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Water
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Review and Progress in Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring of Glaciers
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Review and Progress in Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring of Glaciers

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 10775

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Michael Kuhn

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Interests: glaciology; cryosphere and climate; water balance of glacierized basins

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Manuscripts for this Special Issue entitled “Review and Progress in Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring of Glaciers” should place emphasis on past and present observations (monitoring), and on how these data may improve our process understanding, modelling and projections.

We invite progress reports and summaries of monitoring programs, experiences with and suggestions of new measuring schemes involving surface mass balance, geodetic, remote sensing and hydrologic methods to determine the water balance of glacierized basins. We also welcome studies of hydrological conditions such as precipitation, the redistribution of snow, melting, the intraglacial storage of water, runoff as seasonal input and its hysteresis with respect to meteorological forcing; studies on meteorological conditions at small to regional scale, the distribution of snowfall and accumulation and their connection to atmospheric circulation; studies on snow and ice albedo, surface energy budget and snow metamorphism; as well as studies addressing the remote sensing of surface elevation and of snow water equivalent.

Prof. Dr. Michael Kuhn
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • glacial meteorology
  • glacial hydrology
  • water balance of glacierized basins
  • surface mass balance of glaciers
  • alpine snow cover
  • redistribution of snow
  • remote sensing of glaciers and their snow cover

