Search Results (2,509)

Background and Clinical Significance: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are both life-threatening hematologic syndromes that rarely present together outside of malignancy. Advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) creates a milieu of profound immune dysregulation and hyperinflammation, predisposing patients to atypical overlaps of these disorders. Case Presentation: A 30-year-old woman with poorly controlled AIDS presented with three weeks of jaundice, fever, and fatigue. Initial labs revealed pancytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated ferritin level. Direct anti-globulin testing confirmed warm AIHA (IgG⁺/C3d⁺) with transient cold agglutinins. Despite intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), rituximab, and transfusions, she developed hepatosplenomegaly, extreme hyperferritinemia, and sIL-2R > 10,000 pg/mL, meeting HLH-2004 criteria. Bone marrow biopsy excluded malignancy; further work-up revealed Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) viremia and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. Dexamethasone plus reduced-dose etoposide transiently reduced soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) but precipitated profound pancytopenia, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from CMV/parainfluenza pneumonia, bilateral deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). She ultimately died of hemorrhagic shock after anticoagulation despite maximal supportive measures. Conclusions: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of HLH-AIHA overlap in AIDS, where cytopenias and hyperferritinemia mask the underlying cytokine storm. Pathogenesis likely involved IL-6/IFN-γ overproduction, impaired cytotoxic T-cell function, and molecular mimicry. While etoposide remains a cornerstone of HLH therapy, its myelotoxicity proved catastrophic in this immunocompromised host, highlighting the urgent need for cytokine-targeted agents to mitigate treatment-related mortality. Full article

Compared with vanadium extraction by sodium roasting followed by water leaching, the calcification roasting–sulfuric acid leaching method is considered a promising approach for the comprehensive utilization of vanadium titanomagnetite, as it avoids the introduction of alkali metals. However, during vanadium extraction by sulfuric acid heap leaching, the diffusion of leaching reagents and leaching products was hindered by the deposition of leaching solid products. To address this issue, this study systematically investigated the leaching kinetics and the mechanisms underlying the deposition of leaching solid products. The results indicated that vanadium leaching was governed by a combination of liquid film diffusion and internal diffusion through solid-phase products during days 0–2, and by internal diffusion alone from day 2 to day 9. The primary solid products formed during leaching were calcium sulfate and silica gel. Calcium sulfate precipitated and grew within the pore via two-dimensional nucleation, while silicates formed silica gel through dehydration. By optimizing the sulfuric acid leaching conditions—specifically, maintaining an H⁺ concentration of 2 mol/L, a leaching temperature of 40 °C, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5:1—the formation of calcium sulfate and silica gel was effectively suppressed. Under these conditions, the vanadium leaching efficiency reached 75.82%. Full article

Nitriding of austenitic stainless steels at low temperatures hinders the precipitation of chromium nitrides and causes the formation of a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen atoms in the austenite lattice, known as expanded austenite. In this study, the corrosion behavior of low-temperature nitrided AISI 316L is investigated in a NaCl solution using different electrochemical techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and galvanostatic tests, in order to assess the effect of test conditions. The nitrided layer has an enhanced resistance to localized corrosion, but its ability to repassivate depends on the damage extent caused by the different tests. Full article

Ex situ conservation is a vital strategy of preserving plant species at risk, offering practical methods to obtain information regarding species-specific germination characteristics. Campanula pangea, a local endemic species of NE Greece, has been previously classified as vulnerable, partly due to the lack of knowledge about its biology. This study focused on the germination behaviour of C. pangea stored seeds by assessing their germination success under the effects of incubation temperature and gibberellic acid (GA₃). To contextualize the experimental conditions, a bioclimatic profile of the species was developed using open-access temperature and precipitation data that characterize its natural habitat. The results showed that the optimal germination temperature range for C. pangea is 15–20 °C. Pre-treatment of seeds with GA₃ solution (1000 mg L⁻¹) widened the germination range of the seeds only at the low temperature of 10 °C. The experimentation results showed that the seeds of C. pangea exhibit dormancy. These findings contribute to the development of a species-specific germination protocol for ex situ propagation and conservation, enhance understanding of the species’ germination requirements, and thus support future conservation efforts and assessments of extinction risk, or other ornamental applications and/or targeted medicinal research. Full article

