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14 pages, 2156 KiB  
Article
Microbiota of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) by 16S rDNA Illumina Sequencing
by Afef Najjari, Chahnez Naccache, Nour Abdelkefi, Salma Djebbi, Amira Souii, Brahim Chermiti, Mourad Elloumi and Maha Mezghani Khemakhem
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(7), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16070163 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae family) is one of the most damaging pests of numerous crops worldwide. Insecticides, namely pyrethroids and organophosphates, have long been the primary control tools against this pest, resulting in several resistance cases. In Tunisia, the two most damaging biotypes [...] Read more.
Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae family) is one of the most damaging pests of numerous crops worldwide. Insecticides, namely pyrethroids and organophosphates, have long been the primary control tools against this pest, resulting in several resistance cases. In Tunisia, the two most damaging biotypes of B. tabaci, MEAM1-B and MED-Q, are sympatric, and more concerns about developing resistance keep rising due to the extensive use of insecticides. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides in two Tunisian populations of B. tabaci, collected respectively on Capsicum annuum and Lantana camara, and then determine the bacterial community associated with insecticide resistance and susceptible biotypes based on 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the population collected on Capsicum annuum belonged to the MEAM1-B biotype with an insecticide resistance profile. In contrast, the population collected on the Lantana camara belonged to the MED-Q biotype with a sensitive profile. The bacterial communities of the two biotypes were predominantly structured by the Proteobacteria phylum and three genera, including Candidatus Portiera, the secondary facultative symbiont, and Hamiltonella, which were unevenly distributed between the two biotopes. Our results provide the first evidence for insecticide resistance alleles in Tunisian MEAM1-B populations and suggest an association between bacterial community composition within susceptible biotypes and insecticide resistance. Full article
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9 pages, 991 KiB  
Article
A New Species of Eocene Whitefly—Gregorites michalskii sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) from Baltic Amber
by Jowita Drohojowska, Anita Gorzelańczyk and Jacek Szwedo
Diversity 2025, 17(7), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17070487 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1181
Abstract
This paper describes a new species of extinct whitefly in the genus Gregorites Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2024, from the family Aleyrodidae. This species has been identified based on an inclusion in Eocene Baltic amber. This represents the eighth documented species of the genus [...] Read more.
This paper describes a new species of extinct whitefly in the genus Gregorites Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2024, from the family Aleyrodidae. This species has been identified based on an inclusion in Eocene Baltic amber. This represents the eighth documented species of the genus and contributes new data to our knowledge of the disparity and taxonomic diversity of whiteflies in Eocene Baltic amber. The discovery of a further Gregorites species, previously known only from succinite on the western coast of Jutland, raises questions about the amberiferous deposits, their geology and history, and on palaeodistributions of the whiteflies. These are briefly reviewed and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Evolution of Hemiptera)
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16 pages, 4429 KiB  
Article
Spider Web DNA Metabarcoding Provides Improved Insight into the Prey Capture Ability of the Web-Building Spider Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)
by Jie Sun, Xuhao Song, Bin Wang, Dongmei Chen, Tingbang Yang and Shichang Zhang
Agriculture 2025, 15(12), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15121235 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 567
Abstract
Spiders play a crucial role as predators in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in controlling insect populations. Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) is a dominant species in rice field ecosystems, where it builds webs amidst rice clusters to capture prey. Despite its known predation on [...] Read more.