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 1987 KiB  
Article
On the Shift of Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) under the Changing Climate
by Atsumu Ohmura and Maxi Boettcher
Water 2022, 14(18), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182821 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1807
Abstract
Presently available information on the glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is being collected and examined. The historical course of the world’s longest ELA series of 107 years at the Claridenfirn is reviewed together with climatic elements. Further, the changes in ELAs of 70 [...] Read more.
Presently available information on the glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is being collected and examined. The historical course of the world’s longest ELA series of 107 years at the Claridenfirn is reviewed together with climatic elements. Further, the changes in ELAs of 70 glaciers the world over are investigated, and a linear plane model for the speed of the ELA shift is proposed as a function of the changing rates of summer temperature and winter mass balance. The four glaciers in Europe, which diverge most from the plane, are investigated in detail. The cause of the divergence is likely due to be the change in solar global radiation. Although a precise quantification of the role of radiation is not possible at this stage for the entire world, the role of solar radiation is investigated for these glaciers. Globally viewed, ten, or 15% of the 70 investigated glaciers, are expected to lose their accumulation areas within the next ten years. Half of all studied glaciers will follow the same fate by the end of this century under the present climatic conditions. If climate change is accelerated, the disappearance of glaciers will occur sooner than presented in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review and Progress in Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring of Glaciers)
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23 pages, 2859 KiB  
Article
Hydrogeological Model of the Forefield Drainage System of Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard
by Katarzyna Stachniak, Sławomir Sitek, Dariusz Ignatiuk and Jacek Jania
Water 2022, 14(9), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091514 - 09 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2002
Abstract
The significant recession of Arctic glaciers caused by climate warming is expanding their proglacial zones. Thus, their importance for the hydrology of glacierised basins is growing. In contrast to the surface waters in such areas, the role of groundwater in the hydrological balance [...] Read more.
The significant recession of Arctic glaciers caused by climate warming is expanding their proglacial zones. Thus, their importance for the hydrology of glacierised basins is growing. In contrast to the surface waters in such areas, the role of groundwater in the hydrological balance of Svalbard catchments is poorly known. This paper presents the hydrogeological conditions and groundwater flow within the permafrost active layer in the forefield of the Werenskioldbreen glacier basin (44.1 km2), 61% of which is glacierised. Based on field studies of groundwater in the 2017 ablation season and laboratory analyses of the hydrogeological properties of proglacial sediments, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model (FEFLOW) for part of the glacier forefield (4.8 km2) was developed. The main results show the components and characteristics of the groundwater balance and indicate the preferential groundwater flow paths. The volume of water retained in the sediments of the marginal zone is 1.0073 mln m3. The maximum potential free pore space that could be filled by water is 2.0689 mln m3. The calculated groundwater discharge for average conditions is 6076.9 m3 d−1, which is about 2% of the total seasonal catchment runoff from the main glacial river. The results of the spatial analysis for the groundwater depth and the groundwater flow directions are also presented. There need to be further detailed studies of hydrogeological processes in glacial basins in Svalbard in order to develop existing knowledge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review and Progress in Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring of Glaciers)
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18 pages, 15076 KiB  
Article
Flood Flow in a Proglacial Outwash Plain: Quantifying Spatial Extent and Frequency of Inundation from Time-Lapse Imagery
by Clemens Hiller, Lukas Walter, Kay Helfricht, Klemens Weisleitner and Stefan Achleitner
Water 2022, 14(4), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040590 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2936
Abstract
High mountain environments have shown substantial geomorphological changes forced by rising temperatures in recent decades. As such, paraglacial transition zones in catchments with rapidly retreating glaciers and abundant sediments are key elements in high alpine river systems and promise to be revealing, yet [...] Read more.
High mountain environments have shown substantial geomorphological changes forced by rising temperatures in recent decades. As such, paraglacial transition zones in catchments with rapidly retreating glaciers and abundant sediments are key elements in high alpine river systems and promise to be revealing, yet challenging, areas of investigation for the quantification of current and future sediment transport. In this study, we explore the potential of semi-automatic image analysis to detect the extent of the inundation area and corresponding inundation frequency in a proglacial outwash plain (Jamtal valley, Austria) from terrestrial time-lapse imagery. We cumulated all available records of the inundated area from 2018–2020 and analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of flood flows. The approach presented here allows semi-automated monitoring of fundamental hydrological/hydraulic processes in an environment of scarce data. Runoff events and their intensity were quantified and attributed to either pronounced ablation, heavy precipitation, or a combination of both. We detected an increasing degree of channel concentration within the observation period. The maximum inundation from one event alone took up 35% of the analyzed area. About 10% of the observed area presented inundation in 60–70% of the analyzed images. In contrast, 60–70% of the observed area was inundated in less than 10% of the analyzed period. Despite some limitations in terms of image classification, prevailing weather conditions and illumination, the derived inundation frequency maps provide novel insights into the evolution of the proglacial channel network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review and Progress in Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring of Glaciers)
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17 pages, 9236 KiB  
Article
Stratigraphic Analysis of Firn Cores from an Antarctic Ice Shelf Firn Aquifer
by Shelley MacDonell, Francisco Fernandoy, Paula Villar and Arno Hammann
Water 2021, 13(5), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050731 - 08 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3350
Abstract
In recent decades, several large ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula region have experienced significant ice loss, likely driven by a combination of oceanic, atmospheric and hydrological processes. All three areas need further research, however, in the case of the role of liquid [...] Read more.
In recent decades, several large ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula region have experienced significant ice loss, likely driven by a combination of oceanic, atmospheric and hydrological processes. All three areas need further research, however, in the case of the role of liquid water the first concern is to address the paucity of field measurements. Despite this shortage of field observations, several authors have proposed the existence of firn aquifers on Antarctic ice shelves, however little is known about their distribution, formation, extension and role in ice shelf mechanics. In this study we present the discovery of saturated firn at three drill sites on the Müller Ice Shelf (67°14′ S; 66°52′ W), which leads us to conclude that either a large contiguous or several disconnected smaller firn aquifers exist on this ice shelf. From the stratigraphic analysis of three short firn cores extracted during February 2019 we describe a new classification system to identify the structures and morphological signatures of refrozen meltwater, identify evidence of superficial meltwater percolation, and use this information to propose a conceptual model of firn aquifer development on the Müller Ice Shelf. The detailed stratigraphic analysis of the sampled cores will provide an invaluable baseline for modelling studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review and Progress in Hydrological and Meteorological Monitoring of Glaciers)
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