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Search Results (933)

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Keywords = 1M H2SO4 electrolyte

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12 pages, 2532 KiB  
Article
Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance Achieved by Tri-Doping Modification in Prussian Blue Analogs
by Yanhong Ding, Bin Liu, Haiyan Xiang, Fangqi Ren, Tianzi Xu, Jiayi Liu, Haifeng Xu, Hanzhou Ding, Yirong Zhu and Fusheng Liu
Inorganics 2025, 13(8), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13080258 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 162
Abstract
The high cost of hydrogen production is the primary factor limiting the development of the hydrogen energy industry chain. Additionally, due to the inefficiency of hydrogen production by water electrolysis technology, the development of high-performance catalysts is an effective means of producing low-cost [...] Read more.
The high cost of hydrogen production is the primary factor limiting the development of the hydrogen energy industry chain. Additionally, due to the inefficiency of hydrogen production by water electrolysis technology, the development of high-performance catalysts is an effective means of producing low-cost hydrogen. In water electrolysis technology, the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode affects the kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution rate. This study utilizes the liquid phase co-precipitation method to synthesize three types of Prussian blue analog (PBA) electrocatalytic materials: Fe/PBA(Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3), Fe-Mn/PBA((Fe, Mn)3[Fe(CN)6]2·nH2O), and Fe-Mn-Co/PBA((Mn, Co, Fe)3II[FeIII(CN)6]2·nH2O). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses show that Fe-Mn-Co/PBA has a smaller particle size and higher crystallinity, and its grain boundary defects provide more active sites for electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical test shows that Fe-Mn-Co/PBA exhibits the best electrochemical performance. The overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under 1 M alkaline electrolyte at 10/50 mA·cm−2 is 270/350 mV, with a Tafel slope of 48 mV·dec−1, and stable electrocatalytic activity is maintained at 5 mA·cm−2. All of these are attributed to the synergistic effect of Fe, Mn, and Co metal ions, grain refinement, and the generation of grain boundary defects and internal stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalysts for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion)
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14 pages, 2351 KiB  
Article
Facile SEI Improvement in the Artificial Graphite/LFP Li-Ion System: Via NaPF6 and KPF6 Electrolyte Additives
by Sepehr Rahbariasl and Yverick Rangom
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4058; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154058 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
In this work, graphite anodes and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes are used to examine the effects of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) electrolyte additives on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase and the performance of [...] Read more.
In this work, graphite anodes and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes are used to examine the effects of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) electrolyte additives on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase and the performance of lithium-ion batteries in both half-cell and full-cell designs. The objective is to assess whether these additives may increase cycle performance, decrease irreversible capacity loss, and improve interfacial stability. Compared to the control electrolyte (1.22 M Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)), cells with NaPF6 and KPF6 additives produced less SEI products, which decreased irreversible capacity loss and enhanced initial coulombic efficiency. Following the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, the specific capacity of the control cell was 607 mA·h/g, with 177 mA·h/g irreversible capacity loss. In contrast, irreversible capacity loss was reduced by 38.98% and 37.85% in cells containing KPF6 and NaPF6 additives, respectively. In full cell cycling, a considerable improvement in capacity retention was achieved by adding NaPF6 and KPF6. The electrolyte, including NaPF6, maintained 67.39% greater capacity than the LiPF6 baseline after 20 cycles, whereas the electrolyte with KPF6 demonstrated a 30.43% improvement, indicating the positive impacts of these additions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified that sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions were present in the SEI of samples containing NaPF6 and KPF6. While K+ did not intercalate in LFP, cyclic voltammetry confirmed that Na+ intercalated into LFP with negligible impact on the energy storage of full cells. These findings demonstrate that NaPF6 and KPF6 are suitable additions for enhancing lithium-ion battery performance in the popular artificial graphite/LFP system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrolytes Used in Energy Storage Systems)
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15 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Association of Dietary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio with Nutritional Composition, Micronutrient Intake, and Diet Quality in Brazilian Industrial Workers
by Anissa Melo Souza, Ingrid Wilza Leal Bezerra, Karina Gomes Torres, Gabriela Santana Pereira, Raiane Medeiros Costa and Antonio Gouveia Oliveira
Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2483; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152483 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
Introduction: The sodium-to-potassium (Na:K) ratio in the diet is a critical biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic health, yet global adherence to recommended levels remains poor. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify dietary determinants of the dietary Na:K ratio and its [...] Read more.