In marine engineering applications, substituting conventional crushed stone coarse aggregates with coral aggregates offers dual advantages: reduced terrestrial quarrying operations and minimized construction material transportation costs. However, the inherent characteristics of coral aggregates—low bulk density, high porosity, and elevated water absorption capacity—adversely influence concrete workability and mechanical performance. To address these limitations, this investigation employed microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) for aggregate modification. The experimental design systematically evaluated the impacts of substrate concentration (1 mol/L) and mineralization period (14 days) on three critical parameters, mass gain percentage, water absorption reduction, and apparent density enhancement, across distinct particle size fractions (4.75–9.5 mm, 9.5–20 mm) and density classifications. Subsequent application trials assessed the performance of MICP-treated aggregates in marine concrete formulations. Results indicated that under a substrate concentration of 1 mol/L and mineralization period of 14 days, lightweight coral aggregates and coral aggregates within the 4.75–9.5 mm size fraction exhibited favorable modification effects. Specifically, their mass gain rates reached 11.75% and 11.22%, respectively, while their water absorption rates decreased by 32.22% and 34.75%, respectively. Apparent density increased from initial values of 1764 kg/m³ and 1930 kg/m³ to 2050 kg/m³ and 2207 kg/m³. Concrete mixtures incorporating modified aggregates exhibited enhanced workability and strength improvement at all curing ages. The 28-day compressive strengths reached 62.1 MPa (11.69% increment), 46.2 MPa (6.94% increment), and 60.1 MPa (14.91% increment) for the 4.75–9.5 mm, 9.5–20 mm, and continuous grading groups, respectively, compared to untreated counterparts. Full article

Climate warming poses significant challenges for the sustainable management of natural water resources, making efficient planning and usage essential. This study evaluates the water requirements, irrigation demand, and rainfall deficits for two key vegetable crops, carrot and white cabbage, under projected climate scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for the period 2031–2100. The analysis was conducted for Kraków and Rzeszów Counties in southern Poland using projected monthly temperature and precipitation data from the Klimada 2.0 portal. Potential evapotranspiration (ETp) during the growing season (May–October) was estimated using Treder’s empirical model and the crop coefficient method adapted for Polish conditions. The reference period for comparison was 1951–2020. The results reveal a significant upward trend in water demand for both crops, with the highest increases under the RCP 8.5 scenario–seasonal ETp values reaching up to 517 mm for cabbage and 497 mm for carrot. Rainfall deficits are projected to intensify, especially during July and August, with greater shortages in Rzeszów County compared to Kraków County. Irrigation demand varies depending on soil type and drought severity, becoming critical in medium and very dry years. These findings underscore the necessity of adapting irrigation strategies and water resource management to ensure sustainable vegetable production under changing climate conditions. The data provide valuable guidance for farmers, advisors, and policymakers in planning effective irrigation infrastructure and optimizing water-use efficiency in southern Poland. Full article

Background/Objectives: Amorphous solid drugs exhibit physical instability and a propensity for crystallization, which leads to reduced solubility and bioavailability. Hence, this study optimized scale manufacturing parameters for producing a physically stable amorphous solid form of nilotinib using neutralization precipitation. Methods: A systematic evaluation of the effects of the solute concentration and filtration rate on amorphous physical stability was conducted using the pair distribution function (PDF), principal component analysis (PCA), and reduced crystallization temperature (R_c) values. Results: It showed concentration-dependent crystallization resistance, with optimal physical stability achieved at a solute concentration of 0.126 mol/L and a 124 mL/min filtration rate. Experiments carried out at a scale of 50 g confirmed the stability of the production process. Conclusions: These findings provide a validated framework for developing lab-scale amorphous drug products with improved shelf-life stability, assessed using indirect indicators (PDF, R_c) and confirmed through accelerated stability tests. Full article

