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14 pages, 5120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Propagation of Meteoro-Hydrological Drought in Yalong River Basin

by Kui Zhu, Yang Xu, Fan Lu, Xueying Sun, Mingxing Gao, Xuhang Han, Dongsheng Li and Ming Jiang

Water 2023, 15(6), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061025 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1518

Abstract

Based on the meteorological and hydrological data of the Yalong River Basin from 1960 to 2019, meteorological and hydrological droughts were analyzed using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized runoff index (SRI); then, the spatio-temporal evolution and propagation characteristics of the [...] Read more.

Based on the meteorological and hydrological data of the Yalong River Basin from 1960 to 2019, meteorological and hydrological droughts were analyzed using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized runoff index (SRI); then, the spatio-temporal evolution and propagation characteristics of the droughts were studied on multiple time scales. The results showed that, firstly, on the annual scale, the frequencies of meteorological and hydrological droughts in the basin were 28.3% and 34.0%, respectively, in the past 60 years. From upstream to downstream, the longer the alternating period of dry and wet periods, the more significant the frequency of droughts. Secondly, on a seasonal scale, the frequency of meteorological droughts is high in autumn, and the frequency of hydrological drought is high in autumn and winter. The frequency of drought in different seasons decreases from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the basin. Thirdly, on a monthly scale, the severe and exceptional meteorological drought frequencies are high from March to May, and the severe and exceptional hydrological drought frequencies are high in January, March, October, and December. The frequency of hydrological droughts is much higher than that of meteorological droughts, especially with respect to severe and exceptional drought. Meteorological and hydrological droughts spread in the same period without lag, but they tend to expand. The propagation time of drought is short in summer and autumn, but long in spring and winter. The conclusions can serve as a decision-making basis for the water diversion planning of the west route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the cascade hydropower operation of the basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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21 pages, 3847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regionalizing Streamflow Regime Function through Integrations of Geographical Controls in Mountainous Basins

by Shuang Yang, Mengzhu Gao, Jintao Liu, Pengfei Wu and Yaqian Yang

Water 2023, 15(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020280 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1008

Abstract

Flow duration curves (FDCs) that represent streamflow regime function through an empirical relationship between the FDC parameters and basin descriptors are widely adopted for hydrologic applications. However, the applications of this method are highly dependent on the availability of observation data. Hence, it [...] Read more.

Flow duration curves (FDCs) that represent streamflow regime function through an empirical relationship between the FDC parameters and basin descriptors are widely adopted for hydrologic applications. However, the applications of this method are highly dependent on the availability of observation data. Hence, it is still of great significance to explore the process controls of underpinning regional patterns on streamflow regimes. In this study, we developed a new regionalization method of FDCs to solve the problem of runoff prediction for ungauged mountainous basins. Five empirical equations (power, exponential, logarithmic, quadratic, and cubic) were used to fit the observed FDCs in the 64 mountainous basins in eastern China, and the power model outperforms other models. Stepwise regression was used to explore the differentiated control of 23 basin descriptors on the 13 percentile flows of FDCs, and seven descriptors remained as independent variables for further developing the regional FDCs. Application results with different combinations of these selected descriptors showed that five indices, i.e., average annual rainfall (P), average elevation (H), average gradient (β), average topographic index (TI), and maximum 7d of annual rainfall (Max7d), were the main control factors of FDCs in these areas. Through the regional method, we found that 95.31% of all the basins have NSE values greater than 0.60 and

ε

(namely the relative mean square error) values less than 20%. In conclusion, our study can guide runoff predictions to help manage booming demands for water resources and hydropower developments in mountainous areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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23 pages, 10171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Analysis of Groundwater in the Tibetan Plateau Based on GRACE Downscaling Data

by Guangli Gao, Jing Zhao, Jiaxue Wang, Guizhang Zhao, Jiayue Chen and Zhiping Li

Water 2022, 14(20), 3302; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203302 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1890

Abstract

The special geographical environment of the Tibetan Plateau makes ground observation of Ground Water Storage (GWS) changes difficult, and the data obtained from the GRACE gravity satellites can effectively solve this problem. However, it is difficult to investigate the detailed GWS changes because [...] Read more.