Introduction: The sodium-to-potassium (Na:K) ratio in the diet is a critical biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic health, yet global adherence to recommended levels remains poor. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify dietary determinants of the dietary Na:K ratio and its associations with micronutrient intake and diet quality. Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of manufacturing workers through a combined stratified proportional and two-stage probability sampling plan, with strata defined by company size and industrial sector from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Dietary intake was assessed using 24 h recalls via the Multiple Pass Method, with Na:K ratios calculated from quantified food composition data. Diet quality was assessed with the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations of Na:K ratio with the study variables. Results: The survey was conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in 921 randomly selected manufacturing workers. The sample mean age was 38.2 ± 10.7 years, 55.9% males, mean BMI 27.2 ± 4.80 kg/m2. The mean Na:K ratio was 1.97 ± 0.86, with only 0.54% of participants meeting the WHO recommended target (<0.57). Fast food (+3.29 mg/mg per serving, p < 0.001), rice, bread, and red meat significantly increased the ratio, while fruits (−0.16 mg/mg), dairy, white meat, and coffee were protective. Higher Na:K ratios were associated with lower intake of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamins C, D, and E, as well as poorer diet quality (DQI-I score: −0.026 per 1 mg/mg increase, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical role of processed foods in elevating Na:K ratios and the potential for dietary modifications to improve both electrolyte balance and micronutrient adequacy in industrial workers. The study underscores the need for workplace interventions that simultaneously address sodium reduction, potassium enhancement, and overall diet quality improvement tailored to socioeconomic and cultural contexts, a triple approach not previously tested in intervention studies. Future studies should further investigate nutritional consequences of imbalanced Na:K intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Nutrition on Human Health and Disease)
13 pages, 5204 KiB  
Article
Spontaneous Formation of a Zincphilic Ag Interphase for Dendrite-Free and Corrosion-Resistant Zinc Metal Anodes
by Neng Yu, Qingpu Zeng, Yiming Fu, Hanbin Li, Jiating Li, Rui Wang, Longlong Meng, Hao Wu, Zhuyao Li, Kai Guo and Lei Wang
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080284 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
The remarkable advantages of zinc anodes render aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) a highly promising energy storage solution. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled growth of zinc dendrites and side reactions pose significant obstacles to the practical application of ZIBs. To address these issues, a straightforward strategy [...] Read more.
The remarkable advantages of zinc anodes render aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) a highly promising energy storage solution. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled growth of zinc dendrites and side reactions pose significant obstacles to the practical application of ZIBs. To address these issues, a straightforward strategy has been proposed, involving the addition of a minute quantity of AgNO3 to the electrolyte to stabilize zinc anodes. This additive spontaneously forms a hierarchically porous Ag interphase on the zinc anodes, which is characterized by its zinc-affinitive nature. The interphase offers abundant zinc nucleation sites and accommodation space, leading to uniform zinc plating/stripping and enhanced kinetics of zinc deposition/dissolution. Moreover, the chemically inert Ag interphase effectively curtails side reactions by isolating water molecules. Consequently, the incorporation of AgNO3 enables zinc anodes to undergo cycling for extended periods, such as over 4000 h at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 0.5 mAh/cm2, and for 450 h at 2 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 2 mAh/cm2. Full zinc-ion cells equipped with this additive not only demonstrate increased specific capacities but also exhibit significantly improved cycle stability. This research presents a cost-effective and practical approach for the development of reliable zinc anodes for ZIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Energy Storage Devices)
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8 pages, 971 KiB  
Article
Mechanism of Topotactic Reduction-Oxidation Between Mg-Doped SrMoO3 Perovskites and SrMoO4 Scheelites, Utilized as Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
by Vanessa Cascos, M. T. Fernández-Díaz and José Antonio Alonso
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3424; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153424 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 220
Abstract
Recently, we have described SrMo1-xMgxO3-δ perovskites (x = 0.1, 0.2) as excellent anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with mixed ionic and electronic conduction (MIEC) properties. After depositing on the solid electrolyte, they were annealed for [...] Read more.