Spiders play a crucial role as predators in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in controlling insect populations. Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) is a dominant species in rice field ecosystems, where it builds webs amidst rice clusters to capture prey. Despite its known predation on major rice pests like rice planthoppers, comprehensive field reports on its prey composition are scarce. Herein, we performed a field investigation to explore the population dynamic relationships between T. keyserlingi and major rice pests. Additionally, we employed DNA metabarcoding to analyze the prey spectrum of this spider from both the spider’s opisthosoma and its web. The results showed that the population dynamics of T. keyserlingi and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) displayed synchrony. Dietary DNA metabarcoding analysis revealed that, compared with the opisthosoma, DNA extracted from spider webs exhibited a higher abundance of prey reads and yielded a higher diversity of identified prey species. Phytophagous pests were the dominant prey group identified in both sample types. In web samples, the most abundant prey reads were from Chironomidae, followed by Delphacidae, Ceratopogonidae, Aleyrodidae, Muscidae, Coenagrionidae, and other prey families. Notably, Delphacidae constituted the predominant prey reads identified from the spider’s opisthosoma, and the corresponding positive rate for Delphacidae was 86.7%. These results indicate that the web of T. keyserlingi can capture a diverse range of prey in rice fields. Among the prey captured by the spider web, rice planthoppers appear to be a primary dietary component of T. keyserlingi, emphasizing its potential as a biocontrol agent for rice planthoppers in integrated pest management strategies. Leveraging spider web DNA metabarcoding enhances our understanding of T. keyserlingi’s prey capture ability, as the residual prey DNA in webs provides critical insights into the foraging dynamics and ecological interactions of web-building spiders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Pest Control in Agroecosystems)
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25 pages, 51527 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of Synthetic Allotetraploids Between Diploid Species Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium nelsonii for Cotton Genetic Improvement
by Sevara K. Arslanova, Ziraatkhan A. Ernazarova, Dilrabo K. Ernazarova, Ozod S. Turaev, Asiya K. Safiullina, Abdulqahhor Kh. Toshpulatov, Madina D. Kholova, Laylo A. Azimova, Feruza U. Rafiyeva, Bunyod M. Gapparov, Kuvandik K. Khalikov, Mukhammad T. Khidirov, Abdulloh A. Iskandarov, Davron M. Kodirov, Obidjon Y. Turaev, Salikhjan A. Maulyanov, Joshua A. Udall, John Z. Yu and Fakhriddin N. Kushanov
Plants 2025, 14(11), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111620 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 846
Abstract
Expanding genetic variability of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is essential for improving fiber quality and pest resistance. This study synthesized allotetraploids through interspecific hybridization between G. herbaceum (A1) and G. nelsonii (G3). Upon chromosome doubling using 0.2% [...] Read more.
Expanding genetic variability of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is essential for improving fiber quality and pest resistance. This study synthesized allotetraploids through interspecific hybridization between G. herbaceum (A1) and G. nelsonii (G3). Upon chromosome doubling using 0.2% colchicine, fertile F1C allotetraploids (A1A1G3G3) were developed. Cytogenetic analysis confirmed chromosome stability of synthetic allotetraploids, and 74 polymorphic SSR markers verified hybridity and parental contributions. The F1C hybrids exhibited enhanced resistance to cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), with respective infestation rates of 5.2–5.6% and 5.4–5.8%, lower than those of G. hirsutum cv. Ravnak-1 (22.1% and 23.9%). Superior fiber length (25.0–26.0 mm) was observed in complex hybrids and backcross progeny, confirming the potential for trait introgression into elite cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis based on SSR data clearly differentiated G. herbaceum from Australian wild species, demonstrating successful bridging of divergent genomes. The F1C hybrids consistently expressed dominant G. nelsonii-derived traits regardless of the hybridization direction and clustered phylogenetically closer to the wild parent. These synthetic allotetraploids could broaden the genetic base of G. hirsutum, addressing cultivation constraints through improved biotic stress resilience and fiber quality traits. The study establishes a robust framework for utilizing wild Gossypium species to overcome genetic bottlenecks in conventional cotton breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Plant Breeding)
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12 pages, 1247 KiB  
Article
Insecticide Resistance and Plant Virus Status of Bemisia tabaci on Soybean in Suzhou
by Qi Li, Yao Ji, He Du, Shufang Ma, Jifei Zhu, Dehui Zhu, Natalia A. Belyakova, Youjun Zhang and Xin Yang
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101071 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 595
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a super pest that seriously endangers the development of the agricultural economy worldwide. To prevent and control B. tabaci, insecticides have been used for many years, which has inevitably led to increased tolerance to chemical agents. To [...] Read more.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a super pest that seriously endangers the development of the agricultural economy worldwide. To prevent and control B. tabaci, insecticides have been used for many years, which has inevitably led to increased tolerance to chemical agents. To elucidate the development of field resistance and more scientifically and efficiently control B. tabaci, in December 2024, we conducted bioassays on B. tabaci on soybeans in Suzhou, Anhui Province, using 14 insecticides. These fourteen insecticides, namely, abamectin, spinetoram, thiamethoxam, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, pyridaben, flonicamid, and emamectin benzoate, have multiple action sites and have all shown good control effects on B. tabaci. The results revealed that B. tabaci has developed high resistance to many insecticides and that some insecticides have even tended to fail, but B. tabaci is still sensitive to a small number of insecticides. Different biotypes of B. tabaci differ significantly in terms of insecticide resistance. We determined that the population of B. tabaci on soybean in Suzhou was the MED (Q) biotype. It carried the TYLCV virus, with a virus carrying rate of 60%, but did not carry ToCV or CCYV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Use of Pesticides—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 4817 KiB  
Article
Identification and Characterization of Three Novel Iflaviruses in the Cabbage Whitefly Aleyrodes proletella
by Zhuang-Xin Ye, Guo-Wei Gu, Peng-Peng Ren, Chuan-Xi Zhang, Jun-Min Li, Yan Zhang and Jian-Ping Chen
Insects 2025, 16(4), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040335 - 22 Mar 2025
Viewed by 609
Abstract
The cabbage whitefly (A. proletella) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major agricultural pest that primarily targets cruciferous crops, such as cabbage, broccoli, and kale, causing extensive damage through feeding and honeydew. However, its associated virome has received limited research attention. In this [...] Read more.
