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24 pages, 7527 KiB

Open AccessReview

CRISPR–Cas Systems Associated with Electrolyte-Gated Graphene-Based Transistors: How They Work and How to Combine Them

by Pierre Guermonprez, Pierre Nioche, Louis Renaud, Nicolas Battaglini, Sébastien Sanaur, Eric Krejci and Benoît Piro

Biosensors 2024, 14(11), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14110541 - 7 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2519

Abstract

In this review, recent advances in the combination of CRISPR–Cas systems with graphene-based electrolyte-gated transistors are discussed in detail. In the first part, the functioning of CRISPR–Cas systems is briefly explained, as well as the most common ways to convert their molecular activity [...] Read more.

In this review, recent advances in the combination of CRISPR–Cas systems with graphene-based electrolyte-gated transistors are discussed in detail. In the first part, the functioning of CRISPR–Cas systems is briefly explained, as well as the most common ways to convert their molecular activity into measurable signals. Other than optical means, conventional electrochemical transducers are also developed. However, it seems that the incorporation of CRISPR/Cas systems into transistor devices could be extremely powerful, as the former provides molecular amplification, while the latter provides electrical amplification; combined, the two could help to advance in terms of sensitivity and compete with conventional PCR assays. Today, organic transistors suffer from poor stability in biological media, whereas graphene materials perform better by being extremely sensitive to their chemical environment and being stable. The need for fast and inexpensive sensors to detect viral RNA arose on the occasion of the COVID-19 crisis, but many other RNA viruses are of interest, such as dengue, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola, and polio, for which detection means are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices 2024)

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1 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Giovanna Marrazza, Sara Tombelli, Benoît Piro, Eden Morales-Narváez, Danila Moscone, Michael G. Weller and Shaopeng Wang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 35(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023035040 - 5 Sep 2023

Viewed by 575

Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

19 pages, 5414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media

by Charlène Gadroy, Rassen Boukraa, Nicolas Battaglini, Franck Le Derf, Nadine Mofaddel, Julien Vieillard and Benoît Piro

Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030363 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3480

Abstract

In this work, an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor is developed for Gd³⁺ ion detection in water. The source and drain electrodes of the transistor are fabricated by photolithography on polyimide, while the graphene channel is obtained by inkjet-printing a graphene oxide ink [...] Read more.

In this work, an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor is developed for Gd³⁺ ion detection in water. The source and drain electrodes of the transistor are fabricated by photolithography on polyimide, while the graphene channel is obtained by inkjet-printing a graphene oxide ink subsequently electro-reduced to give reduced graphene oxide. The Gd³⁺-selective ligand DOTA is functionalized by an alkyne linker to be grafted by click chemistry on a gold electrode without losing its affinity for Gd³⁺. The synthesis route is fully described, and the ligand, the linker and the functionalized surface are characterized by electrochemical analysis and spectroscopy. The as functionalized electrode is used as gate in the graphene transistor so to modulate the source-drain current as a function of its potential, which is itself modulated by the concentration of Gd³⁺captured on the gate surface. The obtained sensor is able to quantify Gd³⁺ even in a sample containing several other potentially interfering ions such as Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and In³⁺. The quantification range is from 1 pM to 10 mM, with a sensitivity of 20 mV dec⁻¹ expected for a trivalent ion. This paves the way for Gd³⁺ quantification in hospital or industrial wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Biosensors and Biosensing)

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4 pages, 1101 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Complementary Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Inverter for Ion Sensing

by Rassen Boukraa, Giorgio Mattana, Nicolas Battaglini and Benoit Piro

Eng. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECB2022-12272 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1351

Abstract

Graphene, a 2D material with high conductivity and stability in aqueous media, could complement silicon as raw material for sensing with transistor-based devices in liquids. Furthermore, the fabrication of graphene-based transistors is affordable with low-cost techniques such as inkjet printing from graphene oxide [...] Read more.