In order to study how indigenous microorganisms can enhance the strength properties of granite residual soil in the Hanzhong area, two Bacillus species that produce urease were isolated from the local soil. The two Bacillus species are Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis, and they were used for the solidification and improvement of the granite residual soil. Unconfined compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were systematically used to analyze the influence and mechanism of different cementation solution concentrations on the improvement effect. It has been found that with the growth of cementing fluid concentration, the unconfined compressive strength of improved soil specimens shows an increasing tendency, reaching its highest value when the cementing solution concentration is 2.0 mol/L. Among different bacterial species, curing results vary; Bacillus tequilensis demonstrates better performance across various cementing solution concentrations. The examination of failure strain in improved soil samples indicates that brittleness has been successfully alleviated, with optimal outcomes obtained at a cementing solution concentration of 1.0 mol/L. SEM and XRD analyses show that calcium carbonate precipitates (CaCO₃) are formed in soil samples treated by both strains. These precipitates effectively bond soil particles, verifying improvement effects on a microscopic level. The present study proposes an environmentally friendly and economical method for enhancing engineering applications of granite residual soil in Hanzhong area, which holds significant importance for projects such as artificial slope filling, subgrade filling, and foundation pit backfilling. Full article

Oil and gas field water not only contains low concentrations of lithium but also a lot of suspended matter, inorganic salt, and organic matter. Both inorganic ions and organic substances influence the extraction of lithium. To improve the extraction efficiency of low-concentration lithium in oil and gas field water, the effects of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, Br⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and organic substances on the extraction efficiency of lithium were studied. The results showed that Na⁺ can promote the extraction of lithium to a certain extent, and lithium ions competed with K+ for extraction; however, the separation coefficient remained more than 13. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ have a significant influence on the extraction of lithium and should be removed prior to extraction. Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NO₃⁻ have little influence on the extraction solution of lithium. Among the organic components, a high concentration of long-chain alkane has a certain effect on the extraction efficiency of lithium, while other substances have little effect. On this basis, the first step for precipitating impurity ions and the second step for solvent extraction of lithium were established. After removing the impurity ions, the extraction efficiency of lithium can reach over 90%. Taking 15L of oil and gas field water as the research object, after extraction, back extraction, concentration, depth impurities removal by extraction, and precipitation drying, the purity of the lithium carbonate product can be achieved at 99.28%. This study can provide technical support for the efficient extraction of low-concentration lithium from oil and gas field water. Full article

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), especially iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), display distinctive superparamagnetic characteristics and elevated surface-area-to-volume ratios, facilitating improved physicochemical interactions with solutes and pollutants. These characteristics make MNPs strong contenders for use in water treatment applications. This research investigates the application of iron oxide MNPs synthesized via co-precipitation as innovative draw solutes in forward osmosis (FO) for treating synthetic produced water (SPW). The FO membrane underwent surface modification with sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), a zwitterionic polymer, to increase hydrophilicity, minimize fouling, and elevate water flux. The SBMA functional groups aid in electrostatic repulsion of organic and inorganic contaminants, simultaneously encouraging robust hydration layers that improve water permeability. This adjustment is vital for sustaining consistent flux performance while functioning with MNP-based draw solutions. Material analysis through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified the MNPs’ thermal stability, consistent morphology, and modified surface chemistry. The FO experiments showed a distinct relationship between MNP concentration and osmotic efficiency. At an MNP dosage of 10 g/L, the peak real-time flux was observed at around 3.5–4.0 L/m²·h. After magnetic regeneration, 7.8 g of retrieved MNPs generated a steady flow of ~2.8 L/m²·h, whereas a subsequent regeneration (4.06 g) resulted in ~1.5 L/m²·h, demonstrating partial preservation of osmotic driving capability. Post-FO draw solutions, after filtration, exhibited total dissolved solids (TDS) measurements that varied from 2.5 mg/L (0 g/L MNP) to 227.1 mg/L (10 g/L MNP), further validating the effective dispersion and solute contribution of MNPs. The TDS of regenerated MNP solutions stayed similar to that of their fresh versions, indicating minimal loss of solute activity during the recycling process. The combined synergistic application of SBMA-modified FO membranes and regenerable MNP draw solutes showcases an effective and sustainable method for treating produced water, providing excellent water recovery, consistent operational stability, and opportunities for cyclic reuse. Full article