The cabbage whitefly (A. proletella) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major agricultural pest that primarily targets cruciferous crops, such as cabbage, broccoli, and kale, causing extensive damage through feeding and honeydew. However, its associated virome has received limited research attention. In this study, we collected cabbage whiteflies in Xinjiang Agricultural University (43.80833 N, 87.56778 E, 882.3 m), systematically identified the RNA virome of the A. proletella and successfully identified three novel iflaviruses (Aleyrodes proletella iflavirus 1 (APIV1), Aleyrodes proletella iflavirus 2 (APIV2) and Aleyrodes proletella iflavirus 3 (APIV3)). APIV1–3 all have a 5′ structural protein region and a 3’ non-structural protein region. Phylogenetic and sequence identity analyses suggest that APIV1–3 are novel members of the family Iflaviridae. Structural modeling using AlphaFold3 revealed a conserved protein core region and a variable outer loop region. This study provides valuable insights into the virome diversity of A. proletella, establishing a foundation for future research on virus–host interactions and the potential for biocontrol applications in sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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12 pages, 757 KiB  
Article
Streamlining the Identification of the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with Real-Time PCR Probe Technology
by Domenico Rizzo, Claudia Gabriela Zubieta, Michela Moriconi, Marco Carli, Andrea Marrucci, Chiara Ranaldi, Bruno Palmigiano, Linda Bartolini, Feliciana Pica, Carmela Carbone, Giuseppe Eros Massimino Cocuzza and Francesco Nugnes
Agriculture 2025, 15(4), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15040414 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 735
Abstract
Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has rapidly spread, mainly in the central and eastern Mediterranean coastal area, infesting various new host plants alongside known ones. This invasive species poses a significant threat to agricultural ecosystems, necessitating urgent action to monitor and control outbreaks [...] Read more.
Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has rapidly spread, mainly in the central and eastern Mediterranean coastal area, infesting various new host plants alongside known ones. This invasive species poses a significant threat to agricultural ecosystems, necessitating urgent action to monitor and control outbreaks in previously pest-free areas. While entomological and morphological recognitions are crucial for initial detection, challenges often arise in quickly identifying different developmental stages or genus-level distinctions, particularly in surveys conducted by personnel with limited entomological skills. Due to these challenges, a qPCR probe protocol was developed to enhance the diagnostic capacity of laboratories responsible for the territorial control of pests. This biomolecular tool integrates morphological surveys, enabling prompt and reliable proof of A. spiniferus presence in free areas, delimited territories, or during phytosanitary import inspections. The protocol’s high analytical specificity, inclusivity, and exclusivity ensure accurate identification of A. spiniferus, while its low limit of detection and high repeatability and reproducibility reinforce its utility as a standardized diagnostic method. By facilitating prompt and targeted control efforts, this innovative approach strengthens the resilience of agricultural systems against the widespread threat of A. spiniferus infestations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Cutting-Edge Solutions for Pest Management)
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12 pages, 3212 KiB  
Article
Exogenous Application of Thidiazuron, Carbaryl, Ethephon, and Lime Sulphur Promotes Flower Abscission and Suppresses Tea Pests in the Tea Plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze
by Meina Jin, Xiaoyue Lun, Ruirui Zhang, Yu Zhang, Xiangzhi Zhang, Feiyu Guan, Liping Wang, Yiheng Ying, Zhengqun Zhang and Xiuxiu Xu
Agriculture 2025, 15(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15020150 - 12 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1192
Abstract
Tea plants Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze consume substantial quantities of water and nutrients during the flowering period, which can adversely affect the yield and quality of tea plants. Therefore, the effects of thidiazuron, carbaryl, ethephon, and lime sulphur on flower buds and [...] Read more.
