Search Results (956)

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a widely utilised brominated flame retardant, demonstrates toxicological effects in aquatic organisms. Tea polyphenols (TPs), natural compounds found in tea leaves, exhibit both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The kidney is one of the major metabolic organs in common carp and serves as a target organ for toxic substances. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of TPs in mitigating TBBPA-induced nephrotoxicity in common carp. Common carp were exposed to 0.5 mg/L TBBPA in water and/or fed a diet supplemented with 1 g/kg TPs for 14 days. In vitro, primary renal cells were treated with 60 μM TBBPA and/or 2.5 μg/L TPs for 24 h. Methods included histopathology, TUNEL assay for apoptosis, ROS detection, and molecular analyses. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were quantified using ELISA kits. Results showed that TBBPA induced oxidative stress, and activated the ROS-PI3K/AKT-NF-κB pathway, thereby resulting in inflammatory responses. TBBPA upregulated apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2) and induced apoptosis. TBBPA upregulated the expression of RIPK3/MLKL, thereby exacerbating necroptosis. TPs intervention significantly mitigated these effects by reducing ROS, suppressing NF-κB activation, and restoring antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT). Moreover, TPs attenuated apoptosis and necrosis in the carp kidney, thereby enhancing the survival ability and immunity of common carp. Full article

The deterioration of uterine calcium transport capacity induced by aging is a common problem for late-laying period hens, causing decline in eggshell quality. This study aimed to investigate the effects and possible regulatory mechanisms of dietary puerarin (PU) on calcium transport and eggshell quality in aged hens. Two hundred eighty-eight Hubbard Efficiency Plus broiler breeder hens (50-week-old) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments containing 0, 40, or 200 mg/kg puerarin (PU), with 8 replicates of 12 birds each, for an 8-week trial. The results demonstrated that dietary PU ameliorated the eggshell thickness and strength, which in turn reduced the broken egg rate (p < 0.05). Histological analysis showed that PU improved uterus morphology and increased epithelium height in the uterus (p < 0.05). Antioxidative capacity was significantly improved via upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and GPX1 mRNA expression in the uterus (p < 0.05), along with enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity, and decreased levels of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, PU treatment reduced the apoptotic index of the uterus, followed by a significant decrease in expression of pro-apoptotic genes Caspase3 and BAX and the rate of BAX/BCL-2. Additionally, calcium content in serum and uterus, as well as the activity of Ca²⁺-ATPase in the duodenum and uterus, were increased by dietary PU (p < 0.05). The genes involved in calcium transport including ERα, KCNA1, CABP-28K, and OPN in the uterus were upregulated by PU supplementation (p < 0.05). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that dietary PU supplementation could reverse the age-related decline in the relative abundance of Bacteroidota within the uterus (p < 0.05). Overall, dietary PU can improve eggshell quality and calcium transport through enhanced antioxidative defenses and mitigation of age-related uterine degeneration. Full article

Soil salinization severely limits plant growth and productivity. Mulberry (Morus alba L.), an economically and ecologically important tree, is widely cultivated, yet its salt-tolerance mechanisms at the seedling stage remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of two-year-old mulberry (‘Tailai Sang’) seedlings subjected to six NaCl treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mmol L⁻¹) for 28 days. Results showed that growth parameters and photosynthetic gas exchange exhibited dose-dependent declines. The reduction in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was attributed to both stomatal limitations (decreased stomatal conductance) and non-stomatal limitations, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) under high salinity. To cope with osmotic stress, seedlings accumulated compatible solutes, including soluble sugars, proteins, and proline. Critically, mulberry seedlings demonstrated effective ion homeostasis by sequestering Na⁺ in the roots to maintain a high K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in leaves, a mechanism that was compromised above 150 mmol L⁻¹. Concurrently, indicators of oxidative stress—malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂—rose significantly with salinity, inducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, and GR), which peaked at 150 mmol L⁻¹ before declining under extreme stress. A biomass-based LC₅₀ of 179 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl was determined. These findings elucidate that mulberry salt tolerance is a coordinated process involving three key mechanisms: osmotic adjustment, selective ion distribution, and a robust antioxidant defense system. This study establishes an indicative tolerance threshold under controlled conditions and provides a physiological basis for further field-based evaluations of ‘Tailai Sang’ mulberry for cultivation on saline soils. Full article