Recently, we have described SrMo1-xMgxO3-δ perovskites (x = 0.1, 0.2) as excellent anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with mixed ionic and electronic conduction (MIEC) properties. After depositing on the solid electrolyte, they were annealed for sintering at high temperatures (typically 1000 °C), giving rise to oxidized scheelite-type phases, with SrMo1-xMgxO4-δ (x = 0.1, 0.2) stoichiometry. To obtain the active perovskite phases, they were reduced again in the working anode conditions, under H2 atmosphere. Therefore, there must be an excellent reversibility between the oxidized Sr(Mo, Mg)O4-δ scheelite and the reduced Sr(Mo, Mg)O3-δ perovskite phases. This work describes the topotactical oxidation, by annealing at 400 °C in air, of the SrMo0.9Mg0.1O3-δ perovskite oxide. The characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) was carried out in order to determine the crystal structure features. The scheelite oxides are tetragonal, space group I41/a (No. 88), whereas the perovskites are cubic, s.g. Pm-3m (No. 221). The Rietveld refinement of the scheelite phase from NPD data after annealing the perovskite at 400 °C and cooling it down slowly to RT evidences the absence of intermediate phases between perovskite and scheelite oxides, as well as the presence of oxygen vacancies in both oxidized and reduced phases, essential for their performance as MIEC oxides. The topotactical relationship between both crystal structures is discussed. Full article
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29 pages, 5210 KiB  
Article
Ion Conduction Dynamics, Characterization, and Application of Ionic Liquid Tributyl Methyl Phosphonium Iodide (TMPI)-Doped Polyethylene Oxide Polymer Electrolyte
by Suneyana Rawat, Monika Michalska, Pramod K. Singh, Karol Strzałkowski, Nisha Pal, Markus Diantoro, Diksha Singh and Ram Chandra Singh
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141986 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 360
Abstract
The increasing demand for high-performance energy storage devices has stimulated interest in advanced electrolyte materials. Among them, ionic liquids (ILs) stand out for their thermal stability, wide electrochemical windows, and good ionic conductivity. When doped into polymeric matrices, these [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for high-performance energy storage devices has stimulated interest in advanced electrolyte materials. Among them, ionic liquids (ILs) stand out for their thermal stability, wide electrochemical windows, and good ionic conductivity. When doped into polymeric matrices, these ionic liquids form hybrid polymeric electrolytes that synergize the benefits of both liquid and solid electrolytes. This study explores a polymeric electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with tributylmethylphosphonium iodide (TMPI) and ammonium iodide (NH4I), focusing on its synthesis, structural and electrical properties, and performance in energy storage devices such as dye-sensitized solar cells and supercapacitors. Strategies to improve its ionic conductivity, mechanical and chemical stability, and electrode compatibility are also discussed, along with future directions in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
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30 pages, 4943 KiB  
Article
Influence of Methyl Jasmonate and Short-Term Water Deficit on Growth, Redox System, Proline and Wheat Germ Agglutinin Contents of Roots of Wheat Seedlings
by Alsu R. Lubyanova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146871 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 198
Abstract
Drought is a serious environmental problem that limits the yield of wheat around the world. Using biochemical and microscopy methods, it was shown that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has the ability to induce the oxidative stress tolerance in roots of wheat plants due to [...] Read more.