Tea plants Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze consume substantial quantities of water and nutrients during the flowering period, which can adversely affect the yield and quality of tea plants. Therefore, the effects of thidiazuron, carbaryl, ethephon, and lime sulphur on flower buds and flower abscission in tea plants were investigated. The photosynthetic characteristics and biochemical components, the electrical conductivity of leaves, and the occurrence of insect pests and frost damage in the tea plants were assessed following the exogenous application of these chemicals. The results showed that 0.015, 0.03, and 0.06% thidiazuron, 0.08% ethephon, and 2.0 and 3.0% lime sulphur significantly promoted tea flower buds and flower abscission. Thidiazuron notably increased the concentrations of total amino acids, caffeine, catechin, and soluble sugar in tea leaves while reducing leaf electrical conductivity to some extent. Additionally, it also suppressed the occurrence of Empoasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae). Furthermore, thidiazuron enhanced both the length and weight of tea shoots the following early spring. Application of 3.0% lime sulphur enhanced chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, catechin, and caffeine and decreased the number of Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintanca (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on the tea plants. However, no significant differences in frost damage were observed across treatments. Overall, exogenous application of the chemicals, particularly thidiazuron, effectively reduced flower production, altered key biochemical components, controlled tea pests, and ultimately enhanced tea productivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
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17 pages, 14686 KiB  
Article
New Record of Encarsia protransvena and Confirmed Occurrence of Encarsia hispida (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as Parasitoids of Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Italy
by Giuliano Cerasa, Luigi Tomasello, Gianluca Melone, Elia Russo, Gaetano Siscaro, Carmelo Cavallaro, Annamaria Ienco, Francesca Laudani, Vincenzo Palmeri, Orlando Campolo, Francesca Garganese, Francesco Porcelli, Paolo A. Pedata, Vittorio Farina, Giovanni Gugliuzza, Roberto Rizzo, Stefania Laudonia and Gabriella Lo Verde
Insects 2025, 16(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010040 - 3 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3780
Abstract
Encarsia protransvena (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is recorded here for the first time in Italy as a parasitoid of the whitefly Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), one of the most invasive alien pests of exotic Ficus species. Singhiella simplex, originating from the Oriental region, has established [...] Read more.
Encarsia protransvena (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is recorded here for the first time in Italy as a parasitoid of the whitefly Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), one of the most invasive alien pests of exotic Ficus species. Singhiella simplex, originating from the Oriental region, has established a global presence. Monitoring of the whitefly and its parasitoids was conducted in the southern areas of Italy, providing crucial insights into their distribution and interactions. The taxonomic identity of E. protransvena, was confirmed by scrutiny of morphological and molecular taxonomic characters. At the time of writing, we also obtained some specimens of Encarsia hispida from the host collected in Campania. We reserve the right to provide bio-ethological information on the species in the future. Comprehensive illustrations and diagnostic features are provided for the host and the parasitoids. An identification key is included for all Encarsia species associated with S. simplex, which provides a valuable tool to distinguish these aphelinid wasps for future research and applications in biological control programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Hymenoptera: Biology, Taxonomy and Integrated Management)
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20 pages, 5174 KiB  
Article
Impact of Cassava Cultivars on Stylet Penetration Behavior and Settling of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
by Sudarat Pimkornburee, Supawadee Pombud, Kumri Buensanteai, Weravart Namanusart, Sukanya Aiamla-or and Jariya Roddee
Plants 2024, 13(22), 3218; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223218 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1034
Abstract
This study investigates the settling preferences and feeding behavior of the Bemisia tabaci whitefly on six cassava cultivars using electrical penetration graph techniques. Six distinct electrical penetration graph waveforms—non-probing, stylet pathway, phloem salivation, phloem ingestion, intracellular puncture, and xylem feeding—were identified and analyzed. [...] Read more.