Background: Acetaminophen (APAP) is a popular and safe pain reliever. Due to its widespread availability, it is commonly implicated in intentional or unintentional overdoses, which result in severe liver impairment. Pristimerin (Prist) is a natural triterpenoid that has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our goal was to explore the protective effects of Prist against APAP-induced acute liver damage. Method: Mice were divided into six groups: control, Prist control, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) + APAP, APAP, and two Prist + APAP groups. Prist (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) was given for five days and APAP on day 5. Liver and blood samples were taken 24 h after APAP administration and submitted for different biochemical and molecular assessments. Results: Prist counteracted APAP-induced acute liver damage, as it decreased general liver dysfunction biomarkers, and attenuated APAP-induced histopathological lesions. Prist decreased oxidative stress and enforced hepatic antioxidants. Notably, Prist significantly reduced the genetic and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-II), p-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (p-PI3K), p-protein kinase B (p-AKT), and the inflammatory cytokines: nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukins-(IL-6 and IL-1β) in hepatic tissues. Additionally, the m-RNA and protein levels of the apoptotic Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX) and caspase-3 were lowered and the anti-apoptotic B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) was increased upon Prist administration. Conclusion: Prist ameliorated APAP-induced liver injury in mice via its potent anti-inflammatory/antioxidative and anti-apoptotic activities. These effects were mediated through modulation of NF-κB/iNOS/COX-II/cytokines, PI3K/AKT, and BAX/BCL-2/caspase-3 signaling pathways. Full article

Soil salinization poses a significant constraint to agricultural productivity. However, certain plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can mitigate salinity stress and enhance crop performance. In this study, a bacterial isolate, R-18, isolated from saline-alkali soil in Ningxia, China, was identified as Enterobacter bugandensis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolate was characterized for its morphological, biochemical, and plant growth-promoting traits and was evaluated for its potential to alleviate NaCl-induced stress in maize (Zea mays L.) under hydroponic conditions. Isolate R-18 exhibited halotolerance, surviving at NaCl concentrations ranging from 2.0% to 10.0%, and alkaliphilic adaptation, growing at pH 8.0–11.0. Biochemical assays confirmed it as a Gram-negative bacterium, displaying positive reactions in the Voges–Proskauer (V–P) tests, catalase activity, citrate utilization, fluorescent pigment production, starch hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, and ammonia production, while testing negative for the methyl red and cellulose hydrolysis. Notably, isolate R-18 demonstrated multiple plant growth-promoting attributes, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilization, ACC deaminase activity, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis. Under 100 mM NaCl stress, inoculation with isolate R-18 significantly enhanced maize growth, increasing plant height, stem dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight by 20.64%, 47.06%, 34.52%, and 31.25%, respectively. Furthermore, isolate R-18 improved ion homeostasis by elevating the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in maize tissues. Physiological analyses revealed increased chlorophyll and proline content, alongside reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating mitigated oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzyme activity was modulated, with decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities but increased catalase (CAT) activity. These findings demonstrated that Enterobacter bugandensis R-18 effectively alleviated NaCl-induced growth inhibition in maize by enhancing osmotic adjustment, reducing oxidative stress, and improving ion balance. Full article

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects and potential synergistic interactions of quercetin (Q) and doxorubicin (Dox) on the MG-63 osteosarcoma (OS) cell line. Specifically, the effects of these agents on cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant defense, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt1) signaling pathway were evaluated. Material and Methods: MG-63 cells were cultured and treated with varying concentrations of Q and Dox, both individually and in combination (fixed 5:1 molar ratio), for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay, and IC₅₀ values were calculated. Synergistic effects were analyzed using the Chou–Talalay combination index (CI). Apoptosis was evaluated via Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and caspase-3/7 activity. ROS levels were quantified using DCFH-DA probe, and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx) were measured spectrophotometrically. Gene expression (Runx2, PI3K, Akt1, caspase-3) was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: Q and Dox reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 70.3 µM and 1.14 µM, respectively. The combination treatment exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity (CI < 1), especially in the Q50 + Dox5 group (CI = 0.23). Apoptosis was significantly enhanced in the combination group, evidenced by increased Annexin V positivity and caspase-3 activation. ROS levels were markedly elevated, while antioxidant enzyme activities declined. RT-qPCR revealed upregulation of caspase-3 and downregulation of Runx2, PI3K, and Akt1 mRNA levels. Conclusions: The combination of Q and Dox exerts synergistic anticancer effects in MG-63 OS cells by inducing apoptosis, elevating oxidative stress, suppressing antioxidant defense, and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway and Runx2 expression. These findings support the potential utility of Q as an adjuvant to enhance Dox efficacy in OS treatment. Full article