Rapid socio-economic development and the impact of human activities have exerted tremendous pressure on the groundwater system of the Dawen River Basin (DRB), the largest tributary in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Hydrochemical studies on the DRB have largely centered on the upstream Muwen River catchment and downstream Dongping Lake, with some focusing solely on karst groundwater. Basin-wide evaluations suggest good overall groundwater quality, but moderate to severe contamination is confined to the lower Dongping Lake area. The hydrogeologically complex mid-reach, where the Muwen and Chaiwen rivers merge, warrants specific focus. This region, adjacent to populous areas and industrial/agricultural zones, features diverse aquifer systems, necessitating a thorough analysis of its hydrochemistry and origins. This study presents an integrated hydrochemical, isotopic investigation and EWQI evaluation of groundwater quality and formation mechanisms within the multiple groundwater types of the central DRB. Central DRB groundwater has a pH of 7.5–8.2 (avg. 7.8) and TDSs at 450–2420 mg/L (avg. 1075.4 mg/L) and is mainly brackish, with Ca²⁺ as the primary cation (68.3% of total cations) and SO₄²⁻ (33.6%) and NO₃⁻ (28.4%) as key anions. The Piper diagram reveals complex hydrochemical types, primarily HCO₃·SO₄-Ca and SO₄·Cl-Ca. Isotopic analysis (δ²H, δ¹⁸O) confirms atmospheric precipitation as the principal recharge source, with pore water showing evaporative enrichment due to shallow depths. The Gibbs diagram and ion ratios demonstrate that hydrochemistry is primarily controlled by silicate and carbonate weathering (especially calcite dissolution), active cation exchange, and anthropogenic influences. EWQI assessment (avg. 156.2) indicates generally “good” overall quality but significant spatial variability. Pore water exhibits the highest exceedance rates (50% > Class III), driven by nitrate pollution from intensive vegetable cultivation in eastern areas (Xiyangzhuang–Liangzhuang) and sulfate contamination from gypsum mining (Guojialou–Nanxiyao). Karst water (26.7% > Class III) shows localized pollution belts (Huafeng–Dongzhuang) linked to coal mining and industrial discharges. Compared to basin-wide studies suggesting good quality in mid-upper reaches, this intensive mid-reach sampling identifies critical localized pollution zones within an overall low-EWQI background. The findings highlight the necessity for aquifer-specific and land-use-targeted groundwater protection strategies in this hydrogeologically complex region. Full article

The present article aims to develop a technological scheme for processing zinc ferrite residue, which typically forms during the leaching of zinc calcine. This semi-product is currently processed through the Waelz process, the main disadvantage of which is the loss of precious metals with the Waelz clinker. The experimental results of numerous experiments and analyses have verified a technological scheme including the following operations: sulfuric acid leaching of zinc ferrite residue under atmospheric conditions; autoclave purification of the resulting productive solution to obtain hematite; chloride leaching of lead and silver from the insoluble residue, which was produced in the initial operation; and cementation with zinc powder of lead and silver from the chloride solution. Utilizing such an advanced methodology, the degree of zinc leaching is 98.30% at a sulfuric acid concentration of 200 g/L, with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 and a temperature of 90 °C. Under these conditions, 96.40% Cu and 92.72% Fe form a solution. Trivalent iron in the presence of seeds at a temperature of 200 °C precipitates as hematite. In chloride extraction with 250 g/L NaCl, 1 M HCl, and a temperature of 60 °C, the leaching degree of lead is 96.79%, while that of silver is 84.55%. In the process of cementation with zinc powder, the degree of extraction of lead and silver in the cement precipitate is 98.72% and 97.27%, respectively. When implementing this scheme, approximately 15% of the insoluble residue remains, containing 1.6% Pb and 0.016% Ag. Full article

