃ 50 mM, enhancing antioxidant defense. However, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency declined with increasing stress intensity. This study emphasizes the coordinated adaptations of A. venetum, providing valuable insights for the development of salt-tolerant crops. Full article

Background/Objectives: Periploca chevalieri Browicz (Apocynaceae), an endemic species of the Cabo Verde archipelago, is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical profiles of the aqueous and hydroethanolic (70%) extracts of the P. chevalieri dried aerial parts (PcAE and PcEE) and evaluate their potential to modulate postprandial glycemia and inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. Methods: The chemical characterization was performed by LC/UV-DAD-ESI/MS/MS. An in vivo evaluation of postprandial glycemia modulation was conducted on healthy CD1 mice submitted to an oral sucrose tolerance test. In vitro enzymatic inhibition was performed for the α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPP4 enzymes. Additionally, antioxidant and antiglycation activities were also assessed. Results: Phenolic acid derivatives, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols were the major classes of secondary metabolites identified. PcEE at 170 mg/kg of body weight significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the postprandial glycemia peak in CD1 mice submitted to sucrose overload. Regarding the enzymatic inhibition, both extracts showed concentration-dependent inhibitory potential against the α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPP4 enzymes. Both extracts inhibited α-glucosidase more effectively than acarbose. Conclusions: The obtained results supports the traditional use of P. chevalieri and suggest the potential for further pharmacological investigation. Full article

Urban greenery is a key component of green infrastructure, contributing to environmental sustainability and urban well-being. Between 2019 and 2020, a comprehensive inventory of ornamental flora was conducted in Assemini (Sardinia, Italy), documenting 198 vascular plant taxa, including 155 exotic, 41 native, and 2 cryptogenic species from 65 families. Among the exotic species, most were neophytes (63%), and 14% were archaeophytes. In terms of life forms, scapose phanerophytes, with a tree-like growth habit, dominated (45%), while Mediterranean and American chorotypes were the most represented, each accounting for 21%. A total of 7356 plants were recorded, comprising trees (61.3%), shrubs (32.3%), and climbers (5.7%), belonging to 90 shrub, 89 tree, and 19 climber taxa. The highest number of plants was found in “Green Areas” and “Schools”, which also exhibited the greatest biodiversity, with 136 different taxa each. The most planted species were Quercus ilex, Nerium oleander, and Olea europaea. The survey also identified 21 allergenic, 36 toxic, and 35 mechanically harmful species, primarily located in “Green Areas” and “Schools”. Biodiversity analysis using the Shannon Index revealed significant diversity, with Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, and Fagaceae emerging as the most represented families. These findings highlight the importance of plant inventories in urban green space management for sustainable planning. Well-maintained green spaces can enhance ecological resilience, improve public health, and promote social cohesion in future urban developments. Full article

A taxonomic revision of the family Apocynaceae (Gentianales) from Tunisia is presented. Field surveys carried out during the last two decades allowed us to identify new records at the national level, i.e., Asclepias curassavica, Carissa macrocarpa, Cascabela thevetia, and Cryptostegia grandiflora (the latter three are new to the non-native Mediterranean and North African woody vascular flora). The genus Asclepias is new at a national level, whereas Carissa, Cascabela, and Cryptostegia are recorded here for the first time in the Mediterranean basin. Information is provided about nomenclature (accepted names, main synonyms, and types), morphology, chromosome number, chorology, occurrence in Tunisia, habitat, phenology, and taxonomic annotations, and original photos are prepared. Diagnostic keys relating to generic and species ranks are also given. Using typificitions, the identity of the Linnaean names Cynanchum erectum and C. monspeliensis, Pourret’s Vinca difformis, and Roxburgh’s Nerium grandiflorum is discussed. Full article