Oxidative stress is a key mediator of physiological dysfunction in aquatic organisms under environmental challenges, yet its comprehensive impacts on gill physiology require further clarification. This study investigated the molecular and cellular responses of Eriocheir sinensis gills to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress, integrating antioxidant defense, ion transport regulation, and stress-induced cell apoptosis and autophagy. Morphological alterations in the gill filaments were observed, characterized by septum degeneration, accumulation of haemolymph cells, and pronounced swelling. For antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), activities were enhanced, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was reduced following 48 h of exposure. Overall, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) showed a significant increase. The elevated concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ indicated oxidative stress. Ion transport genes displayed distinct transcription patterns: Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ co-transporter-1 (NKCC1), Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 3 (NHE3), aquaporin 7 (AQP7), and chloride channel protein 2 (CLC2) were significantly upregulated; the α-subunit of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKAα) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) displayed an initial increase followed by decline; whereas vacuolar-type ATPase (VATP) consistently decreased, suggesting compensatory mechanisms to maintain osmotic balance. Concurrently, H₂O₂ triggered apoptosis (Bcl2, Caspase-3/8) and autophagy (beclin-1, ATG7), likely mediated by MAPK and AMPK signaling pathways. These findings reveal a coordinated yet adaptive response of crab gills to oxidative stress, providing new insights into the mechanistic basis of environmental stress tolerance in crustaceans. Full article

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation drives skin photodamage, prompting exploration of natural therapeutics. This study investigated the reparative effects and mechanisms of crude Gastrodia elata polysaccharides (GP) on UVB-induced acute skin damage. GP was extracted from fresh G. elata via water extraction and alcohol precipitation. It is a homogeneous polysaccharide with a weight-average molecular weight of 808.863 kDa, comprising Ara, Glc, Fru, and GalA. Histopathological analysis revealed that topical application of GP on the dorsal skin of mice effectively restored normal physiological structure, suppressing epidermal hyperplasia and collagen degradation. Biochemical assays showed that GP significantly reduced the activities of MPO and MDA following UVB exposure while restoring the enzymatic activities of SOD and GSH, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Moreover, GP treatment markedly upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 and downregulated the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, suggesting robust anti-inflammatory effects. Transcriptomics revealed dual-phase mechanisms: Early repair (day 5) involved GP-mediated suppression of hyper inflammation and accelerated necrotic tissue clearance via pathway network modulation. Late phase (day 18) featured enhanced anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue regeneration processes through energy-sufficient, low-inflammatory pathway networks. Through a synergistic response involving antioxidation, anti-inflammation, promotion of collagen synthesis, and acceleration of skin barrier repair, GP achieves comprehensive repair of UVB-induced acute skin damage. Our findings not only establish GP as a potent natural alternative to synthetic photoprotective agents but also reveal novel pathway network interactions governing polysaccharide-mediated skin regeneration. Full article

Background/Objectives: Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis, AA) growth and development is highly sensitive to cold temperatures. Prolonged low-temperature exposure during early growth stages can induce premature bolting, which reduces market quality and yield. Methods: Here, using comparative leaf RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of plants grown at 6, 9, 12, and 15 °C, we explored key genes and metabolic pathways regulating Chinese cabbage cold response. Results: RNA-seq transcriptome analysis identified a total of 1832 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the three comparison groups, with 5452, 1861, and 752 DEGs specifically expressed in the A6_vs_A15, A9_vs_A15, and A12_vs_A15 groups, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that sulfur metabolism, secondary metabolites biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways were mostly affected by cold stress. K-means clustering revealed distinct expression profiles among the DEGs enriched in cold stress response-associated clusters. Subsequently, DEGs were divided into 18 modules by WGCNA, whereupon co-expression genes that clustered into similar modules exhibited diverse expression and were annotated to various GO terms at different temperatures. Module-trait association analysis revealed M1, M2, M3, and M6 modules as key clusters potentially linked to vernalization-related processes. These modules harbored candidate hub genes encoding transcription factors (including MYB, bZIP, and WRKY), protein kinases, and cold-stress-responsive genes. Additionally, phenotypic analysis showed that 12 °C to 15 °C supported optimal growth, whereas <9 °C temperature inhibited growth. Physiological measurements showed increased antioxidant enzyme activity and proline accumulation at 6 °C. Conclusions: Overall, our study provides a set of candidate cold-stress-responsive genes and co-expression modules that may support cold stress tolerance breeding in Chinese cabbage. Full article