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a complex cascade of pathophysiological events that have far-reaching consequences beyond the initial injury. This review examines the current state of the literature on the mechanisms underlying neurotrauma and neuroinflammation, with particular emphasis on the molecular cross-talk between these disparate pathways that ultimately precipitates the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We integrate this mechanistic knowledge with potential diagnostic biomarkers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and advances in neuroimaging and machine learning-based predictive tools. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic approaches under investigation, and highlight which molecular targets have yet to be explored for potential therapeutic development. Full article

Reparative tertiary dentinogenesis requires the recruitment and odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as bioactive molecules have gained attention in regenerative medicine for their ability to mediate tissue repair through intercellular communication, influencing cell recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EVs on DPSC homing and odontogenic differentiation for dentin regeneration. DPSC-derived EVs were cultured in either growth (EV-G) or odontogenic differentiation (EV-O) conditions and isolated using a modified precipitation method. EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, scanning electron microscopy, antibody array, and cellular uptake assay. Treatment with 5 × 10⁸ EVs/mL significantly enhanced DPSC chemotaxis and proliferation compared with a no-treatment control and a lower dosage of EV (5 × 10⁷ EVs/mL). Gene expression and biochemical analyses revealed that EV-O up-regulated odontogenic markers including collagen type 1A1 (COL1A1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). EV-O enhanced dentin regeneration by approximately 55% over vehicle controls in a rabbit partial dentinotomy/pulpotomy model. We identified key microRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-221-3p, and miR-708-3p) in EV-O involved in cell homing and odontogenesis. In conclusion, our EV-based cell homing and odontogenic differentiation strategy has significant therapeutic potential for dentin regeneration. Full article

Accurate rainfall quantile estimation is critical for urban flood management, particularly given the escalating climate change impacts. This study comprehensively compared at-site frequency analysis and regional frequency analysis for sub-hourly rainfall quantile estimation, using data from 27 sites across Seoul. The analysis focused on Seoul’s disaster prevention framework (30-year and 100-year return periods). Employing L-moment statistics and Monte Carlo simulations, the rainfall quantiles were estimated, the methodological performance was evaluated, and Seoul’s current disaster prevention standards were assessed. The analysis revealed significant spatio-temporal variability in Seoul’s precipitation, causing considerable uncertainty in individual site estimates. A performance evaluation, including the relative root mean square error and confidence interval, consistently showed regional frequency analysis superiority over at-site frequency analysis. While at-site frequency analysis demonstrated better performance only for short return periods (e.g., 2 years), regional frequency analysis exhibited a substantially lower relative root mean square error and significantly narrower confidence intervals for larger return periods (e.g., 10, 30, 100 years). This methodology reduced the average 95% confidence interval width by a factor of approximately 2.7 (26.98 mm versus 73.99 mm). This enhanced reliability stems from the information-pooling capabilities of regional frequency analysis, mitigating uncertainties due to limited record lengths and localized variabilities. Critically, regionally derived 100-year rainfall estimates consistently exceeded Seoul’s 100 mm disaster prevention threshold across most areas, suggesting that the current infrastructure may be substantially under-designed. The use of minute-scale data underscored its necessity for urban hydrological modeling, highlighting the inadequacy of conventional daily rainfall analyses. Full article