Drought is a serious environmental problem that limits the yield of wheat around the world. Using biochemical and microscopy methods, it was shown that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has the ability to induce the oxidative stress tolerance in roots of wheat plants due to the regulation of antioxidant enzymes activity, proline (Pro), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) accumulation. During the first hours of 12% polyethylene glycol (PEG) exposure, stress increased the superoxide radical (O2•−) and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), the percent of dead cells (PDC), malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL) of wheat roots as compared to the control. Stress enhanced proline (Pro) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) contents in roots and the plant’s nutrient medium, as well as decreased the mitotic index (MI) of cells of root tips in comparison to the control. During PEG exposure, 10−7 M MeJA pretreatment increased the parameter of MI, declined O2•− and H2O2 generation, PDC, MDA, and EL parameters as compared to MeJA-untreated stressed seedlings. During 1 day of drought, MeJA pretreatment additionally increased the activity of SOD, total POD, APX, CAT, Pro, and WGA accumulation in wheat roots in comparison to MeJA-untreated stressed plants. During stress, MeJA pretreatment caused a decrease in Pro exudation into the growth medium, while WGA content in the medium was at the control level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Plant)
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16 pages, 2423 KiB  
Article
Green Light Enhances the Postharvest Quality of Lettuce During Cold Storage
by Shafieh Salehinia, Fardad Didaran, Yvan Gariepy, Sasan Aliniaeifard, Sarah MacPherson and Mark Lefsrud
Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070792 - 4 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 418
Abstract
The postharvest quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is significantly influenced by the lighting environment during storage. This study evaluated the effects of green LEDs at 500 nm and 530 nm, white LEDs (400–700 nm), and dark storage on lettuce quality over [...] Read more.
The postharvest quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is significantly influenced by the lighting environment during storage. This study evaluated the effects of green LEDs at 500 nm and 530 nm, white LEDs (400–700 nm), and dark storage on lettuce quality over 14 days at 5 °C. All treatments were applied at 10 µmol m−2 s−1 under a 12 h photoperiod. Quality parameters measured included moisture loss, relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content (SPAD), total soluble solids (TSSs), electrolyte leakage (EL), color change (∆E), texture (crispness), and overall visual quality (OVQ). Lettuce stored under green LEDs, particularly 530 nm, exhibited superior postharvest quality. Compared to dark storage, 530 nm reduced moisture loss by 7.1%, increased RWC by 9.2%, and reduced transpiration rate. The green light preserved photosynthetic activity (43% decline vs. 77% in the dark), increased TSS, reduced color change by 42%, improved crispness by 46.1%, and limited EL to 54.5%. Shelf life was extended by approximately four days. The 500 nm treatment showed notable improvements, including an 8.4% reduction in moisture loss, 8.2% higher RWC, a smaller photosynthesis decline (25%), and the lowest EL (53.1%). It improved color retention (∆E reduced by 45.3%) and crispness (46.8%). Both green wavelengths effectively maintained lettuce quality during cold storage, with 530 nm being the most effective overall. These results suggest that targeted green LED lighting is a promising, energy-efficient strategy to preserve postharvest quality and extend shelf life in leafy greens. Full article
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18 pages, 2241 KiB  
Article
Optimization of a Monopolar Electrode Configuration for Hybrid Electrochemical Treatment of Real Washing Machine Wastewater
by Lidia C. Espinoza, Angélica Llanos, Marjorie Cepeda, Alexander Carreño, Patricia Velásquez, Brayan Cruz, Galo Ramírez, Julio Romero, Ricardo Abejón, Esteban Quijada-Maldonado, María J. Aguirre and Roxana Arce
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136445 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
This study focuses on the design and optimization of a monopolar electrode configuration for the hybrid electrochemical treatment of real washing machine wastewater. A combined electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) system was optimized to maximize pollutant removal efficiency while minimizing energy consumption. The [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the design and optimization of a monopolar electrode configuration for the hybrid electrochemical treatment of real washing machine wastewater. A combined electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) system was optimized to maximize pollutant removal efficiency while minimizing energy consumption. The monopolar setup employed mixed metal oxide (MMO) and aluminum anodes, along with a stainless steel cathode, operating under controlled conditions with sodium chloride as the supporting electrolyte. An applied current density of 15 mA cm−2 achieved 90% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, 98% surfactant degradation, complete turbidity reduction within 120 min, and pH stabilization near 8. Additionally, electrochemical disinfection achieved <2 MPN/100 mL, with no detectable phenols and the presence of organic anions such as oxalate and acetate. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of an optimized monopolar EC–EO system as a cost-efficient and sustainable strategy for wastewater treatment and potential water reuse. Further studies should focus on refining energy consumption and monitoring reaction by-products to enhance large-scale applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion and Molecule Transport in Membrane Systems, 6th Edition)