Graphene, a 2D material with high conductivity and stability in aqueous media, could complement silicon as raw material for sensing with transistor-based devices in liquids. Furthermore, the fabrication of graphene-based transistors is affordable with low-cost techniques such as inkjet printing from graphene oxide (GO)-based inks. Deposited on plastic conformable substrates, graphene-based logic gates are standing as favorable and compelling candidates in the field of biosensing, to make electrical transduction and binary operations match with aqueous media and facilitate diagnostic operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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4 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Driving Electrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Redox Reactions

by Benoit Piro, Jérémy le Gall, Roberta Brayner, Giorgio Mattana and Vincent Noël

Proceedings 2020, 60(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECB2020-07049 - 2 Nov 2020

Viewed by 1463

Abstract

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are now well-known, robust and efficient as amplification devices for redox reactions, typically biologically ones. In contrast, electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) have never been described for that kind of application because field-effect transistors are known as capacitive coupled [...] Read more.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are now well-known, robust and efficient as amplification devices for redox reactions, typically biologically ones. In contrast, electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) have never been described for that kind of application because field-effect transistors are known as capacitive coupled devices, i.e., driven by changes in capacitance at the electrolyte/gate or electrolyte/semiconductor interface. For such a kind of transistors, any current flowing at the gate electrode is seen as a drawback. However, we demonstrate in this paper that not only the gate potential can trigger the source-drain current of EGOFETs, which is the generally accepted mode of operation, but that the current flowing at the gate can also be used. Because EGOFETs can work directly in water, and as an example of application, we demonstrate the possibility to monitor microalgae photosynthesis through the direct measurement of photosynthetic O₂ production within the transistor’s electrolyte, thanks to its electroreduction on the EGOFET’s gate. This paves the way for the use of EGOFETs for environmental monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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53 pages, 26853 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sensors Made of Natural Renewable Materials: Efficiency, Recyclability or Biodegradability—The Green Electronics

by Benoît Piro, Hoang Vinh Tran and Vu Thi Thu

Sensors 2020, 20(20), 5898; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205898 - 19 Oct 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 9461

Abstract

Nowadays, sensor devices are developing fast. It is therefore critical, at a time when the availability and recyclability of materials are, along with acceptability from the consumers, among the most important criteria used by industrials before pushing a device to market, to review [...] Read more.

Nowadays, sensor devices are developing fast. It is therefore critical, at a time when the availability and recyclability of materials are, along with acceptability from the consumers, among the most important criteria used by industrials before pushing a device to market, to review the most recent advances related to functional electronic materials, substrates or packaging materials with natural origins and/or presenting good recyclability. This review proposes, in the first section, passive materials used as substrates, supporting matrixes or packaging, whether organic or inorganic, then active materials such as conductors or semiconductors. The last section is dedicated to the review of pertinent sensors and devices integrated in sensors, along with their fabrication methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Field Effect Transistors and Sensors)

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41 pages, 19180 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Skin Chemical Sensors

by Benoît Piro, Giorgio Mattana and Vincent Noël

Sensors 2019, 19(20), 4376; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204376 - 10 Oct 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10782

Abstract

This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present work: (i) sweat analysis, (ii) skin hydration, (iii) skin wounds, (iv) perspiration of volatile organic compounds, and (v) [...] Read more.

This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present work: (i) sweat analysis, (ii) skin hydration, (iii) skin wounds, (iv) perspiration of volatile organic compounds, and (v) general skin conditions. For each application, the detection of the most relevant analytes is described in terms of transduction principles and sensor performances. Special attention is paid to the biological fluid collection and storage and devices are also analyzed in terms of reusability and lifetime. This review highlights the existing gaps between current performances and those needed to promote effective commercialization of sensors; future developments are also proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Sensors)

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24 pages, 8735 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transistors for Chemical Monitoring of Living Cells

by Benoît Piro, Giorgio Mattana and Steeve Reisberg

Biosensors 2018, 8(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8030065 - 4 Jul 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 9500

Abstract

We review here the chemical sensors for pH, glucose, lactate, and neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine or glutamate, made of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and electrolyte-gated OFETs (EGOFETs), for the monitoring of cell activity. First, the various chemicals that [...] Read more.