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common vascular disorder in the elderly, often accompanied by frailty syndrome, which is associated with increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and functional decline. Nutritional strategies, particularly those involving bioactive compounds like flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids, have been suggested as potential approaches to modulate these pathological processes. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids, and their possible roles in mitigating frailty syndrome in patients with PAD. We examine mechanistic pathways including NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Nrf2, which are implicated in chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and muscle wasting. Although studies in general and aging populations suggest beneficial effects of these compounds on vascular and muscle health, specific evidence in PAD patients remains limited. Flavonoids may reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production and enhance antioxidant responses, while omega-3 fatty acids have shown potential in modulating inflammatory signaling and supporting vascular repair. Current data provide a basis for further investigation into the dietary modulation of frailty syndrome in PAD. Understanding the impact of these nutrients may offer insights into adjunctive strategies for improving patient outcomes. Full article

This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of quercetin at sub-inhibitory concentrations on quorum-sensing (QS) molecules in vitro and the effects of dietary supplementation with quercetin (for 24 consecutive days) on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in weaned piglets. The piglets were fed one of three diets: the basal diet (Con), ETEC challenge (K88) after the basal diet, or ETEC challenge (quercetin + K88) after the basal diet supplemented with 0.2% quercetin. In vitro experiments revealed that 5 mg/mL quercetin exhibited the strongest QS inhibitory activity and reduced pigment production by Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC12472 by 67.70%. In vivo experiments revealed that quercetin + K88 significantly increased immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the serum, ileum mucosa, and colon mucosa; increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the serum, liver, and colon mucosa; and decreased cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)activity in the serum compared with K88 alone. Quercetin + K88 significantly alleviated pathological damage to the liver and spleen and upregulated antioxidant genes (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), CAT, SOD, and glutathione s-transferase (GST)). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and kelch-like ech-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which cause oxidative damage to the liver and spleen, were significantly downregulated. The acetic acid content in the cecum was significantly increased, and the E. coli count and QS signal molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) yield were significantly reduced. In conclusion, 0.2% dietary quercetin can alleviate ETEC-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in weaned piglets. Full article

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), the most prevalent form of hair loss worldwide, faces significant therapeutic challenges due to high costs and limited efficacy of current interventions, necessitating safer and more effective solutions. Periplaneta americana (L.)-derived PA-011, endowed with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has demonstrated notable hair growth-promoting effects in AGA mouse models. This study employed LC-MS/MS, peptidomics, and network pharmacology to characterize PA-011’s chemical composition and predict its potential targets in AGA pathogenesis. Using Western blot and RT-qPCR, PA-011 intervention significantly inhibited inflammatory responses and oxidative stress levels in mouse skin tissues. Concurrently, PA-011 activated the proliferative potential of hair follicle stem cells, as demonstrated by upregulated expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67, and activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in DHT-induced AGA mice. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed multi-target effects of PA-011, including modulation of PI3K-Akt/MAPK pathways, pentose phosphate metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic analysis showed that AGA disrupts skin microbial homeostasis, while PA-011 intervention normalized the microbiota composition. Topical application of PA-011 promoted robust hair regrowth without detectable toxicity in safety assessments. This preclinical study establishes PA-011 as a promising candidate for AGA therapy, warranting further translational investigation. Full article