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17 pages, 921 KiB  
Article
Adsorption–Desorption Behaviour of Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, and Clothianidin in Different Agricultural Soils
by Gabriela Briceño, Graciela Palma, Heidi Schalchli, Paola Durán, Cesar Llafquén, Andrés Huenchupán, Carlos Rodríguez-Rodríguez and María Cristina Diez
Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131380 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 382
Abstract
This study evaluated the adsorption and desorption of imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxam (THM) and clothianidin (CLO) in an andisol (Freire soil) and an inceptisol (Chufquén soil) from southern Chile with different organic matter and clay contents. The soils had a slightly acidic pH and [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the adsorption and desorption of imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxam (THM) and clothianidin (CLO) in an andisol (Freire soil) and an inceptisol (Chufquén soil) from southern Chile with different organic matter and clay contents. The soils had a slightly acidic pH and clay and clay-loam textures. The tests were carried out at 20 °C with CaCl2 0.01 M as the electrolyte. Kinetic experiments were performed and isotherms were fitted to the pseudo-second-order, Elovich, Weber–Morris, Freundlich and Langmuir models. The kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.99), indicating chemisorption; the rate was the highest for THM, although IMI and CLO achieved the highest retention capacities. The Chufquén samples, with lower organic matter but 52% clay, exhibited the highest Kf and qm of up to 12.4 and 270 mg kg−1, respectively, while the Kd (2.3–6.9 L kg−1) and Koc (24–167 L kg−1) coefficients revealed a moderate leaching risk. THM was the most mobile compound due to its high solubility. Desorption was partially irreversible (H = 0.48–1.48), indicating persistence in soil. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction with O-Al-O/O-O-Si-O groups without alterations in the mineral structure. In the soils examined in this study, the clay fraction and variable-charge minerals, rather than organic matter, were more closely associated with the adsorption behaviour of these NNIs. Full article
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15 pages, 3928 KiB  
Article
Environmental Stability of Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol
by Eman Hassan and Siamak Farhad
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3391; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133391 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the environmental stability of the sulfide-based argyrodite solid electrolyte Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5, a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its high ionic conductivity and favorable mechanical [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigate the environmental stability of the sulfide-based argyrodite solid electrolyte Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5, a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its high ionic conductivity and favorable mechanical properties. Despite its potential, the material’s sensitivity to ambient air humidity presents challenges for large-scale battery manufacturing. Moisture exposure leads to performance degradation and the release of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, raising concerns for workplace safety. The objectives of this study are to validate the electrolyte synthesis process, evaluate the effects of air humidity exposure on its reactivity and ionic conductivity, and establish a standardized protocol for assessing environmental stability. We report a synthesis method based on ball milling and heat treatment that achieves an ionic conductivity of 2.11 mS/cm, along with a fundamental study incorporating modeling and formulation approaches to evaluate the electrolyte’s environmental stability. Furthermore, we introduce a simplified testing method for assessing environmental stability, which may serve as a benchmark protocol for the broader class of argyrodite solid electrolytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Manufacturing and Recycling of Energy Systems)
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15 pages, 2618 KiB  
Article
A Homogeneous Hexagonal-Structured Polymer Electrolyte Framework for High-Performance Polymer-Based Lithium Batteries Applicable at Room Temperature
by Seungjin Lee, Changseong Kim, Suyeon Kim, Gyungmin Hwang, Deokhee Yun, Ilhyeon Cho, Changseop Kim and Joonhyeon Jeon
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131775 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 457
Abstract
In polymer-based lithium batteries, polymer electrolytes (PEs) exhibit limited ionic conductivity at room temperature (25 °C). To address this issue, this paper describes a hexagonal-structure-based single-ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte (h-SICGPE) framework with a robust and efficient cross-linked polymer network, applicable [...] Read more.