This study investigates the settling preferences and feeding behavior of the Bemisia tabaci whitefly on six cassava cultivars using electrical penetration graph techniques. Six distinct electrical penetration graph waveforms—non-probing, stylet pathway, phloem salivation, phloem ingestion, intracellular puncture, and xylem feeding—were identified and analyzed. Significant differences in the frequency and duration of these waveforms were observed among the cassava cultivars. The whiteflies spent the majority of their time in the non-probing phase, particularly on the Huaybong 80, Kasetsart 50, Rayong 9, and Rayong 72 cultivars. CMR-89 cultivar exhibited higher total probe durations in the phloem salivation and ingestion waveforms, suggesting a greater potential for transmission of the Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus. The study also examined trichome density and size across the cassava cultivars, revealing that CMR-89 had the highest density and small trichomes, while Huaybong 80 had the lowest density. Trichome characteristics significantly impacted whitefly behavior: larger trichomes were negatively correlated with whitefly settling, whereas higher trichome density was positively correlated with longer settling durations. These findings indicate that trichome-based resistance mechanisms are crucial in whitefly deterrence. Overall, the results suggest that cultivars with lower trichome density and larger trichomes are more resistant to whitefly infestation and subsequent Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus transmission. These insights are valuable for cassava breeding programs focused on enhancing pest resistance, highlighting the importance of trichome characteristics in developing more resilient cassava varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Insect Interactions—2nd edition)
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11 pages, 767 KiB  
Article
Occurrence of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) in Commercial Fields of Solanum lycopersicum in Brazil
by Daniel de Lima Alvarez, Daniel Mariano Santos, Pedro Hiroshi Passos Ikuno, Caroline da Cruz Martines, Sérgio Roberto Benvenga, Cristiane Müller, Renate Krause-Sakate and Regiane Cristina de Oliveira
Agronomy 2024, 14(11), 2516; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112516 - 26 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1156
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important crop to the economy of Brazil, and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the limiting factors responsible for reducing its yields. These insects are part of a cryptic species group [...] Read more.
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important crop to the economy of Brazil, and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the limiting factors responsible for reducing its yields. These insects are part of a cryptic species group present across almost the entire globe. The most relevant cryptic species in the world are B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED due to their capability to adapt and cause damage to vegetables, grain, and ornamental crops. The arrival of MED in Brazil through the state of São Paulo represents risks to farmers in the region due to the difficulty in managing these insects. This study assessed the occurrence of both species in tomato crops in the southeastern region of Brazil in 2020 and 2021. An amount of 79 samples containing 767 insects were collected throughout the study period, and in the cities of Sumaré (SP) and Monte Mor (SP), several samples were collected from the same location throughout the year. The insects were stored and sent for molecular analysis. The results showed an increase in MED compared to MEAM1. The presence of MED in the Minas Gerais samples was not recorded. However, a higher percentage of MED was observed in the state of São Paulo, which was detected in the municipalities of Sumaré and Monte Mor. These results possibly indicate that MED could be starting to stabilize in open tomato fields in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Aspects as a Basis for Future Pest Integrated Management)
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15 pages, 7390 KiB  
Article
Structural Derivatives of β-Asarone from Acorus calamus Linn. as Insecticide Candidates and the Insecticidal Mechanism Against Small Brown Planthopper
by Aiyu Wang, Yun Zhou, Xiaochen Fu, Xin Wang, Yinjie Cheng, Yifei Zhang, Xiuwen Jia, Yanwei Zhu, Yun Zhang, Chao Xue, Chenggang Shan, Ming Zhao, Yuanxue Yang and Jianhua Zhang
Agronomy 2024, 14(10), 2420; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102420 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1500
Abstract
The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an increasing threat to Gramineae crops, posing significant risks to both the environment and food safety. β-asarone, as a promising green alternative to chemical insecticides, possesses wide application prospects in the [...] Read more.
The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an increasing threat to Gramineae crops, posing significant risks to both the environment and food safety. β-asarone, as a promising green alternative to chemical insecticides, possesses wide application prospects in the crop protection field. To enhance the insecticidal activity of β-asarone, a series of derivatives were prepared through an active substructure splicing strategy, and their insecticidal activities against SBPH were evaluated. Among the 7 commercial compounds with chemical structures similar to β-asarone and 12 structural derivatives of β-asarone, compound 10, which incorporates the 2-chloropyridine functional group from flupyrimin, exhibited the most potent insecticidal activity against SBPH, with an 8.31-fold increase in insecticidal activity compared to β-asarone. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that among the selected genes that may play important roles in insecticidal activity, an ABC transporter gene, MDR49, was most significantly down-regulated. MDR49 was highly expressed in the 4th-instar nymphs, with the highest expression level in the fat body, midgut, and abdomen. RNA interference (RNAi) against MDR49 significantly reduced susceptibility to compound 10 in SBPH, which revealed that MDR49 may be the candidate insecticidal target of compound 10. Additionally, the insecticidal spectrum revealed that compound 10 showed excellent efficacy against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae). This study indicates that compound 10 could be further developed as a novel eco-friendly pesticide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)
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11 pages, 1467 KiB  
Article
The Insecticidal Activity of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Streptomyces sp. SA61 against Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
by Fei Liu, Ning Wang, Yinan Wang and Zhiguo Yu
Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102031 - 8 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1146
Abstract
Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood poses a significant threat to vegetable and ornamental crops in temperate zones, resulting in notable reductions in yield and substantial economic burdens. In order to find compounds with high insecticidal activity against T. vaporariorum, five compounds were isolated and [...] Read more.
Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood poses a significant threat to vegetable and ornamental crops in temperate zones, resulting in notable reductions in yield and substantial economic burdens. In order to find compounds with high insecticidal activity against T. vaporariorum, five compounds were isolated and identified from the crude extract of Streptomyces sp. SA61. These include three new polyketides, named strekingmycins F–H (13); one new diterpenoid, named phenalinolactone CD8 (4); and one known compound, strekingmycin A (5). Their structures were analyzed using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data and by comparing them with previously reported data. The insecticidal activities of compounds 15 against T. vaporariorum were evaluated. Among them, compound 5 exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, with an LC50 of 6.949 mg/L against T. vaporariorum at 72 h using the leaf-dip method. Lower insecticidal activities were found in compounds 14, with LC50 values of 22.817, 19.150, 16.981 and 41.501 mg/L, respectively. These data indicate that strekingmycin could be a potential candidate for a novel insecticide to control T. vaporariorum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Natural Products against Pathogens)
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12 pages, 1280 KiB  
Article
Attraction of Sweet Potato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and Two Generalist Predators to Green Leaf Volatile Compounds
by Alexander M. Gaffke, Neil W. Miller, Anamika Sharma and Sandra A. Allan
Insects 2024, 15(10), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100750 - 28 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345
Abstract
Traditionally, olfaction was thought to play a minor role in the behavioral ecology of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). However, recent research is uncovering significant potential for whitefly management based on olfaction. Incorporating chemical attractants with standard whitefly management programs could [...] Read more.
Traditionally, olfaction was thought to play a minor role in the behavioral ecology of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). However, recent research is uncovering significant potential for whitefly management based on olfaction. Incorporating chemical attractants with standard whitefly management programs could significantly improve control. The integration of attractants with biological control is exceptionally promising. Therefore, the behavioral response of B. tabaci and two generalist predators to the green leaf volatiles (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and (Z)-3-hexe-1-ol were investigated in Y-tube olfactometers. Three of the four green leaf volatiles resulted in the attraction of female B. tabaci. Blend optimization indicated a two-chemical blend to be the most attractive blend for female B. tabaci. In addition, this blend was attractive to female Macrolophus praeclarus (Distant) but did not elicit a behavioral response from either male or female Delphastus catalinae (Horn). The two-chemical blend of green leaf volatiles could be further developed as a lure to attract B. tabaci and its predator, M. praeclarus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Management of Whiteflies)
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10 pages, 2636 KiB  
Article
Whitefly Detected: LED Traps Enhance Monitoring of Trialeurodes vaporariorum in Greenhouse-Grown Tomato
by Björn Grupe and Rainer Meyhöfer
Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090960 - 9 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1585
Abstract
Yellow sticky traps (YSTs) are common tools for monitoring the greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), which can cause significant yield reduction in different greenhouse crops such as cucumber and tomato. In recent years, sticky traps equipped with green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [...] Read more.
Yellow sticky traps (YSTs) are common tools for monitoring the greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), which can cause significant yield reduction in different greenhouse crops such as cucumber and tomato. In recent years, sticky traps equipped with green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have also been (successfully) tested for catching GWFs. However, no study has observed GWF population dynamics at low population densities using such LED traps for early pest detection in crop stands. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted aiming to investigate the correlation between GWF populations on tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae)) and the numbers caught on yellow sticky traps and green LED traps, respectively. A small number of whiteflies was released into two pest-free greenhouse cabins, and populations on plants and traps were monitored for the duration of two months. The results show that the GWFs caught on LED traps correlate significantly positive with the population density on the tomato crops. Such a correlation was not found for standard YSTs. Moreover, the results indicate the possibility of early pest detection using LED traps. The findings are discussed in the context of the whiteflies’ ecology and population dynamics in greenhouses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest Diagnosis and Control Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Plants)
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