The special geographical environment of the Tibetan Plateau makes ground observation of Ground Water Storage (GWS) changes difficult, and the data obtained from the GRACE gravity satellites can effectively solve this problem. However, it is difficult to investigate the detailed GWS changes because of the coarser spatial resolution of GRACE data. In this paper, we constructed a 0.1° resolution groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) dataset on the Tibetan Plateau from 2002 to 2020 based on a phased statistical downscaling model and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation and driving factors of the GWSA in order to better study the changes of GWS on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The results show that: (1) In the Tibetan Plateau and 12 sub-basins, the GWSA before and after downscaling show a very high correlation in time series and relatively good performance in spatial consistency, and the downscaled GWSA indicate a consistent trend with the measured groundwater level. (2) The GWSA on the Tibetan Plateau shows a downward trend (−0.45 mm/yr) from 2002 to 2020, and the variation trend of the GWSA in the Tibetan Plateau shows significant spatial heterogeneity. (3) The GWSA changes in the Tibetan Plateau are mainly dominated by natural factors, but the influence of human activities in individual sub-basins can not be ignored. Among the teleconnection factors, El Nino-Southern Oscillation Index (ENSO) has the greatest influence on the GWSA on the Tibetan Plateau. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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17 pages, 5284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Snowmelt-Driven Seasonal Infiltration and Flow in the Upper Critical Zone, Niwot Ridge (Colorado), USA

by David P. Dethier, Noah Williams and Jordan F. Fields

Water 2022, 14(15), 2317; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14152317 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

The hydrology of alpine and subalpine areas in the Colorado Front Range (USA) is evolving, driven by warming and by the alteration of precipitation patterns, the timing of snowmelt, and other components of the hydrologic budget. Field measurements of soil hydraulic conductivity and [...] Read more.

The hydrology of alpine and subalpine areas in the Colorado Front Range (USA) is evolving, driven by warming and by the alteration of precipitation patterns, the timing of snowmelt, and other components of the hydrologic budget. Field measurements of soil hydraulic conductivity and moisture along 30-m transects (n = 13) of representative soils developed in surficial deposits and falling head slug tests of shallow groundwater in till demonstrate that hydraulic conductivity in the soil is comparable to hydraulic conductivity values in the shallow aquifer. Soil hydraulic conductivity values were variable (medians ranged from 5.6 × 10⁻⁷ to 4.96 × 10⁻⁵ m s⁻¹) and increased in alpine areas underlain by periglacial deposits. Hydraulic conductivities measured by a modified Hvorslev technique in test wells ranged from 4.86 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.77 × 10⁻⁴ m s⁻¹ in subalpine till. The results suggest a gradient from higher hydraulic conductivity in alpine zones, where short travel paths through periglacial deposits support ephemeral streams and wetlands, to lower hydraulic conductivity in the till-mantled subalpine zone. In drier downstream areas, streambed infiltration contributes substantially to near-channel groundwater. As summer temperatures and evapotranspiration (ET) increase and snowmelt occur earlier, alpine soils are likely to become more vulnerable to drought, and groundwater levels in the critical zone may lower, affecting the connectivity between late-melting snow, meltwater streams, and the areas they affect downstream. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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17 pages, 10525 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluation of Three High-Resolution Remote Sensing Precipitation Products on the Tibetan Plateau

by Songbin Yu, Fan Lu, Yuyan Zhou, Xiaoyu Wang, Kangming Wang, Xinyi Song and Ming Zhang

Water 2022, 14(14), 2169; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142169 - 8 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

Remote sensing precipitation products provide rich data for ungauged basins. Evaluating the accuracy and detection capability of remote sensing precipitation products is crucial before application. In this study, an index system in terms of quantitative differences, capturing capacity and precipitation distribution was constructed [...] Read more.

Remote sensing precipitation products provide rich data for ungauged basins. Evaluating the accuracy and detection capability of remote sensing precipitation products is crucial before application. In this study, an index system in terms of quantitative differences, capturing capacity and precipitation distribution was constructed to evaluate three precipitation products, TRMM 3B42 V7, GPM IMERGE Final and CMORPH V1.0, at various temporal and spatial scales on the Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2016. The results show that the correlations among the three products were larger at the monthly scale than at the annual scale. The lowest correlations between the products and observation data were found in December. GPM performed the best at the monthly and annual scales. Particularly, the GPM product presented the best capability of detection of both precipitation and non-precipitation events among the three products. All three precipitation products overestimated 0.1~1 mm/day precipitation, which occurred most frequently. An underestimation of precipitation at 10~20 mm/day was observed, and this intensity accounted for the majority of the precipitation. All three precipitation products showed an underestimation in terms of the annual maximum daily precipitation. The accuracy of the same product varied in different regions of the Tibetan Plateau, such as the south, the southeast, eastern–central region and the northeast, and there was a certain clustering of the accuracies of neighboring stations. GPM was superior to TRMM and CMORPH in the southern Tibetan Plateau, making it recommended for applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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18 pages, 15081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abundant Precipitation in Qilian Mountains Generated from the Recycled Moisture over the Adjacent Arid Hexi Corridor, Northwest China

by Zhihua Zhang, Qiudong Zhao and Shiqiang Zhang

Water 2021, 13(23), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233354 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