In polymer-based lithium batteries, polymer electrolytes (PEs) exhibit limited ionic conductivity at room temperature (25 °C). To address this issue, this paper describes a hexagonal-structure-based single-ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte (h-SICGPE) framework with a robust and efficient cross-linked polymer network, applicable to polymer-based batteries even at 25 °C. The proposed cross-linked polymer network backbone of the h-SICGPE, as a semisolid-state thin film type, has the homogeneous honeycomb structure incorporating anion receptor(s) inside each of its hexagonal closed cells and is obtained by cross-linking between trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate in a newly synthesized anion–receptor solution. The excellent structural capability of the h-SICGPE incorporating Li+/TFSI can enhance ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability by suppressing crystallinity and expanding free volume. Further, the anion receptor in its free volume helps to effectively increase the lithium-ion transference number by immobilizing counter-anions. Experimental results demonstrate dramatically superior performance at 25 °C, such as ionic conductivity (2.46 mS cm−1), oxidative stability (4.9 V vs. Li/Li+), coulombic efficiency (97.65%), and capacity retention (88.3%). These results confirm the developed h-SICGPE as a promising polymer electrolyte for high-performance polymer-based lithium batteries operable at 25 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
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14 pages, 992 KiB  
Article
On-Line Preconcentration of Selected Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites and Amino Acids in Urine via Pressure-Assisted Electrokinetic Injection in a Mixed Micelle System
by Michał Pieckowski, Ilona Olędzka, Tomasz Bączek and Piotr Kowalski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136125 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
To enhance the signal intensity of kynurenines, which are present at trace concentrations in biological fluids, a novel analytical approach was developed, combining pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI) with a mixed micelle system based on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Brij-35. The method was [...] Read more.
To enhance the signal intensity of kynurenines, which are present at trace concentrations in biological fluids, a novel analytical approach was developed, combining pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI) with a mixed micelle system based on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Brij-35. The method was applied to key compounds of the kynurenine pathway, including L-tryptophan, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and kynurenic acid, as well as to the aromatic amino acids (AAs) L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine. PAEKI was performed by electrokinetic injection for 2 min at −6.5 kV (reversed polarity) and 0.5 psi (3.45 kPa) using a fused silica capillary (50 cm in length, 50 µm inner diameter). The background electrolyte (BGE) consisted of 20 mM Na2B4O7 (pH 9.2), 2 mM Brij-35, 20 mM SDS, and 20% (v/v) methanol (MeOH). The limit of detection (LOD) using a diode array detector (DAD) was 1.2 ng/mL for kynurenine and ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 ng/mL for the other analytes. The application of PAEKI in conjunction with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) of artificial urine samples resulted in a 146-fold increase in signal intensity for kynurenines compared to that observed using the hydrodynamic injection (HDI) mode. The developed method demonstrates strong potential for determining kynurenine pathway metabolites in complex biological matrices. Full article
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22 pages, 5030 KiB  
Article
Flexible Screen-Printed Gold Electrode Array on Polyimide/PET for Nickel(II) Electrochemistry and Sensing
by Norica Godja, Saied Assadollahi, Melanie Hütter, Pooyan Mehrabi, Narges Khajehmeymandi, Thomas Schalkhammer and Florentina-Daniela Munteanu
Sensors 2025, 25(13), 3959; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25133959 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Nickel’s durability and catalytic properties make it essential in the aerospace, automotive, electronics, and fuel cell technology industries. Wastewater analysis typically relies on sensitive but costly techniques such as ICP-MS, AAS, and ICP-AES, which require complex equipment and are unsuitable for on-site testing. [...] Read more.