We review here the chemical sensors for pH, glucose, lactate, and neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine or glutamate, made of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and electrolyte-gated OFETs (EGOFETs), for the monitoring of cell activity. First, the various chemicals that are produced by living cells and are susceptible to be sensed in-situ in a cell culture medium are reviewed. Then, we discuss the various materials used to make the substrate onto which cells can be grown, as well as the materials used for making the transistors. The main part of this review discusses the up-to-date transistor architectures that have been described for cell monitoring to date. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell-based Biosensors)

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33 pages, 6085 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fabrication and Use of Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Sensing of Metabolites in Aqueous Media

by Benoît Piro, Giorgio Mattana, Samia Zrig, Guillaume Anquetin, Nicolas Battaglini, Dany Capitao, Antoine Maurin and Steeve Reisberg

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(6), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060928 - 4 Jun 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 12873

Abstract

This review first recalls the basic functioning principles of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) then focuses on the transduction mechanisms applicable to OECTs. Materials constituting the active semiconducting part are reviewed, from the historical conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole) to the actual gold standard, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: [...] Read more.

This review first recalls the basic functioning principles of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) then focuses on the transduction mechanisms applicable to OECTs. Materials constituting the active semiconducting part are reviewed, from the historical conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole) to the actual gold standard, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), as well as the methods used to fabricate these transistors. The review then focuses on applications of OECTs for the detection of small molecules and more particularly of metabolites, with a distinction between enzymatic and non-enzymatic transduction pathways. Finally, the few patents registered on the topic of OECT-based biosensors are reviewed, and new tracks of improvement are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Applications of Organic Bioelectronics)

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63 pages, 21730 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Immunosensors

by Benoît Piro and Steeve Reisberg

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040794 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 83 | Viewed by 13119

Abstract

Immunosensors have experienced a very significant growth in recent years, driven by the need for fast, sensitive, portable and easy-to-use devices to detect biomarkers for clinical diagnosis or to monitor organic pollutants in natural or industrial environments. Advances in the field of signal [...] Read more.

Immunosensors have experienced a very significant growth in recent years, driven by the need for fast, sensitive, portable and easy-to-use devices to detect biomarkers for clinical diagnosis or to monitor organic pollutants in natural or industrial environments. Advances in the field of signal amplification using enzymatic reactions, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene derivatives, metallic nanoparticles (gold, silver, various oxides or metal complexes), or magnetic beads show how it is possible to improve collection, binding or transduction performances and reach the requirements for realistic clinical diagnostic or environmental control. This review presents these most recent advances; it focuses first on classical electrode substrates, then moves to carbon-based nanostructured ones including carbon nanotubes, graphene and other carbon materials, metal or metal-oxide nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers and, to finish, explore the use of ionic liquids. Analytical performances are systematically covered and compared, depending on the detection principle, but also from a chronological perspective, from 2012 to 2016 and early 2017. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Immunosensors)

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22 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparison of Electrochemical Immunosensors and Aptasensors for Detection of Small Organic Molecules in Environment, Food Safety, Clinical and Public Security

by Benoit Piro, Shihui Shi, Steeve Reisberg, Vincent Noël and Guillaume Anquetin

Biosensors 2016, 6(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios6010007 - 29 Feb 2016

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 11944

Abstract

We review here the most frequently reported targets among the electrochemical immunosensors and aptasensors: antibiotics, bisphenol A, cocaine, ochratoxin A and estradiol. In each case, the immobilization procedures are described as well as the transduction schemes and the limits of detection. It is [...] Read more.

We review here the most frequently reported targets among the electrochemical immunosensors and aptasensors: antibiotics, bisphenol A, cocaine, ochratoxin A and estradiol. In each case, the immobilization procedures are described as well as the transduction schemes and the limits of detection. It is shown that limits of detections are generally two to three orders of magnitude lower for immunosensors than for aptasensors, due to the highest affinities of antibodies. No significant progresses have been made to improve these affinities, but transduction schemes were improved instead, which lead to a regular improvement of the limit of detections corresponding to ca. five orders of magnitude over these last 10 years. These progresses depend on the target, however. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Affinity Sensors)

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24 pages, 8968 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrolytic Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Application in Biosensors—A Review

by Denjung Wang, Vincent Noël and Benoît Piro

Electronics 2016, 5(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics5010009 - 25 Feb 2016

Cited by 140 | Viewed by 23933

Abstract

Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors have emerged in the field of biosensors over the last five years, due to their attractive simplicity and high sensitivity to interfacial changes, both on the gate/electrolyte and semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces, where a target-specific bioreceptor can be immobilized. This article [...] Read more.

Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors have emerged in the field of biosensors over the last five years, due to their attractive simplicity and high sensitivity to interfacial changes, both on the gate/electrolyte and semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces, where a target-specific bioreceptor can be immobilized. This article reviews the recent literature concerning biosensing with such transistors, gives clues to understanding the basic principles under which electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors work, and details the transduction mechanisms that were investigated to convert a receptor/target association into a change in drain current. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Organic Bioelectronics and Sensors)

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35 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modified Electrodes Used for Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental Analysis

by Gregory March, Tuan Dung Nguyen and Benoit Piro

Biosensors 2015, 5(2), 241-275; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios5020241 - 29 Apr 2015

Cited by 300 | Viewed by 23946

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the different label-free strategies used to develop [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the different label-free strategies used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic etc. The first part of this review will be dedicated to stripping voltammetry techniques, on unmodified electrodes (mercury, bismuth or noble metals in the bulk form), or electrodes modified at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, graphene) or other innovative materials such as boron-doped diamond. The second part will be dedicated to chemically modified electrodes especially those with conducting polymers. The last part of this review will focus on bio-modified electrodes. Special attention will be paid to strategies using biomolecules (DNA, peptide or proteins), enzymes or whole cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Label-Free Biosensors: Exploring the Field)

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11 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrocatalytic miRNA Detection Using Cobalt Porphyrin-Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide

by Camille De Souza, Samia Zrig, Dengjun Wang, Minh-Chau Pham and Benoit Piro

Sensors 2014, 14(6), 9984-9994; https://doi.org/10.3390/s140609984 - 6 Jun 2014

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7315

Abstract

Metalated porphyrins have been described to bind nucleic acids. Additionally, cobalt porphyrins present catalytic properties towards oxygen reduction. In this work, a carboxylic acid-functionalized cobalt porphyrin was physisorbed on reduced graphene oxide, then immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes. The carboxylic groups were used [...] Read more.

Metalated porphyrins have been described to bind nucleic acids. Additionally, cobalt porphyrins present catalytic properties towards oxygen reduction. In this work, a carboxylic acid-functionalized cobalt porphyrin was physisorbed on reduced graphene oxide, then immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes. The carboxylic groups were used to covalently graft amino-terminated oligonucleotide probes which are complementary to a short microRNA target. It was shown that the catalytic oxygen electroreduction on cobalt porphyrin increases upon hybridization of miRNA strand (“signal-on” response). Current changes are amplified compared to non-catalytic amperometric system. Apart from oxygen, no added reagent is necessary. A limit of detection in the sub-nanomolar range was reached. This approach has never been described in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in France)

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19 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quinone-Based Polymers for Label-Free and Reagentless Electrochemical Immunosensors: Application to Proteins, Antibodies and Pesticides Detection

by Benoit Piro, Steeve Reisberg, Guillaume Anquetin, Huynh-Thien Duc and Minh-Chau Pham

Biosensors 2013, 3(1), 58-76; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios3010058 - 14 Jan 2013

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11816

Abstract

Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, their biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and easy bio-functionalization. We have shown that polyquinones present very stable electroactivity in neutral aqueous medium within the cathodic potential domain avoiding side oxidation of interfering species. [...] Read more.

Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, their biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and easy bio-functionalization. We have shown that polyquinones present very stable electroactivity in neutral aqueous medium within the cathodic potential domain avoiding side oxidation of interfering species. Besides, they can act as immobilized redox transducers for probing biomolecular interactions in sensors. Our group has been working on devices based on such modified electrodes with a view to applications for proteins, antibodies and organic pollutants using a reagentless label-free electrochemical immunosensor format. Herein, these developments are briefly reviewed and put into perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Electronic Bio-Devices)

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