The observed precipitation was suggestive of abundant precipitation in upstream Qilian mountains and low precipitation in the downstream oasis and desert in an endorheic basin. However, precipitation in mountains generated from the recycled moisture over oasis and desert areas has rarely been studied. [...] Read more.

The observed precipitation was suggestive of abundant precipitation in upstream Qilian mountains and low precipitation in the downstream oasis and desert in an endorheic basin. However, precipitation in mountains generated from the recycled moisture over oasis and desert areas has rarely been studied. The climatological patterns of water vapor from 1980 to 2017 in the Qilian Mountain Region (QMR) and Hexi Corridor Region (HCR) were investigated by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis dataset and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, Version 2 reanalysis dataset. The results suggest that the precipitable water content decreases from the adjacent to the mountain areas. There are two channels that transport water vapor from the HCR to the QMR in the low troposphere (surface—600 hPa), suggesting that parts of recycled moisture generated from evapotranspiration over the oasis and desert of the HCR is transported to the QMR, contributing to the abundant precipitation in the QMR. This indicates that the transport mechanism is probably because of the “cold and wet island effect” of the cryosphere in QMR. This is likely one of the essential mechanisms of the water cycle in endorheic river basins, which has rarely been reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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16 pages, 38536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Variations in Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Source Region of the Yellow River on the Tibetan Plateau

by Xiaoni You and Xiangying Li

Water 2021, 13(20), 2901; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202901 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

Rivers as the link between terrestrial ecosystems and oceans have been demonstrated to transport a large amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to downstream ecosystems. In the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR), climate warming has resulted in the rapid retreat of [...] Read more.

Rivers as the link between terrestrial ecosystems and oceans have been demonstrated to transport a large amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to downstream ecosystems. In the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR), climate warming has resulted in the rapid retreat of glaciers and permafrost, which has raised discussion on whether DOC production will increase significantly. Here, we present three-year data of DOC concentrations in river water and precipitation, explore the deposition and transport processes of DOC from SRYR. Results show that annual mean concentrations of riverine DOC ranged from 2.03 to 2.34 mg/L, with an average of 2.21 mg/L. Its seasonal variation is characterized by the highest concentration in spring and summer (2.65 mg/L and 2.62 mg/L, respectively), followed by autumn (1.95 mg/L), and the lowest in winter (1.44 mg/L), which is closely related to changes in river runoff under the influence of precipitation and temperature. The average concentration of DOC in precipitation (2.18 mg/L) is comparable with riverine DOC, while the value is inversely related to precipitation amount and is considered to be the result of precipitation dilution. DOC deposition flux in precipitation that is affected by both precipitation amount and DOC concentration roughly was 86,080, 105,804, and 73,072 tons/year from 2013 to 2015, respectively. DOC flux delivered by the river ranged from 24,629 to 37,539 tons/year and was dominated by river discharge. Although permafrost degradation in SRYR is increasing, DOC yield is not as significant as previously assumed and is much less than other large rivers in the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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9 pages, 2401 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Snowmelt and Snow Sublimation in the Indus Basin

by Simon Gascoin

Water 2021, 13(19), 2621; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192621 - 23 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2665

Abstract

The Indus basin is considered as the one with the highest dependence on snowmelt runoff in High Mountain Asia. The recent High Mountain Asia snow reanalysis enables us to go beyond previous studies by evaluating both snowmelt and snow sublimation at the basin [...] Read more.

The Indus basin is considered as the one with the highest dependence on snowmelt runoff in High Mountain Asia. The recent High Mountain Asia snow reanalysis enables us to go beyond previous studies by evaluating both snowmelt and snow sublimation at the basin scale. Over 2000–2016, basin-average snowmelt was 101 ± 11 Gt.a⁻¹ (121 ± 13 mm.a⁻¹), which represents about 25–30% of basin-average annual precipitation. Snow sublimation accounts for 11% of the mean annual snow ablation, but with a large spatial variability across the basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability of Mountainous Water Resources and Hydrological Regimes)

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