Nickel’s durability and catalytic properties make it essential in the aerospace, automotive, electronics, and fuel cell technology industries. Wastewater analysis typically relies on sensitive but costly techniques such as ICP-MS, AAS, and ICP-AES, which require complex equipment and are unsuitable for on-site testing. This study introduces a novel screen-printed electrode array with 16 chemically and, optionally, electrochemically coated Au electrodes. Its electrochemical response to Ni2+ was tested using Na2SO3 and ChCl-EG deep eutectic solvents as electrolytes. Ni2+ solutions were prepared from NiCl2·6H2O, NiSO4·6H2O, and dry NiCl2. In Na2SO3, the linear detection ranges were 20–196 mM for NiCl2·6H2O and 89–329 mM for NiSO4·6H2O. High Ni2+ concentrations (10–500 mM) were used to simulate industrial conditions. Two linear ranges were observed, likely due to differences in electrochemical behaviour between NiCl2·6H2O and NiSO4·6H2O, despite the identical Na2SO3 electrolyte. Anion effects (Cl vs. SO42−) may influence response via complexation or ion pairing. In ChCl-EG, a linear range of 0.5–10 mM (R2 = 0.9995) and a detection limit of 1.6 µM were achieved. With a small electrolyte volume (100–200 µL), nickel detection in the nanomole range is possible. A key advantage is the array’s ability to analyze multiple analytes simultaneously via customizable electrode configurations. Future research will focus on nickel detection in industrial wastewater and its potential in the multiplexed analysis of toxic metals. The array also holds promise for medical diagnostics and food safety applications using thiol/Au-based capture molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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14 pages, 2161 KiB  
Article
Observation of Electroplating in a Lithium-Metal Battery Model Using Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
by Rok Peklar, Urša Mikac and Igor Serša
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132733 - 25 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Accurate imaging methods are important for understanding electrodeposition phenomena in metal batteries. Among the suitable imaging methods for this task is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is a very powerful radiological diagnostic method. In this study, MR microscopy was used to image electroplating [...] Read more.
Accurate imaging methods are important for understanding electrodeposition phenomena in metal batteries. Among the suitable imaging methods for this task is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is a very powerful radiological diagnostic method. In this study, MR microscopy was used to image electroplating in a lithium symmetric cell, which was used as a model for a lithium-metal battery. Lithium electrodeposition in this cell was studied by sequential 3D 1H MRI of 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC electrolyte under different charging conditions, which resulted in different dynamics of the amount of electroplated lithium and its structure. The acquired images depicted the electrolyte distribution, so that the images of deposited lithium that did not give a detectable signal corresponded to the negatives of these images. With this indirect MRI, phenomena such as the transition from a mossy to a dendritic structure at Sand’s time, the growth of whiskers, the growth of dendrites with arborescent structure, the formation of dead lithium, and the formation of gas due to electrolyte decomposition were observed. In addition, the effect of charge and discharge cycles on electrodeposition was also studied. It was found that it is difficult to correctly predict the occurrence of these phenomena based on charging conditions alone, as seemingly identical conditions resulted in different results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnetic Resonance Methods in Materials Chemistry Analysis)
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