The promising field of low-temperature plasma treatment, known for its non-invasive and environmentally sustainable nature, is being actively investigated for its ability to enhance germination, emergence, yield, and overall plant development in a broad spectrum of crops. For gene bank requirements, low-temperature plasma technologies can also improve germination parameters and promote the development seeds suitable for long-term storage. Seeds from four selected cultivars of wheat, oats, flax, and rapeseed stored in the gene bank for 1, 10, and 20 years were subjected to plasma treatments for 20, 25, and 30 min. The study evaluated the mean root and shoot length, root–shoot ratio, and seedling vigour index. Additionally, the malondialdehyde level, total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant capacity were analysed. Plasma treatment displayed varying effects on the morphological characteristics and antioxidant activity of the tested cultivars, which were influenced by treatment duration and cultivar. A positive effect of plasma treatment on seedling length, seedling vigour index, and root–shoot ratio was observed in flax cultivar ‘N-9/62/K3/B’ in all periods and in variants T2 and T3. Conversely, the wheat cultivar ‘Granny’ showed variable results, and the oat cultivar ‘Risto’ showed variable negative results in regards to mean root length and mean shoot length after plasma treatment. The indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were affected in all the cultivars studied. A positive effect of plasma treatment on these indicators was observed in the wheat cultivar ‘Granny’, while flax cultivar ‘N-9/62/K3/B’ exhibited inconsistent results. While in cereals, a decrease in malondialdehyde content after plasma treatment was associated with an increase in polyphenol and flavonoid content as the treatment duration increased, small-seeded species responded somewhat differently. The rapeseed cultivar ‘Skrivenskij’ and flax cultivar ‘N-9/62/K3/B’ showed an increase in polyphenol and flavonoid content following a decrease in malondialdehyde levels. This study highlights the potential of low-temperature plasma treatment for long-term-stored seeds and its applicability to plant genetic resources. The findings emphasize the need for the further optimization of low-temperature plasma treatment conditions for different plant species and cultivars. Full article

Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system are closely linked to aging and sustained oxidative and inflammatory stress. Polyphenols, plant-derived secondary metabolites, exhibit broad biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, the modulation of pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, Nrf2, and CREB, and the regulation of neurogenesis and microglial activation. This review focuses on the cell-specific actions of selected polyphenols in neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes within the context of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. A major limitation to the therapeutic use of polyphenols is their poor bioavailability, due to instability, low solubility, and limited blood–brain barrier penetration. Liposomal nanocarriers are explored as promising delivery systems to overcome these barriers. Both conventional and functionalized liposomes (e.g., PEGylated, receptor-targeted) are discussed, alongside in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating enhanced efficacy compared to free compounds. Intranasal delivery is also presented as a viable alternative to oral administration. Overall, polyphenols offer great potential as neuroprotective agents, and liposome-based delivery platforms have the potential to significantly enhance their clinical potential, provided that key formulation and targeting issues are addressed. Full article

The interactive effects between nano-silicon dioxide (n-SiO₂) and elevated CO₂ (eCO₂; 645 ppm) on soybean physiology, nitrogen fixation, and nutrient dynamics under climate stress remain underexplored. This study elucidates their combined effects under ambient (aCO₂; 410 ppm) and eCO₂ conditions. eCO₂ + n-SiO₂ synergistically enhanced shoot length (30%), total chlorophyll (112.15%), and photosynthetic rate (103.23%), alongside improved stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ (17.19%), optimizing carbon assimilation. Nodulation efficiency increased, with nodule number and biomass rising by 48.3% and 53.6%, respectively, under eCO₂ + n-SiO₂ versus aCO₂. N-assimilation enzymes (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase) surged by 38.5–52.1%, enhancing nitrogen metabolism. Concurrently, phytohormones (16–21%) and antioxidant activities (15–22%) increased, reducing oxidative markers (18–22%), and bolstering stress resilience. Nutrient homeostasis improved, with P, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn elevating in roots (13–41%) and shoots (13–17%), except shoot Fe and Zn. These findings demonstrate that n-SiO₂ potentiates eCO₂-driven benefits, amplifying photosynthetic efficiency, nitrogen fixation, and stress adaptation through enhanced biochemical and nutrient regulation. This synergy underscores n-SiO₂ role in optimizing crop performance under future CO₂-rich climates, advocating nano-fertilizers as sustainable tools for climate-resilient agriculture. Full article